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Distribution Agreement in Presenting This Thesis Or Dissertation As A Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis or dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this thesis or dissertation. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis or dissertation. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Signature: _____________________________ ______________ Naïma Hachad Date Corps et corpus bilingues d’Abdelkebir Khatibi et d’Abdelfattah Kilito By Naïma Hachad Doctor of Philosophy Department of French and Italian _________________________________________ VALERIE LOICHOT Advisor _________________________________________ GEOFFREY BENNINGTON Committee Member _________________________________________ CHRISTIANE CHAULET-ACHOUR Committee Member _________________________________________ ELISSA MARDER Committee Member Accepted: _________________________________________ Lisa A. Tedesco, Ph.D. Dean of the James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies _________________ DATE Corps et corpus bilingues d’Abdelkebir Khatibi et d’Abdelfattah Kilito By Naïma Hachad M.A., Université de Provence, 2002 A.B.D., Université de Provence, 2004 Advisor : Valérie Loichot An Abstract of A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French 2010 Abstract Corps et corpus bilingues d’Abdelkebir Khatibi et d’Abdelfattah Kilito By Naïma Hachad Claiming that the language in which they write is multilingual, thus no longer simply French or Arabic, Moroccan authors Abdelkebir Khatibi (1938-2009) and Abdelfattah Kilito (1945- ) inaugurate a poetics of hospitality that call for a renewal of reading tools. Their narrative strategies, which mobilize Arabic literary tradition and Maghrebi oral and cultural expressions on the one hand and French literature on the other, reveal the plurality of the corpuses that constitute Francophone literature of the Maghreb. Engaging in dialogue with poststructuralist thinkers such as Jacques Derrida, Jean-Francois Lyotard or Hélène Cixous, Khatibi and Kilito redefine notions of alienation, exile, and division, traditionally associated with bilingualism brought about by colonialism. The two authors display subversive genealogies in response to monolithic and ethnocentric representations of identity relying on linguistic, ethnic, racial and national differences. In their depiction of bilingual bodies, they put forward metamorphosis and quest to transcribe the dynamics of exchange, transmission and dissemination inherent to “contact zones.” Drawing from notions of “métissage,” “creolization” and “opacity” as expressed by Edouard Glissant, Khatibi and Kilito exploit the ambiguity of the frontier to expose the inadequacy of critical and institutional categories such as “Francophone” and “Postcolonial”. They craft plural textual bodies in which bilingualism is transformed into a literary artifice to reflect on the act of writing. They thus provide contemporary literary criticism with innovative theoretical concepts such as “bi-langue,” “pensée-autre,” “double critique” or “traduction culturelle,” necessary for the understanding of literary productions originating from societies characterized by multiple identities and cultural references. Corps et corpus bilingues d’Abdelkebir Khatibi et d’Abdelfattah Kilito By Naïma Hachad M.A., Université de Provence, 2002 A.B.D., Université de Provence, 2004 Advisor : Valérie Loichot A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French 2010 Acknowledgements The completion of this dissertation would not have been possible without the unwavering support, enthusiasm and patience of my advisor, Valérie Loichot. I am thus forever indebted for the intellectual inspiration and warm encouragement she gave me. I feel very fortunate to have benefited from her excitement and passion for the discipline. I would also like to thank committee members Geoffrey Bennington and Elissa Marder for their interest in my work and their precious guidance. I owe my deepest gratitude to Christiane Chaulet-Achour who kindly accepted the rigors of long-distance communication in order to be a member of my committee. For two years, she generously offered her expertise and insight, helping me consider deeper and broader perspectives on my subject. Her suggestions not only shaped this dissertation, but also taught me a new way of reading Francophone literature from the Maghreb. Finally, I would like to thank all of the professors, staff and students of the French and Italian Department who made my experience at Emory University a valuable one. CONTENTS ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………………….. vi INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………. 