SS8H6abc SUMMARY - CIVIL WAR and RECONSTRUCTION

SS8H6a Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War; include , Debate over Secession and the role of Alexander Stephens states’ rights, nullification, , and the Platform, South Carolina was the 1st state to secede from the Union. Georgia held a Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case, election of 1860, the debate over secession in Georgia, and the convention to debate whether they should secede as well. Georgia US role of Alexander Stephens. Representative Alexander Stephens was pro-slavery, but he was against secession. He tried to warn that seceding against the Union States was STATES’ RIGHTS and SLAVERY: The economy of southern states depended on agriculture and disloyal to the US Constitution and that the South risked losing states’ rights the growing of cotton and tobacco. Slave labor was used to earn large profits for plantation and slavery if they were to lose in war. Georgia seceded anyway in 1861. owners. Whites with land and slaves often controlled the rules and laws of a state and had an interest in keeping slavery legal in the South, despite others knowing slavery was immoral. Slave states argued that individual states should have the power to determine what laws to obey and many wealthy southerners feared that federal (national) laws would abolish slavery.

In 1820, 11 free states were in the In 1832, South Carolina nullified

North and 11 slave states in the 1820 (or refused to accept) a federal S outh. Territories applying for tariff or tax on British imported statehood had to decide if they Missouri goods because it was unfair to were to be a free or slave state. Compromise southern consumers while it After Maine had been admitted to benefitted northern factories. the Union as a free state in 1820, The US began to enforce the southern states wanted Missouri tariff causing South Carolina to to become a slave state in order 1832 threaten to secede from the for representation in the US Union. To avoid this conflict, Senate to be balanced. Above Nullification the US government backed off the 36 line of latitude territories Crisis and lowered the tariff. c ould become free states.

In 1850, California was admitted In 1854, Kansas and Nebraska as a free state. Slave trading Compromise were territories applying for became illegal in Washington DC, of statehood. Ignoring the Missouri while the Fugitive Slave Act was 1850 Compromise 36 degree latitude passed to return escaped slaves policy the US government back to the South. The Georgia allowed citizens in these SS8H6b State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, the Emancipation Platform led by Alexander territories the opportunity to vote Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s MAKES INTERPRETS Stephens helped southern states on whether slavery would be Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville. pass the Compromise of 1850 in legal or illegal. This was known LAWS LAWS 1854 order to keep southern states as popular sovereignty. After from seceding while keeping Kansas- bloody conflicts between pro- Union Blockade states’ rights and slavery, thus slavery and abolitionists, Kansas After South Carolina Nebraska st avoiding a civil war in 1850. became a free state. fired the 1 shot of Act the Civil War at Fort Sumter, President

Lincoln ordered a In 1857, the United States In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was Union Naval Supreme Court made its decision 1857 elected President from the blockade of southern on the Dred Scott case. Dred Republican Party. Lincoln was ports. This cut off Scott was a slave who sued for Dred Scott an abolitionist and southern trade in the South his freedom b/c his master took Case slave states feared that his and hurt the him to a free state. The court power as president could economy while also ruled that since Dred Scott was a eventually outlaw the institution weakening the slave he was not a citizen, of slavery, a threat to their Confederate Army by therefore, he had no rights and economic success. Shortly after reducing the amount could not sue. Also, since slaves Election his election, southern states held of supplies they were considered property, his conventions to discuss whether received. master could take him anywhere. of or not they should leave or Southerners became This was a defeat for abolitionists. 1860 secede from the Union. poor as a result.

