2nd 9 weeks Benchmark Study Guide 2019 Name:

Georgia Standard of Excellence Questions SS8H3c. Analyze the significance 1. Define loyalist. a colonist that was loyal to Great Britain of people and events in on the Revolutionary War, including 2. Define patriot. a colonist who wanted freedom from Great Loyalists, patriots, Battle of Kettle Britain Creek, siege of Savannah. 3. Know where the Battle of Kettle Creek took place, who won, and why it was significant. Wilkes County near Augusta; Patriots (GA militia); the Patriots took horses, ammunition, and weapons from the Loyalists & this boosted the morale for the patriot cause in GA; this victory increased support for the Revolution among Georgia’s settlers

SS8H3d: Analyze the weaknesses 1. Why was the national government given few powers in the of the Articles of Confederation and Articles of Confederation? They didn’t want the new govt. to explain how those weaknesses led have too much power; they had just gotten rid of harsh rule to the writing of a new federal from Great Britain Constitution. 2. List the accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation. Kept the 13 colonies together so they could successfully wage war against Great Britain; served as the first government (constitution) through the Revolution

3. What was the purpose of the Constitutional Convention in 1787? To revise the Articles of Confederation (they wound up creating a whole new government called the US Constitution)

SS8H4a: Explain the establishment 1. The University of Georgia is the nation’s first land grant of the University of Georgia, and university, where the government gave the land and the the movement of Georgia’s capital. university is open to the public. Why did Georgia officials want to establish UGA? To prepare the people of Georgia to run the government; they wanted an educated populace

2. Why did Georgia’s capital move? to stay centrally located in the most populated portion of the state; because all legal documents had to be signed and completed at the capital they wanted all citizens to have access

3. Name Georgia’s capitals in order. Savannah, Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville,

SSH4b: Evaluate the impact of 1. What was the purpose of the headright system? to give land land policies pursued by Georgia, in Georgia to settlers (lands east of the Oconee) including the headright system and land lotteries, and the Yazoo Land 2.What land was given away by the land lottery? Lands west of Fraud? the Oconee and lands that once belonged to the Creek and Cherokee

3. How did the land lotteries impact Georgia’s Indian population? They were the beginning of the actions in Georgia that would take all Indian land and lead to their removal

4. Explain the Yazoo Land Fraud. 4 companies bribed GA legislators to make a law so they could buy large tracts of land for less than 2 cents an acre

5. How did the Yazoo Land Fraud affect Georgia? People lost faith in the government and the borders were changed again; the Chattahoochee River became Georgia’s western border, bringing the borders to where they are today; GA lost 2/3 of its territory

6. What was the “fire brought down from heaven” in the Yazoo Land Fraud? The Georgia legislators burned the original Yazoo Land Act in front of the courthouse in Milledgeville; they used a magnifying glass to start the fire

7. Why were state officials wanting more people to move into Georgia after the Revolutionary War? To make Georgia’s economy stronger by farming, and so Georgia would have more power in Congress (more people means more reps. In the House of Representatives)

SS8H4c: Explain how 1. Explain the impact of the cotton gin on the Southern way of technological developments, life. It made cotton much more profitable but increased the including the cotton gin and demand for slaves, as more cotton was being grown railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth. 2. What were advantages of shipping goods by railroads? They could ship more goods, move faster than wagons and boats, and were reliable in all kinds of weather

SS8H4d & e: Analyze the events 1. Who was William McIntosh? Leader of the Creeks, gave that led to the removal of the away land in the Treaty of Indian Springs; killed for Creeks and Cherokees; include the betraying tribe roles of William McIntosh, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, 2. Where was America’s first gold rush? Dahlonega, GA, 1828; Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew started when a farmer stumbled upon a rock with gold Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears. 3. Which president used Indians when he fought in the War of 1812 but signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and refused to enforce the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia? Andrew Jackson

4. What was the Trail of Tears? When the Cherokee was forced west (Oklahoma) and had to give up their lands; they were forced on an 800-mile march to the new Indian territory

5. Explain the significance of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Made the Cherokee (5 civilized tribes) move west and whites took their land (dispersed through land lotteries)

SS8H5a.: Explain the importance 1. What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act? Law that challenged of key issues and events that led to the and created two new territories the Civil War – include , giving them the right to vote on the issue of slavery (popular states’ rights, the nullification crisis, sovereignty) Missouri Compromise (1820), and the 2. Describe the major components of the Compromise of 1850. Georgia Platform, Kansas- Enacted the Fugitive Slave Act; California comes in as a free Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case, state, and slave trade becomes illegal in Washington D.C. election of 1860, the debate over secession in Georgia and the role 3. What was the significance of the Dred Scott Case? Supreme of Alexander Stephens. court stated slaves had no rights and slaves & free blacks were not U.S. citizens and no right to sue in a court of law; “once a slave, always a slave”, angered abolitionists

4. How did the Dred Scott decision support the Compromise of 1850? By saying slaves had no rights, it made it easier for escaped slaves to be captured and returned to their masters in the South under the Fugitive Slave Act; slaves were property and once a slave, always a slave

5. What role did the Election of 1860 play in the start of the Civil War? When Lincoln was elected as a Republican, it sent the message to the South that their way of life, slavery, was in danger; South Carolina seceded just weeks after the election

SS8H5b. State the importance of 1. Why did southern port cities, such as Savannah, need to key events of the Civil War – remain open during the Civil War? To try and sell cotton include the Emancipation overseas to France and Great Britain and to get much Proclamation, Gettysburg, needed supplies from Europe, such as weapons Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s 2. Why did Gen. Sherman decide not to burn Savannah when he Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s reached the city at the end of his March to the Sea? He could March to the Sea, and use the port to get Union soldiers weapons and supplies, Andersonville and because they had 25,000 bales of cotton worth over 25 million dollars

3. What was Sherman’s purpose in destroying civilian target on his March to the Sea? To destroy civilian infrastructure (remember the bow ties?), to make Confederate soldiers desert the army and to break down the morale across the south; all in an effort to bring the war to an end sooner

4. What was Andersonville? Prisoner of War camp, located in Georgia (Confederate POW camp), harsh conditions lots of Union soldiers died there

5. What happened to the commander of the prison at Andersonville? Commander Henry Wirz was tried and hanged by the Union for mistreatment of prisoners there leading to over 13,000 deaths

6. What was the Emancipation Proclamation? Freed slaves in those states that were in rebellion (Confederacy); encouraged freed and escaped slaves to join the Union Army and changed the focus of the war from uniting the country to freeing all slaves