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A COI4PRATIVE STUDY of the Anadrc,MO•TJS 2\ND FRESHWATER

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A COI4PRATIVE STUDY of the Anadrc,MO•TJS 2\ND FRESHWATER -9 , A COI4PRATIVE STUDY OF THE ANADRc,MO•TJS 2\ND FRESHWATER FOPthiS CF ThIE 3R0LN TROUT (SALMO ThUTTA L ) IN THE RIVER TWEED JAMES SCOTT CAMPBELL B,, Sc,,, N. Sc. In partial fu]filment of the requirrrer:ts for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH OF :1?o1d:smy AND NATI7RtL RiSQURCES 1972 a I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed by myself and the research presented in it is my own. .4 / ABSTRACT In an attempt to find differences between brown trout and sea trout (SaInt trurta Li.) of the River Tweed, Scotland, the population biology of the two types was studied from 1969 to 1972. The sea trout, spawning in the small tributaries of the Tweed, were :cred:dnantly age 2.14 and 3.1+ maiden spawners with aslight preponderance of females. Upstream migration in these small burns appeared influsnced by rate. of flow and/or water level. Spawning brown trout were rc:st1y age 2± and 3± with a male to tamale ratio of 6 to 1, Male brown trout spent an average of 145 days on L1n apasming grounds while females remained only 2-S days. Tagging studies, of brown trout indicated summer residence in the L.aad with limited movcment until migration upstream entering the burns to spawn in the autumn. The dcnsLreac movement of sea trout fry immediately after emergence appears influenced by rate of flow, Difficulties were encountered in the estimation of age, growth, population size and mortality of trout under 3 veers of age because of the amount of immigration into and emigration out of areas of the study streams. Over 2000 downstream migrant trout were captured at stationary traps in the spring Or- 1971 and 1972. Much of the movement occurred in Liarch and April and appeared to he influenced by bo th flow and water temperature. Those trout, that migrated at the beginning of ' the season were older and larger than those that moved down later; not all fish that were taker, in the traps had a silvery appear ance. Collections of silvered sea trout sirolts £ñ!OWGCL ?. predominance of females suggesting that there may be a greater tendency for two and three year female trout to migrate to the sea. Since male brown trout appear to participate in the spawning of sea trout, the si.igqastion is made that the freshwater- resident trout of the Tweed may actually be progeny of sea trout. Artificially produced broods of sea trout and brown trout matings, after being held in a hatchery for one year 0 were stocked macmall streamo tributary to the Tweed. Seventeen per cent of the trout that were large enough to be tagged 0 were subsequently recaptured Lt a stationary trap some distance downstream of the planting site. No consistent differences were found between the electrophoretic patterns of brown trout and sea trout blood serum proteins on substrates of cellulose acetate or polvacrylarnide gel. Comparison of the molecular weights of ribosomal RNA of brown trout and sja trout could conceivably become a useful technique, but attempts in this study to utilize it indicate that refinements of the method are necessary before it can be of use as a taxonomic tool at the specific level. Meristic series of wild brown trout and sea trout, as well as artificially produced progeny of the two 8 were compared but no consistent differences were found. This may be due to the absence of reproductive isolation in the natural stocks. It is concluded that the freshwater-resident and anadromous forms of the brown trout Ore taxonomically very similar and more soohisticated techniques than used in this study are roqutred to separate them. / ACxJowLEDGE.ENTs I should like to thank ray supervisor, Dr DH Mill. for allowing me to undertake this study and for his cp,iidcinc.e and interest throughout the investigation. