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Music and Performing Arts Management in Cambodia

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Music and Performing Arts Management in Cambodia Music and Performing Arts Management in Cambodia Peerapong Teerapaowpong1* Tinnakorn Attapaiboon2 Chaloey Pumipuntu3 1Ph.D.Candidateat of the department of Music, College of Music, Mahasarakham University, 2 Department of Music, Faculty of Education, Nakhon Phanom University 3 Department of Education, Graduate School, Chaiyaphum Rajabhat University Corresponding author Email : [email protected] ABSTRACT Music and the Performing Arts are systematically managed in Cambodia. They are also beneficial tools for the social development; for Cambodian people and the development of their own organizations with a very successful outcome both at local and at national levels. Consequently, there should be effective management for such a limited resource. This study aims at studying the historical background and comparing management strategies used of music and performing art among the private organizations: Cambodian Living Arts; Cambodian Cultural Village and Phare Ponleu Selpak in Cambodia. The data was collected from the three groups of informants including; 1) the group of key informants: the organization’ administrators, 2) the Group of Casual informants: the teachers, the musicians, the performers, the actors, the academics and the correspondents and 3) the group of general informants : the audiences and the local people living in neighboring communities. A survey, an interview and an observation forms are used as research instruments. Since private organization in Cambodia seem to be successful in Music and Performing Art management at both local and national levels. The 4Ms strategy of management is used as a framework for analyzing the data. The results of the study reveal the link between management and Music and Performing Art, and 4Ms is used as a tool to analyze the findings. It also reveals the importance of management and how to succeed in music and performing art management. Keywords : Music and Performing Arts, Private Organization, Management Strategy, Traditional Cambodian Music 302 การบริหารจัดการดนตรีและศิลปะการแสดงในประเทศกัมพูชา พีระพงษ์ ธีระเผ่าพงษ์, ทินกร อัตไพบูลย์, เฉลย ภูมิพันธุ์ การบริหารจัดการดนตรีและศิลปะการแสดงในประเทศกัมพูชา1 พีระพงษ์ ธีระเผ่าพงษ์1 ทินกร อัตไพบูลย์2 เฉลย ภูมิพันธุ์3 1สาขาดุริยางคศิลป์ วิทยาลัยดุริยางคศิลป์ มหาวิทยาลัยมหาสารคาม 2สาขาวิชาดนตรี คณะครุศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยนครพนม 3สาขาการศึกษา บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏชัยภูมิ Corresponding author Email : [email protected] บทคัดย่อ ดนตรีและศิลปะการแสดงที่ได้รับการบริหารจัดการอย่างเป็นระบบ ซึ่งเป็นเครื่องมือ ชนิดหนึ่งที่มีความส�าคัญส�าหรับการพัฒนาสังคม พัฒนาความเป็นอยู่ของชาวกัมพูชา และพัฒนาองค์กรต่าง ๆ จนกระทั่งประสบผลส�าเร็จ บทความนี้มุ่งเน้นศึกษาความเป็นมา และเปรียบเทียบกลยุทธ์ในการพัฒนาการบริหารจัดการดนตรีและศิลปะการแสดงของ องค์กรเอกชนในกัมพูชา ได้แก่ องค์กรเอกชนศิลปะเขมรอมตะ องค์กรเอกชนภูมิวัฒนธรรม และ องค์กรเอกชนฟาปนลือศิลปะ โดยการเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลภาคสนามจาก 1) ผู้รู้ ได้แก่ ผู้บริหารองค์กร 2) ผู้ปฏิบัติ ได้แก่ ครูผู้ฝึกสอน ศิลปินนักดนตรีและนักแสดง นักวิชาการ ผู้ประสานงาน และ 3) กลุ่มผู้ให้ข้อมูลทั่วไป ได้แก่ ผู้ชม ผู้อาศัยอยู่ในชุมชนบริเวณใกล้เคียง เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการเก็บข้อมูล คือ แบบส�ารวจ แบบสัมภาษณ์ และ แบบสังเกต เนื่องจากประเทศ กัมพูชาเป็นประเทศที่มีองค์กรเอกชนที่ประสบความส�าเร็จในด้านการบริหารจัดการด้านดนตรี และศิลปะการแสดงจนกระทั่งเป็นที่ยอมรับทั้งในระดับท้องถิ่นและระดับชาติ ในการศึกษา ครั้งนี้ กลยุทธ์การบริหารจัดการตามหลัก 4Ms ได้ถูกน�ามาเป็นกรอบแนวคิดเพื่อวิเคราะห์ ข้อมูลด้านบริหารจัดการ ผลการศึกษาพบว่า มีความเชื่อมโยงระหว่างดนตรีและศิลปะ การแสดงกับการบริหารจัดการจนกระทั่งเกิดการพัฒนาการขึ้น นอกจากนี้ผลการศึกษา ยังแสดงให้เห็นถึงความส�าคัญของการบริหารจัดการและวิธีการที่จะด�าเนินการไปสู่ความส�าเร็จ ด้านดนตรีและศิลปะการแสดง ค�าส�าคัญ : ดนตรีและศิลปะการแสดง, องค์กรเอกชน, กลยุทธ์การจัดบริหารจัดการ, ดนตรีดั้งเดิมเมืองกัมพูชา Introduction It’s been a long period of time that traditions and cultures relating to music and performing arts have been in close relationship with people in the society as their mind anchor to foster their inspiration, beliefs, behaviors, values, opinions, morals, customs and even social rules. These are inherited from generations to generations as role models for living life until now (Danai Chaiyota, 2003 : 117). Similarly, Cambodia is a country with long traditions and cultures in perspectives of music and art performance. The evidence of Cambodia’s cultural heritage is engraved in murals and carvings along the walls of Angkor Wat and Ankor Thom (Sam-Ang, 1988 : 290-292) which were established in 1513, in the reign of King Chaiworaman II of Phra Nakhon City (George Ceodes, translated by Pranee Wongtet,7 : 1999 1). Traditions and Cultures of music and art performance