DOCSLIB.ORG

How Gender Affects Decision Making - a Case Study of Tibeto- Burmese Women in Kobang VDC, Mustang, Nepal"

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How Gender Affects Decision Making - a Case Study of Tibeto- Burmese Women in Kobang VDC, Mustang, Nepal "How Gender Affects Decision Making - A Case Study of Tibeto- Burmese Women in Kobang VDC, Mustang, Nepal" GITTA SHRESTHA THAPA Thesis Submitted in the partial fulfilment of requirements for the Master’s in Resources and Human Adaptations Department of Geography University of Bergen May, 2009 Abstract It is commonly presented in scientific literature that Tibeto-Burmese\Mountain women’s status is higher than Indo-Aryan\Terai women. Findings of many studies indicates that Tibeto-Burmese women are traditionally afforded more freedom of movement, independent decision-making, wield considerable power and authority. Therefore, this study is based on the assumption that if it is the case then women of Tibeto-Burmese group are actively involved in the decision making process both at household and communal level institutions. Focussed on Thakali women of Kobang VDC, the study explores their participation in the decision making institutions. Using feminist methodology of explanation through everyday experiences of women’s life, an attempt has been made to present the local perception and the rate of participation of women which is affected by social construction of gender. It is found that despite the wielding of relative power and freedom, women in Kobang VDC are weighed down by structural constrains based on gender and negative ideologies. They are subject to the same levels of gender inequity as lowland women, and thus, essentialise themselves on how they are to behave. This attitude, together with numerous other factors, is causing low negotiating power among women in the Kobang VDC. The limits on women’s everyday activities are structured by what society expects women to be. Concretely a main obstacle to decision making is the limit set by gendered daily working routines. The study emphasizes that moving beyond essentialism is important. It points towards bringing change in perception to change the structures and ideologies that keep one gender subordinate of other. It argues that merely bringing women to the decision making level doesn’t ensure their active input to the process. Therefore, women should be empowered in a holistic way so that women themselves become conscious to cross the boundary created by socially constructed gender ideology and negotiate in order to reduce the existing gender gap to make themselves free for participation in decision making level. Key Words: Tibeto-Burmese women, Decision Making, Gender, Social Construction, Feminism, Feminist Methodology. i Acknowledgements Any task is completed only with the help and support of number of people. I am grateful to many individuals and institutions, whose help, support, comments and guidance were invaluable. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my respondents as well as all the people in Kobang VDC who shared their views and experiences. I owe them for their invaluable time and hospitality. I would take this opportunity to convey my deepest gratitude to the teachers of Kobang VDC as well, for showing me around and helping me meet the right people. It was the support on the part of my supervisor Peter Anderson, UiB, who inspired me to broaden my horizon and for that he will always have my gratitude. I feel myself fortunate to be under his supervision; without him, all this would not have been possible. I extend my heartfelt gratitude for his guidance, support and positive comments and criticism. I am grateful to Prof .Tor H. Aase for his kind guidance and feedback during the initial phase of choosing the subject. I would like to convey my sincere thanks to Ragnhild Overå, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, UiB for her help with literatures as well as valuable suggestions. Similarly, I would like to thank my teachers Prof. Bhim Prasad Subedi and Kanahiya Sapkota back home in TU for their guidance. I am also grateful to my senior Keshav Dai for the location map and also for his help during my fieldwork and my study in Norway as well. Without scholarship I would not have to dare to continue my further studies abroad. I would like to thank State Education Loan Fund (Lånekassen), Department of Geography, UiB, Norway which generously financed my M. Phil study. It was a good opportunity to be at UiB in terms of learning and gaining new experiences. I would further like to acknowledge all friends at UiB and at Fantoft who supported me with their kind inspiring words in time of loneliness and desperation. I thank my friends in Pokhara and Mustang who have extended their love and help. I cherish our friendship. I thank all the people who have contributed their valuable time and support during the course of this study. ii Not to forget my family members and friends who have always been there for me, prayed for me and have been my source of inspiration. Thank you all for the support, love, care and best wishes. I thank Kedar and David uncle, for your love, time and efforts. Similarly, I would like to thank Even Normann for giving suggestions on my draft and I thank you all for your guidance, support and feedback. Once again, I thank you all for everything. Finally, I thank God for all the blessing. With gratitude, Gitta Shrestha Thapa UiB, Norway May, 2009 iii Abstract i Acknowledgements ii Contents iv List of Figures viii List of Tables viii List of Photos viii Abbreviations x Glossary xi Contents CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 The Context ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem ............................................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Objective and Research Questions ................................................................................... 8 1.4 Significance ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.5. Organisation .................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter II ................................................................................................................................. 11 Gender, Social construction and Feminism ............................................................................. 