1 CHAPITRE I. REDEFINITION DE L’EXOTISME ET EMERGENCE DE LA “DOUBLE- CRITIQUE”…………………………………………………………………………... 26 1. Orientalisme et “bi-langue” 2. Orientalisme : entre dépaysement et déni de l’autre Dualité, ambigüité et étrangeté Distanciation, déshumanisation et dépossession Récits de voyage et Orient fictionnel Poétique orientaliste et idéologie coloniale Appropriation de l’Orient et invalidation de la rencontre avec l’autre II. REACTUALISATIONS ET INNOVATIONS DE L’ECRITURE BILINGUE………………………………………………………………………….. 84 1. La prise en charge de l’Orientalisme par Khatibi et Kilito Récupération de l’orientalisme et subversion de l’exotisme Jeux de miroir et confrontation du regard de l’autre Une autre manière d’habiter la langue française Dépaysement et réappropriation de l’exil “Pensée-autre” et “double critique” 2. La “bi-langue” : une poétique de l’hospitalité “Surconscience” linguistique et hospitalité langagière La libération de l’écrivain bilingue La “bi-langue” : entre effacement et “scription” Théâtralisation de l’écriture et ouverture de l’espace textuel Le blanc de la nuit et de la folie III. SACRIFICE ET METAMORPHOSE DANS L’ENFANTEMENT DE LA “BI- LANGUE” ………………………………………………………………………….. 131 Les énergies disruptives du bilinguisme Sacrifice et libération du corps maternel La désaliénation de la langue française Les artifices de libération du récit bilingue Les limites de la “bi-langue” comme espace de la pluralité IV. RETOURS, REVENANTS ET ETRANGETE DANS L’ECRITURE BILINGUE D’ABDELFATTAH KILITO……………………………………………………… 190 Errances, frontières et impasses Le corps-fardeau Etrangeté, défamiliarisation illisibilité Interdit et transgression Dislocation, dérèglement et isolement Relations multiculturelles et désir d’assimilation Exemplarité de la littérature arabe Ecriture bilingue et “fitna”: sédition, transmission et innovation Regards croisés et nouvelles perspectives critiques L’écriture bilingue de Kilito : une apologie de l’opacité et de la quête CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………. 247 BIBLIOGRAPHIE …………………………………………………………………… 255 1 INTRODUCTION De par sa situation à la croisée des langues et des cultures, la littérature francophone du Maghreb interpelle quant à son appartenance et à son statut. Née sous la période coloniale française, le seul fait de son existence oblige à penser les conditions de son émergence et de son évolution formelle et idéologique. L’histoire coloniale a poussé auteurs et critiques à associer le choix du français comme langue d’écriture aux notions d’exil, d’aliénation, de division ou encore d’amnésie. Ces termes, signalant les idées de manque, de privation et de souffrance, ont marqué la formation et la critique universitaire des textes maghrébins en langue française. D’abord élaborées par des auteurs devenus des icônes tels que Kateb Yacine ou Albert Memmi, ces notions poétiques ont été ensuite reprises par les chercheurs dans leurs analyses critiques des textes. Le passé colonial du Maghreb, son appartenance géographique et ethnique ont également été des facteurs dans la classification de ces textes dans le milieu universitaire, notamment à travers leur association à la littérature “francophone” et les études dites “postcoloniale”. L’assimilation des textes francophones du Maghreb dans la catégorie de la “francophonie” consiste, de fait, à les couper d’autres corpus et traditions littéraires qui les constituent, notamment la littérature arabe classique et la littérature contemporaine en langue arabe produite au Maghreb. En mettant l’accent sur l’utilisation du français comme langue d’écriture et en donnant la priorité à cet élément pour placer dans la même catégorie des textes dont les rapports historiques, politiques et géographique à la langue 2 française et à la France sont immensément divers, la notion de “francophonie” minimise le multilinguisme et la diversité des références culturelles qui travaillent les différents textes en français. Finalement, cette méthode de classification crée une aire culturelle artificielle dont la compréhension reste influencée par une idéologie de domination que l’on pourrait associer au colonialisme français. En effet, Christian Vanderdorpe définit le terme de “francophonie” comme
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