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of my two collea ;ue.s, Dr. M,M., Hailiday and Dc, T.Y. Aldcori WflO cave oJE their time on many occasions, I wish to express my gratitude to the Tweed jorruissioners. for permission to work on brown trout and sea trout in Tweed and, in. particular, I thank Lt. -Cd. R 0 M. Ryan 1 Superintendent to the Commissioners f or his assistance anc helpful suggestions. I era also grateful to the Forestry Commission and the Foresters--In--Charge: of Glentress and Cardrona for allowing me to work in those forests. I especially thank Mr. R. Gibson of the Forestrr Co.mnai.ssicrt Cardrona for his help. I acJcnowlc-dge the assistance of Mr 0 I. Bruce of the Berwick Salmon Fisheries Co. Ltd., who collected sea trout scales from the commercial catch and Cr, J. Stansfeld and Mr. N, Smart of Joseph Johnston and Sons. Ltd,, Montrose Who held trout for me at the Kinriaher Tuout Fan Nv appreciation is also due to the X-ray Department Small Animal Clinic of the Royal (Dick) School of \Tateri.narv Studies. I also wish to thank Mr. H. Urquart of the Department of Zoology, University ci Edinburgh for the determination of the molecular weicfhts of ribosomal.9NA, This study 'was financed through the award of research grants (fl3/110/1) from the Forestry Commission for 1970-71 and-1.9 - -. 72 and a University of Edinburgh post- graduate Studentship, LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Species of North American Sa1moic3.ae 13 classified by degree of anadromy (from Rounsefell, 1958) 2 The Tweed basin and location of study area 20 3 The study area 23 4 - View of Kirk Burn as it flows northward 28 through pasture land to the Tweed. 5 Portable "back pack" electric fishing 36 apparatus 6 Box trap situated in Kirk Burn to capture 37 upstream migrant sea trout and brown trout in the autumn of 1972 7 Fyke net situated inc4lensax Burn to capture 37 downstream migrant trout in the spring of 1971 8 Plastic disc tag and applicator (scale in 41 inches) 9 Ripe female sea trout 54.4 cm and 1210 g, 45 captured in Kirk Burn on 16 November 1971 10 Ripe male sea trout, 53.3 cm and 1212 g 45 captured in Oxnam Stater on 15 December 1959 11 Movement of ripe and spent sea trout in 46 Kirk Burn, 1970 and 1971 12 Scale of a 49.5 cm female sea trout, age 3.1+, 48 captured 11 November 1970 in Kirk Burn (x 25) 13 Scale of a 49.0 cm female sea trout, age 2.1± 49 captured 27 November 1970 in Kirk.Burn (x 25) Figure Page 14 upstream movement of brown trout ralazed to - water level and water temperature in Kirk Burn1970 and 1971 15 Ripe male brown trout, 26.,2 cm and 216 g 64 captured in Kirk Burn on 19 December 1971 16 Length frequency and sex composition of 68 spawning brown trout captured moving upstream in Kirk Burn, autumn 1970 and 1971 17 Scale of a 205 cm male brown trout., age 3+, 69 captured 26 November 197! in Kirk Burn (x 30) 18 Age frequency distribution of male and female 70 brown trout captured moving upstream in Kirk Burn, 1970 and 1971 19 Scale of a 19.1 cm female brown trout, age 7+, - 79 captured 30 October 1967 in G]entress Burn (x 30) 20 Length frequency distributions of trout 81 captured in Glentress Burn 21 Fry trap situated in Kirk Burn to capture 84 emerging sea trout fry, spring 1972. 22 Number of sea trout fry captured in the fry 87 trap situated in Kirk Burn, spring 1972. 23 Monthly length frequency distribution of trout 9 captured in Kirk Burn, 1970-1971 24 Length frequency distribution of trout captured s€ in three sections of Kirk Burn, February 1972 25 Sea trout ernoit, 24.5-cm, seine-netted from - 103 the Tweed at Not-barn Bridge, 6 May 1971 Figure Page 26 Dotstreern rlliqrr3nt trout captured in 103 Giensax Burn by tyke net on 18 April 1971 (scale in inches), top: silver appearance, 15.9 cm, 41 g bottom: brown appearance, 151 cm, 36 g 27 Downstream movement and appearance of trout 105 captured in Glensax and Dead burns, 1971 28 Downstream movement and appearance of Lrcut 106 captured in Kirk Burn, 1972 29 Change in age composition of downstream migrant 112 trout in Kirk Burn, 1972 30 Change in length fraqtency and appearance of 113 downstream migrant trout in Kirk Burn, 1972 31 Length frequency distribution and appearance 114 of trout captured moving downstream in three burns trihutaryth the Tweed, 1971 32 Calculated growth rate of trout captured 118 moving downstream in three burns tributary to the Tweed, 1971 33 Length frequency, appearance and sex composition 119 of supposed sea trout smolts, captured at - various locations on the Tweed 34 LateraL view of the cleared and alizarine- 128 stained head of trout showing: deformed lower jaw (x 25) normal lower law (x 25) 35 "Hybrid" trout : 131 cm and 24 cm, captured 133 - at the box trap in Kirk Burn, 15 April 1972 Figure P.ge 36 ScaLe of a 53.0 cm male sea trout, age 137 3. 1+ captured 16 July 3.971 in the corrnerc±ai nets at Berwi.ck-upon.-Tweed (x 25) 37 Scale of a 47.0 cm male "estuarne" brown 139 trout, age 5±, captured. 16 July 1971 in the commercial nets at Berwick- uoon-Tweed. (a 25) • 38 Ti-ends of the River Tweed corrnercjal sea trout 141 catches disclosed by 5-year rolling averauas 1952.-1970 1859-1895 39 River Tweed sea trout catches.
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