• جامعة املنيا- لكية الس ياحة والفنادق • قسم ا إلرشاد الس يايح- الفرقة الثانية • مقرر: اترخي مرص يف العرصيني اليوانين والروماين • عنوان احملارضة: مرص حتت حمك بطلميوس التاسع حىت بطلميوس الثاين عرش • أس تاذ املادة: د/ يرسي النشار •الربيد الالكرتوين لالس تفسارات: [email protected] Ptolemy IX Soter II (116-110 BC; 109-107 BC; 88-81 BC) & Ptolemy X Alexander I (110-109 BC; 107-88 BC)

Ptolemy IX Soter II Ptolemy X Alexander I Family & Rule • Ptolemy IX was the son of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and Cleopatra III. • In 116 BC Ptolemy VIII died and left the throne for Cleopatra III, who wanted her younger son Ptolemy X to reign with her. However, the Alexandrians wanted her older son Ptolemy IX to co-reign. • He was king of Egypt three times (116-110; 109-107; 88-81 BC), with intervening periods ruled by his brother Ptolemy X. • He was nicknamed as Lathyros, which literally means ‘grass pea’, but it may refer to a kind of disease. (الحمص) ’Lathyros ‘chickpea Lathyrism

Neurolathyrism is a neurological disease of humans and domestic animals, caused by long-term feeding/eating of seeds of certain legumes of the genus Lathyrus. There is gradual weakness of muscles followed by paralysis leading to death due to respiratory failure. •In 110 BC, Cleopatra III claimed that Ptolemy IX tried to kill her, and successfully deposed him, putting her favourite son Ptolemy X on the throne as co-regent with her. •In 109 BC, Cleopatra III grew tired of Ptolemy X and deposed him, putting Ptolemy IX back on the throne. •In 107 BC, Ptolemy X murdered his mother Cleopatra III and took the throne again. He continued to rule until his death in 88 BC. •In 88 BC Ptolemy X was killed in battle, and Ptolemy IX reigned until his own death in 81 BC. •The re-entry of Ptolemy IX began with native revolts in the Thebaid, which was suppressed by the general Hierax. •Ptolemy IX replaced the golden sarcophagus of Alexander the Great with a glass one, and melted the original to strike emergency gold coins. The citizens of Alexandria were outraged at this and soon after, Ptolemy IX was killed and left no legitimate heir. •His daughter Berenice III took the throne after his death, and reigned for about a year (81/80 BC). Ptolemy XI Alexander II (80 BC) The Roman dictator Sulla (138-78 BC) wanted a pro-Roman ruler on the throne so that he sent the young son of Ptolemy X to Egypt after displaying Ptolemy X’s will in Rome as justification for this intervention. Ptolemy XI Alexander II (80 BC) •Ptolemy XI was the son of Ptolemy X and Cleopatra V Selene. • Berenice III was forced to marry Alexander, who reigned under the name Ptolemy XI Alexander II and had her killed nineteen days later. • Ptolemy XI miscalculated since Berenice III was beloved by the Alexandrians and the Egyptians. Ptolemy XI was immediately lynched by the citizens of Alexandria. • Since Ptolemy XI left no legitimate heir, he was succeeded by his cousin Ptolemy XII. Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus (80-58 BC; 55-51 BC) • He was commonly known as Auletes (the flutist). •He was also referred to as Nothos (the bastard), because it is sometimes assumed that he was an illegitimate son of Ptolemy IX by a Greek woman. He was living in exile in Sinope, at the court of Mithridates VI, king of Pontus. •Ptolemy XII was proclaimed king as Ptolemy Neos Dionysus and ruled Egypt from 80 to 58 BC (about 22 years) and then from 55 BC until his death in 51 BC (about 4 years). •Ptolemy XII married Cleopatra V, the widow of Ptolemy IX. His children are Cleopatra VI; Berenice IV; Cleopatra VII; Arsinoe IV; Ptolemy XIII; and Ptolemy XIV.

Cleopatra V •Rome refused to recognize the new ruler. Having produced a false document purporting to be the last will of the murdered Ptolemy XI, Rome claimed that Ptolemy XI had bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman people and therefore Ptolemy XII was not the legitimate successor. •Rome did not challenge Ptolemy XII’s succession because the Senate thought it better to leave a discreditable king whom Rome did not recognize and had always a good pretext for replacing than a king who might unite the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms under one sceptre. • In 63 BC, Auletes sought to form a patron- client relationship with the Roman by sending Pompey a considerable proportion of the revenues of Egypt as gifts and extending an invitation to Alexandria. Pompey accepted the gifts but refused the invitation. • In 59 BC, Auletes travelled to Rome to Pompey negotiate a bribe for an official recognition of his kingship by the Senate. After paying a bribe of six thousand talents, perhaps a year’s revenue, to Julius Caesar and Pompey, a formal alliance was formed and his name was inscribed into the list of friends and allies of the Roman people (amicus et socius populi Romani). Julius Caesar •In 58 BC, Auletes failed to comment on the Roman conquest of Cyrpus, a territory ruled by his brother, thereby upsetting the Egyptian population to start a rebellion. • In 58 BC, Auletes fled to Rome with his daughter Cleopatra VII in search of safety. His daughter Bernice IV became his successor and ruled as coregent with her sister Cleopatra VI. •Auletes’ old ally, Pompey, housed the exiled king and his daughter and argued on behalf of Auletes’ restoration in the Senate. Roman creditors realized that they would not get the return on their loans to the Egyptian king without his restoration. •In 57 BC, pressure from the Roman public and creditors forced the Senate’s decision to restore Ptolemy XII. •In 55 BC, Auletes finally recovered his throne by paying Gabinius 10,000 talents to invade Egypt. He ruled until his death in 51 BC. His daughter Cleopatra VII became his coregent. •Ptolemy XII appointed his main creditor Rabirius Postumus as a finance minister. •The king had to imprison Rabirius to protect his life from the insurgent population. Then he had him escaped. Rabirius left Egypt and went back to Rome at the end of the year 54 BC. •Near the end of Ptolemy XII’s reign, the value of Egyptian coins dropped to about fifty percent of its value. •In his will, Ptolemy XII declared that Cleopatra VII and her brother Ptolemy XIII should rule the kingdom together. Statue of Ptolemy XII Ptolemy XII smiting his enemies on Edfu pylon •In 57 BC, pressure from the Roman public and creditors forced the Senate’s decision to restore Ptolemy XII. •In 55 BC, Auletes finally recovered his throne by paying Gabinius 10,000 talents to invade Egypt. He ruled until his death in 51 BC. His daughter Cleopatra VII became his coregent. •Ptolemy XII appointed his main creditor Rabirius Postumus as a finance minister. •The king had to imprison Rabirius to protect his life from the insurgent population. Then he had him escaped. Rabirius left Egypt and went back to Rome at the end of the year 54 BC. •Near the end of Ptolemy XII’s reign, the value of Egyptian coins dropped to about fifty percent of its value. •In his will, Ptolemy XII declared that Cleopatra VII and her brother Ptolemy XIII should rule the kingdom together. Thanks for the attention