have been gradually “Family Heritage (Kaeo Narm, 2011 : 197). During World Wars II, Cambodia suffered from being invaded by neighboring countries and internal usurpation of power. Since the 14th century, Cambodia engaged in war with neighboring countries such as Siam (Thailand), Vietnam and Western Countries until the early 20th century, together with internal power struggles within the country. Until 1975, The Khmer rouge overthrew the central Cambodian government and killed a large number of people (Chandler, 2007 : 234). According to this situation, the war killed over two million Cambodians until the Khmer Rouge disbandment in 1998 (TharaPhak, 2012 : 26-55). During the war, Cambodian cultural arts were destroyed and key people in music and performing arts were almost killed. After the end of the war, there were private organizations established with support from foreign agencies; totally 300 private organizations at present (Maria Clamor, 2001 : 3-22) .These organizations played important roles in rebuilding the country, improving Cambodians’ quality of life, renovating cultural arts, improving education, raising careers and providing help for the patients with HIV/AID in the kingdom of Cambodia (Cheam Phan Viriya, 2009 : 7). With their own conceptual idea and principles which are independent from government, the organizations were able to operate their activities following their visions, missions and targets effectively and independently for Cambodian people (Clamor, 2001 : 13). 304 การบริหารจัดการดนตรีและศิลปะการแสดงในประเทศกัมพูชา พีระพงษ์ ธีระเผ่าพงษ์, ทินกร อัตไพบูลย์, เฉลย ภูมิพันธุ์ Music and Performing Arts are important activities in which Cambodian people have great interest. Music and Performing Arts are used as tools and managed to benefit social development, Cambodian people’s lives and the development of their organizations with very successful outcome both at local and national levels. Consequently, there should be effective management for such a limited resource. In addition, to manage the organization through the perspective of artists, it is necessary to build a network, workforce, opportunities and planners to allow the artists to be accepted in a working system (Paul, 2011 : 6-9). In addition, Music and Performing arts can be managed to be most effective and valuable for raising incomes and providing careers which are the way to integrate Music and Performing Arts into creditable careers (Peerapong Teerapaowpong, 2015 : 294-295). Accordingly, as a researcher, I am interested in studying the historical background and comparing management strategies in music performing art of Cambodian Living Arts, Cambodian Cultural Village and Phare Ponleu Selpak in Cambodia since Cambodia is a country where private organizations seem to perform successful management in music and performing art. Their management performance can create careers in music and performing arts to develop Cambodian people’s lives, improve both society and people’ s minds to be acceptable in local and national levels. The 4Ms strategy of management is used as a framework for analyzing the data. The 4Ms comprises Man, Money, Materials and Management (Sansit Chawalittamrong,13 : 2003 ). This study reveals the linkage between management and music and performing art, and 4Ms is used as a tool to analyze the findings. It also reveals the importance of management and how to become successful in music and performing art management. Hopefully, the results of this study will be advantageous for music and performing arts in the Kingdom of Cambodia systematically in order to conserve music and performing arts within human society in the future. Objectives 1) To study the historical background of private organization management in the Kingdom of Cambodia. วารสารมนุษยศาสตรและสังคมศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏอุบลราชธานี 305 ปที่ 8 ฉบับที่ 1 (มกราคม- มิถุนายน 2560) 2) To compare management strategies used of music and performing art among the private organizations: Cambodian Living Arts; Cambodian Cultural Village and Phare Ponleu Selpak in Cambodia Research Methodology The research area includes the three largest cities in Cambodia which are Phanom Penh, Siem Reab and Battambang. The areas were chosen for field research by purposive sampling because they are well known locations for private music and performing arts organizations that have ongoing popularity in their activities and services. The research applied qualitative research methodology and research data was retrieved from document analysis and also field research data which were obtained from basic surveys, structured interviews and observations. The research was conducted from October 2012 - September 2013. The study adopted a survey design which sought to determine the management styles and organizational effectiveness of the private organizations in the Kingdom of Cambodia. The population of the study consisted
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