SS8H6abc SUMMARY - CIVIL WAR and RECONSTRUCTION

SS8H6c Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states, emphasizing BATTLE OF ANTIETAM EMANCIPATION BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG Freedmen’s Bureau; sharecropping and tenant farming; Reconstruction plans; 13th, 14th, and 15th In 1862, Confederate Gen. PROCLAMATION In 1863, Robert E Lee once amendments to the constitution; Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators; and the Ku Klux Klan. Robert E. Lee tried to invade After the battle of Antietam again tried to bring war onto the north to capture the President Lincoln tried to get northern soil in Pennsylvania FREEDMEN’S SHARECROPPING and TENANT FARMING: After the Civil War capital- Washington D.C. the South to surrender and in an attempt to capture the capital. The battle lasted three BUREAU plantation owners needed labor and freed blacks needed jobs. Since Union Army forced the rejoin the Union. The South Government it was illegal for slaves to be educated or receive money many freed days and was the bloodiest Confederates back into did not surrender so he freed battle of the war (51,112 organization created blacks were forced into borrowing money (credit) from white plantation Virginia, which is why this all slaves in the Confederacy. casualties). The Confederacy to provide food, owners to pay for a place to live, food, medicine, tools, seed, and battle is a Union victory. The Civil War was officially lost again and this became the clothing, education, fertilizer. Freed blacks would receive a “share” of the profits or crops This one day battle was the about secession and slavery. turning point in the war as the and job contracts for that they worked from the planters land. The money earned could not freed blacks and poor single bloodiest day in The South lost the support of Union gained momentum and pay down the debt they owed to the planter, thus a cycle of poverty whites after slavery other countries b/c they began to weaken the southern continued. Laws were passed to keep blacks working on the planter’s American history with was abolished. refused to stop slavery. army. property until all debts were paid. 26,134 casualties.

13TH AMENDMENT 14TH AMENDMENT 15TH AMENDMENT In 1865, slavery is Ratified in 1868, citizenship is Ratified in 1870, the United granted to people born in the States cannot deny a citizen the officially abolished and illegal. United States, guaranteeing right to vote based on “race, freedoms and rights found in the color, or previous condition of United States Constitution. servitude”.

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION: CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION After the South surrendered during the Civil Radical Republicans who controlled the US War Abraham Lincoln and later Andrew Congress wanted to make sure the South Johnson wanted to quickly readmit the provided freedoms to all of its citizens, not Confederate states back into the Union. First, just the wealthy whites. To do this, the South states had to abolish slavery by ratifying the had to ratify the 13th, 14h, and 15th 13th Amendment. Secondly, 10% of the amendments in order to rejoin the United population had to take an oath of allegiance to States. The US military temporarily governed the United States. This plan was not very the southern states, while former Confederate strict and did not punish the rebellious officers were denied political power. The US governments, which caused Congress to provided financial aid to rebuild cities, come up with their own Reconstruction plan. schools, and railroad to improve the South. ANDERSONVILLE PRISON ATLANTA CAMPAIGN: In 1864, Union Gen. William T. 45,000 captured Union soldiers Sherman invaded Georgia from Chattanooga and were imprisoned in Andersonville successfully pushed toward Atlanta by flanking the during the war. 13,000 died of enemy from one battle after another in Northwest starvation, exposure to cold, and Georgia. In Paulding County the battles of Dallas, New disease. Hope, and Pickett’s Mill are all part of the Atlanta Campaign. Gen. Sherman wanted to capture Atlanta b/c it was a very important railroad hub for the Confederacy supplying much of their needed supplies. In 1864, BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA Atlanta was burned and destroyed, which helped end the HENRY McNEAL TURNER KU KLUX KLAN In 1863, Confederate forces were Civil War sooner. African-American who was very A terror group created by former Confederate soldiers that able to defeat and push the influential as a religious leader used violence and intimidation tactics to disenfranchise Union Army back into SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA: After capturing and Georgia politician. Turner blacks (denying the right to vote and other freedoms). The Tennessee. This was the Atlanta, Gen. Sherman waged ‘total war’ against the and 26 other black legislators Klan was successful in getting southern white Democrats were denied acceptance by the bloodiest battle on GA soil and South by destroying crops, and burning some homes and elected, albeit illegally and through corruption and the 2nd bloodiest of the War. businesses that supported the Confederacy. His troops majority white General Assembly. After protest and US violence. The KKK harassed, harmed, and killed many Union forces regrouped and took marched from Atlanta to Savannah and up to North Carolina living off the land and freeing slaves along the support the legislators were able blacks, Jews, Catholics, carpetbaggers (northern whites over Georgia the next spring way. Confederate soldiers quit and returned to home. to participate in the second rebuilding the South), and scalawags (southern whites who during the Atlanta Campaign. legislative session. supported the Radical Republicans).