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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AN ICE CORE PALEOCLIMATE STUDY OF WINDY DOME, FRANZ JOSEF LAND (RUSSIA): DEVELOPMENT OF A RECENT CLIMATE HISTORY FOR THE BARENTS SEA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Keith A. Henderson. M.S. The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Lonnie G. Thompson. Adviser Approved by Dr. W. Berrv Lyons Dr. E. Scott Bair 1^g 6>vr >vr vJ’ ' rr)\f JY\ \ ttj Adviser Dr. Claire L. Parkinson, NASA Goddard Department of Geological Sciences Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3059259 __(g> UMI UMI Microform 3059259 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT A 315-meter ice core obtained in April-May, 1997 from the summit of Windy Dome, Franz Josef Land in the Russian high Arctic (81°N, 64°E, 509 masl) reflects 772 years of climate variability in the Barents Sea region. Paleotemperatures inferred from oxygen isotope (8ihO) calibration indicate a dramatic and sustained wintertime warming of more than 8°C occurring abruptly around 1910. halting the persistent cold temperatures of the Little Ice Age (LIA, -1450 to -1870 A.D.). Summer temperatures, related to meltwatcr formation, rose earlier (-1850) but only by approximately 0.5°C relative to the LIA mean, consistent with regional tree-ring histories. The age scale for the finely-sampled Windy Dome ice core was generated by three-parameter (chloride. 6 ix O, and melt-stratigraphv) reconciled layer counting, guided by the detection of recent nuclear testing horizons and nine known volcanic eruptions, and confirmed by duplicating the cosmogenic record of solar variability. Accordingly, a proposed common time scale based on this superior chronology is presented, that realigns previous Eurasian Arctic ice core records to illustrate a consistent pattern of climate change along the northern Barents continental margin from NordauslandeL Svalbard to Severnaya Zemlva. While the temporal climate changes fit a global paradigm, it is cautioned that the wintertime fluctuations that occurred here represent a threshold change in the position of the polar front and should be weighted accordingly when considering hemispheric-scale climatology. Soluble ionic constituents in the ice core reveal a strong signature of anthropogenic emissions by rising sulfate and nitrate levels, and also 20th century agricultural activity via ammonium. The degree of post-depositional modification of core parameters was quantified, with ion fractionation and multi-year percolation indicated to reduce concentrations of more mobile ions {e.g., SO.,2'. Mg2*) by up to 10-15%. and solid-liquid stable isotope fractionation currently responsible for a ~0.9%o difference between bubbly ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. and melt-infiltrated ice. Regular oscillations in pH values suggest a succession of "stacked percolation cells" that are sealed and archived every 13-14 years on average. Periodicities of 40-70 years were detected by Singular-Spectrum Analysis (SSA) in several parameters, and the annual signal strength of 5uO and chloride is shown to be related to the extent of meltwater formation and thereby summer temperatures. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Primary financial support for this research was provided by the Polar Research Program of the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA), then under the direction of Robert H. Thomas. Additional support was provided through the NASA Earth System Science Fellowship program, supervised at the time by Ghassam Asrar. I'd like to express my appreciation to all those, past and present, who have contributed to these excellent funding programs at NASA in supporting research directed at our own planet Earth. In addition. I wish to express my personal thanks to Claire L. Parkinson of the Oceans and Ice Branch of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for her interest in and contributions to this project. f am particularly indebted to Victor S. Zagorodnov and a team of talented researchers from the Institute of Geography at the Russian Academy of Sciences (IG-RAN). Moscow including, but not limited to. Sergei Arkhipov. Vladimir Mikhalcnko. Misha Kunakhovitch. Andrei Glazovskiv. and IG-RAN director Vladimir Kotlyakov. Due to the vagaries of certain nameless government agencies, it was only with their tireless effort that the 1997 field program came to pass. Many of these fine folks were also in Franz Josef Land with myself and L.G. Thompson in 1994 when this program first saw the light of day. and were good comrades as well as being evermore industrious. I also wish to thank the radio-echo sounding team of Julian Dowdeswell, Michael Gorman, and Yuri Macheret. whose cooperation in logistics sharing and research objective in 1994 was much appreciated. I also wish to acknowledge Konstantin Smirnov and Vladimir Baranov who were essential in organizing the logistics for that initial expedition. I would like to recognize the entire Ice Core Paleoclimate Research Group at the Byrd Polar Research Center (BPRC) at the Ohio State University, under the co-direction of Lonnie G. Thompson and iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ellen Mosley-Thompson, who have been a never-ending source of assistance, encouragement, and intellectual debate. In particular, I wish to personally thank Mary E. Davis and Ahnan & Sherry Lin. who completed all the analytical work on both the 1994 and 1997 ice cores from Franz Josef Land for dust and oxygen isotopes, respectively. The administrative staff at Byrd Polar, including librarian Lynn Lay. have been of great assistance to myself and the (ce Core Group as a whole. I also wish to recognize the other employees, graduate students, and vagrants that have come through the doors of BPRC over the years and made our windowless home tolerable, including Rob Hclistrom. Shawn Wight, Jihong Cole-Dai. John Bolzan. Henry Brecher, W. David Lape, Deb Bathke, Tracy Mashiotta, Ross Edwards, Li Zhongqin. Patrick Ginot. Chris Readingcr. Wang Ninglian, and Amanda Cavin. I am also indebted to Jiirg Beer of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Techonology (EAWAG) in Diibcndorf. Switzerland who conducted the mass spectrometry measurements of beryllium-10 and chlorinc-36 on the GB97C1 core samples. I also thank Ulrich Schottcrcr of the University of Berne. Switzerland, who measured the tritium concentrations of near-surface samples from the 1997 core as well. Finally I wish to thank those who have served on my advisory committee. E. Scott Bair. Gariy D. McKenzie, W. Berry Lyons, and of course. Drs. Parkinson and Thompson once again. Finally. I wish to express my appreciation once more to Lonnie G. Thompson, who has (for a change) thought "polar" for a second or two. and has continually encouraged me in this challenging undertaking in the Great White North. It has only been because of his tolerance of my eccentric research methodology (or indeed lifesty le habits) that allowed me to complete such a task that had long seemed impossible, given such strong personal inclination in the opposite direction from success. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VITA May 17. 1964 ..........................................................Bom - Newark, Ohio 1986 ..........................................................................B.S. Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University 1986 - 1987 ............................................................. Laboratory Technician, Dynamit Nobel (Petrarch Systems), Bristol, PA 1988 - 1992 ............................................................
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