11 2.1 Social construction and knowledge ................................................................................ 11 2.1.1 Defining ‘Gender’ .................................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 The Social Construction and Gender ....................................................................... 13 2.1.3 Gender ideologies .................................................................................................... 14 2.1.4 Gender ideologies in Nepal ..................................................................................... 15 2.2 Defining ‘Feminism’ ...................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Geography and Feminism:....................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Human Geography ................................................................................................... 19 iv 2.2.3 Geographical Feminism: .......................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER III .......................................................................................................................... 24 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 24 3.1 Feminist methodology and epistemology ...................................................................... 24 3.2 My field work: ................................................................................................................ 27 3.2.1 First Phase: The start ............................................................................................... 27 3.2.2 Second Phase ........................................................................................................... 35 3.3 Experience as a woman researcher ................................................................................. 36 3.4 Ethical issues .................................................................................................................. 39 3.5 Validity and reflexivity .................................................................................................. 40 3.6 Interpretation .................................................................................................................. 42 3.7 Methods of data collection ............................................................................................. 44 3.7.1 Sampling .................................................................................................................. 44 3.7.2 Participant Observation ........................................................................................... 45 3.7.3 Key Informant Interview ......................................................................................... 45 3.7.4 Semi-Structured\ Open ended questionnaire ..........................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Language Politics and State Policy in Nepal: a Newar Perspective
    Language Politics and State Policy in Nepal: A Newar Perspective A Dissertation Submitted to the University of Tsukuba In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Public Policy Suwarn VAJRACHARYA 2014 To my mother, who taught me the value in a mother tongue and my father, who shared the virtue of empathy. ii Map-1: Original Nepal (Constituted of 12 districts) and Present Nepal iii Map-2: Nepal Mandala (Original Nepal demarcated by Mandalas) iv Map-3: Gorkha Nepal Expansion (1795-1816) v Map-4: Present Nepal by Ecological Zones (Mountain, Hill and Tarai zones) vi Map-5: Nepal by Language Families vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents viii List of Maps and Tables xiv Acknowledgements xv Acronyms and Abbreviations xix INTRODUCTION Research Objectives 1 Research Background 2 Research Questions 5 Research Methodology 5 Significance of the Study 6 Organization of Study 7 PART I NATIONALISM AND LANGUAGE POLITICS: VICTIMS OF HISTORY 10 CHAPTER ONE NEPAL: A REFLECTION OF UNITY IN DIVERSITY 1.1. Topography: A Unique Variety 11 1.2. Cultural Pluralism 13 1.3. Religiousness of People and the State 16 1.4. Linguistic Reality, ‘Official’ and ‘National’ Languages 17 CHAPTER TWO THE NEWAR: AN ACCOUNT OF AUTHORS & VICTIMS OF THEIR HISTORY 2.1. The Newar as Authors of their history 24 2.1.1. Definition of Nepal and Newar 25 2.1.2. Nepal Mandala and Nepal 27 Territory of Nepal Mandala 28 viii 2.1.3. The Newar as a Nation: Conglomeration of Diverse People 29 2.1.4.
    [Show full text]
  • DAHAL-THESIS-2019.Pdf (8.716Mb)
    Copyright By Asmita Dahal 2019 The Thesis Committee for Asmita Dahal Certifies that this is the approved version of the following Thesis: An investigation on Vernacular Architecture of Marpha, Mustang, Nepal and understanding the influences and changes in architecture and its sustainability APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Juliana Felkner, Supervisor Michael Garrison An investigation on Vernacular Architecture of Marpha, Mustang, Nepal and understanding the influences and changes in architecture and its sustainability by Asmita Dahal Thesis Presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements For the degree of Master of Science in Sustainable Design The University of Texas at Austin August 2019 Dedication I would like to dedicate this to the high mountains, tilted trees and scary roads of Mustang, Nepal where the beautiful and kind soul lives in simplicity and ground to earth. And of course, to my parents, my brothers and my friends who made it easy when the times were hard. Acknowledgment I would like to thank, my supervisor Juliana Felkner and Michael Garrison who supported me for this research and helped me in all possible ways. They guided me to give proper shape to my thesis and I am grateful towards them. I am grateful to my family. Despite being born as a girl in an underdeveloped country, they gave me courage and blessing to travel 8000 miles away from home alone to make my dream a reality. I am thankful towards all those kind and helpful souls, who came as a friend in my life to handle my panics and drama.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatalism And
