TCRP Report 11, Impact of Radio Frequency Refarming on Transit
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TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1996 SELECTION COMMITTEE CHAIR ROD J. DIRIDON OFFICERS Int'l Institute for Surface Transportation Policy Study Chair: James W VAN Loben Sels, Director, California Department of Transportation MEMBERS Vice Chair: David N Wormley, Dean of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University SHAROND BANKS Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportahon Research Board AC Transrt LEE BARNES Barwood, Inc. MEMBERS GERALD L. BLAIR I Indiana County Transit Authority EDWARD H. ARNOLD, Chair and President, Arnold Industries, Lebanon, PA MICHAEL BOLTON SHARON D. BANKS, General Manager, AC Transit, Oakland, CA Capital Metro BRIAN J L. BERRY, Lloyd Vie1 Berkner Regental Professor & Chair, Bruton Center for Development Studies, SHIRLEY A. DeLIBERO The University of Texas at Dallas New Jersey Transrt Corporation LILLIAN C. BORRONE, Director, Port Commerce, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (Past SANDRA DRAGGOO Chair, 1995) CATA DWIGHT M. BOWER, Director, Idaho Department of Transportation LOUIS J GAMBACCINI JOHN E BREEN, The Nasser I. Al-Rashid Chair in Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin SEPTA WILLIAM F. BUNDY, Director, Rhode Island Department of Transportation DELON HAMPTON DAVID BURWELL, President, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, Washington, DC Delon Hampton & Associates E. DEAN CARLSON, Secretary, Kansas Department of Transportation RICHARD R KELLY RAY W. CLOUGH, Nishkian Professor of Structural Engineenng, Emeritus, University of Calijomia, Berkeley Port Authority Tram-Hudson Corp. JAMES C. DELONG, Director of Aviation, Denver International Airport, Denver, CO ALAN F. KJEPPER JAMES N. DENN, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportahon New York City Transit Authority DENNIS J. FITZGERALD, Executive Director, Capital District Transportation Authority, Albany, NY EDWARDN KRAVITZ DAVID R. GOODE, Chair, President & CEO, Norfolk Southern Corporation The Flexible Corporation DELON HAMPTON, Charr& CEO, Delon Hampton & Associates, Washington, DC PAUL LARROUSSE LESTER A. HOEL, Hamilton Professor, Civil Engineering, University of Virginia Madison Metro Transit System JAMES L LAMMIE, President & CEO, Parsons Brinckerhoff Inc., New York, NY ROBERT G LINGWOOD ROBERT E MARTINEZ, Secretary, Virginia Department of Transportation BC Transit CHARLES P O’LEARY, JR., Commissioner, New Hampshire Department of Transportation GORDON J. LINTON CRAIG E. PHILIP, President, Ingram Barge Co., Nashville, TN FTA WAYNE SHACKELFORD, Commissioner, Georgia Depannent of Transportation WILLIAM w MILLAR LESLIE STERMAN, Executive Director, East-West Gateway Coordinating Council. St. Louis, MO Port Authority of Allegheny County JOSEPH M. SUSSMAN, JR East Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT MIKE MOBEY MARTIN WACHS, Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Los Angeles Isabella County Transportahon Comm. DON S. MONROE Pierce Transrt EX OFFICIO MEMBERS PATRICIA S. NETTLESHIP The Nettleship Group, Inc. MIKE ACOTT, President, National Asphalt Pavement Associahon ROBERT E. PAASWELL ROY A. ALLEN, Vice President, Research and Test Department, Association of American Railroads The City College of New York ANDREW H. CARD, JR, President and CEO, American Automobile Manufacturers Association JAMES P. REICHERT THOMAS J.DONOHUE, President and CEO, American Truckmg Associations Rerchert Management Services FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Executive Director, American Associahon of State Highway and Transportation Officials LAWRENCE G REUTER DAVID GARDINER, Administrator, US. Environmental Protection Agency WMATA JACK R. GILSTRAP, Execuhve Vice President, American Public Transit Association MICHAEL S TOWNES ALBERT J. HERBERGER, Maritime Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation Peninsula Transportahon Dist Comm DAVID R. HINSON, Federal Aviahon Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation FRANK J WILSON T R. LAKSHMANAN, Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportahon New Jersey DOT GORDON J. LINTON, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation EDWARD WYTKIND RICARDO MARTJNEZ. National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, US. Department of Transportation AFL-CIO JOLENE M MOLITORIS, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation EX OFFICIO MEMBERS DHARMENDRAK SHARMA,, Research and Special Programs Admimstrator, U.S Department of Transportation JACK R. GILSTRAP RODNEY E. SLATER, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation APTA ARTHUR E. WILLIAMS, Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers RODNEY E. SLATER FHWA FRANCIS B FRANCOIS TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM AASHTO ROBERT E SKINNER, JR. Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for TCRP TRB JAMES W. VAN LOBEN SELS, California Department of Transportation (Chair) TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR DENNIS J. FITZGERALD, Capitol Dist. Transportation Authority, Albany, NY FRANKJ CIHAK LILLIAN C. BORRONE, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey APTA LESTER A HOEL, University of Virgmia SECRETARY GORDON J. LINTON, U.S. Department of Transportation ROBERT J. REILLY ROBERT E SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board TRB DAVID N. WORMLEY, Pennsylvania State University TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH P R O G R A M Report 11 Impact of Radio Frequency Refarming on Transit Communications JEFFREY J. MAUL and JOHN J. GREICHEN Arthur D. Little, Inc. Cambridge, MA Subject Area Public Transit Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in I Cooperation with the Transit Development Corooration I TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1996 The nation’s growth and the need to meet mobility, environmen- TCRP REPORT 11 tal, and energy objectives place demands on public transit systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need of upgrading, Project C-S FY ‘94 must expand service area, increase service frequency, and improve ISSN 1073-4872 efficiency to serve these demands. Research is necessary to solve ISBN 0-309-05714-0 operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from Library of Congress Catalog Card No 96-60355 other industries, and to introduce innovations into the transit indus- try. The Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) serves as Price $20.00 one of the principal means by which the transit industry can develop mnovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special Report 213-Research for Public Transit: New Directions, pub- lished in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Urban Mass Transportation Admmistration-now the Federal Transit Adminis- tration (PTA). A report by the American Public Transit Association (APTA), Transportation 2000, also recognized the need for local, NOTICE problem-solving research. TCRP, modeled after the longstanding The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Cooperative Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval and successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program, of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the undertakes research and other technical activities m response to Governing Board’s Judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect the needs of transit service providers. The scope of TCRP includes to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. a variety of transit research fields including planning, service con- The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due figuration, equipment, facilities, operations, human resources, consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions maintenance, policy, and administrative practices. and conclusions expressed or imphed are those of the research agency that performed TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. the research, and while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, Proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the Transit Development Corporation, the National Research Council, or the Federal Transit authorized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Effi- Administration of the U S Department of Transportation. ciency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel ac- agreement outlimng TCRP operatmg procedures was executed by cording to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board the three cooperating organizations: PTA, the National Academy Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council. of Sciences, acting through the Transportation Research Board (TRB), and the Transit Development Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a nonprofit educational and research organization established by APTA. TDC is responsible for forming the independent governing board, designated as the TCRP Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Committee. Research problem statements for TCRP are solicited periodically Special Notice but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the TOPS Committee to formulate the research The Transportation Research Board, the Transit Development