    * e FATALISM AND *. ., 4 . 1 \ MODERNIZATION f~!???>$+, .7xp.SL. + psi +--. c-% :-+$,;.+. 6. d td f*&$ < Wz'5..*ak lib It attempts to' diagnose4 Nepal's ills throukh the eye&of a 'sympathetic yet critic'al I insider. It 'has something of the flavo,ur-of , -4 #. other such attempts: 'Re Tocqueville~s . ~ncienRegime, Weber's Protestant . Ethic, Taine's ~oteiUpon England. P It .,,is worth considering at some length 4,--,yf2* , a,.- Ld , i. because of its insights and because a% Bista, a$-<anM~-~..*~Finsidq. , ll,.x , canc say things wdich i :,;a;:&h&:*%y2*t. t-i:+ - i no outslQr could'say .-Alan ~acfirlane k 8 in Cambridge Anthropolqgy. e C % g DOR BAHADUR BISTA i _r $: f > 8.$7 -, *, 9. p: I continued from front jlap should be scrutinized and their negative A bold and incisive analysis of Nepal's elements purged before they are adopted. society, and its attempts to develop and Nepal's future hope lies in its ethnic cultures respond to change, from someone who is whose simplicity provides a greater both an insider and an outsider to Nepal. At flexibility and thus a greater propensity to an early age Dor Bahadur Bista travelled all development and change, than the over Nepal in the company of the leading cumbersome and ossified structure of the anthropologist Christoph von urbane upper class, and caste, society of the Furer-Haimendor f which helped him to Kathmandu Valley. acquire an insight that enables him to make an objective and frank comment on his country . Born in 1928 in Lalitpur, Nepal, Dor Bahadur Bista was educated at Kathmandu, Nepal has a heteronomous society with a London and Wisconsin, and is now complex ethnic mix.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Access to Justice Through Embracing a Legal Pluralistic Approach: a Case Study of Nepal
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 2017+ University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2018 Improving access to justice through embracing a legal pluralistic approach: a case study of Nepal Rajendra Ghimire University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1 University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Ghimire, Rajendra, Improving access to justice through embracing a legal pluralistic approach: a case study of Nepal, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Law, University of Wollongong, 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • 24 Justice Policy Review Nepal CU 31 December
    State and non-state justice systems in Nepal A review of existing relevant laws and policies from a civil society perspective July 2012 About the project State and non-state partnership for accessible and accountable justice This review of existing relevant justice policies and laws was carried out to look into existing policy rulings and into creating an environment for accessible justice in Nepal. It forms part of an ongoing initiative which envisages an improved state justice system able to operate with a greater understanding of the justice needs of all the Nepali population. It further aims to enhance coordination and cooperation between diff erent justice mechanisms to increase access and accountability of the justice sector towards the Nepali population, particularly poor, vulnerable and marginalised groups and communities. The initiative does this by generating greater clarity of the roles and responsibilities of the state and non-state justice sector, supporting non-state justice actors to act in a way which respects human rights and upholds the principle of gender equality, and building and strengthening relationships between state and non-state justice providers. The EC-funded initiative is led by a three-member consortium of both international and national civil society organisations. The members of the consortium are the Forum for Women, Law and Development (FWLD), International Alert, and the Legal Aid and Consultancy Centre (LACC). © 2012 FWLD, International Alert and LACC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Economic and Cultural Condition of Chhantyal Community: (A Case Study of Adhikarichaur VDC of Baglung District)
    Socio-Economic and Cultural Condition of Chhantyal Community: (A Case Study of Adhikarichaur VDC of Baglung District) A Thesis Submitted to: Central Department of Rural Development Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Rural Development By Gobinda Chhantyal Exam Roll No.: 2740 Regd. No.: 6-1-49-131-98 Central Department of Rural Development University Campus Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal April 2012 9 April 2012 RECOMMENDATION LETTER This is to certify that the Thesis submitted by Gobinda Chhantyal entitled “Socio- Economic and Cultural Condition of Chhantyal Community: A Case Study of Adhikarichaur VDC of Baglung District’’ has been prepared under my supervision and guidance as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Master Degree of Arts in Rural Development. Therefore, this is recommended for the final evaluation and approval. ……………………………… Lecturer Suman Baskota (Supervisor) Central Department of Rural Development University Campus, Kirtipur Kathamandu, Nepal Date: 2068/12/27 1 12 April 2012 APPROVAL SHEET This is to certify that the Thesis submitted by Gobinda Chhantyal entitled “Socio- Economic and Cultural Condition of Chhantyal Community: A Case Study of Adhikarichaur VDC of Baglung District’’ has been accepted for the partial fulfillment of requirements for the Award of Master Degree of Arts in Rural Development. Evaluation Committee, ……………………….. Dr. Uma Kant Silwal (Head, Central Department of Rural Development) ……………………………… Dr. Uma Kant Silwal (External Examiner) …………………………… Mr. Suman Baskota (Supervisor) Date: 2068/12/30 2 Abstract This study based on Socio-Economic and Cultural Condition of Chhantyal Community: A Case Study of Adhikarichaur VDC, Bagling District is mainly built-up of primary data.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal – NPL38943 – Malkabang – Myagdi
    Country Advice Nepal Nepal – NPL38943 – Malkabang – Myagdi – Bikram Sambat – Nepali Calendar – Rashtriya Prajatantra Party-Nepal (RPP-N) – State Protection – Young Communist League – Police Protection 1 July 2011 1. Please provide a map of Myagdi region showing Malkabang village; Map 1: Location of Malkabang, Myagdi District1 2. Please provide information about the Nepali calendar, including (i) a method of conversion of dates from the Gregorian calendar to the Nepali calendar and vice versa, 1 „The Chantyal Language & People‟ (undated), University of Wisconsin website https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/noonan/www/Chantyal.html – Accessed 4 May 2011 – Attachment 1 Page 1 of 11 (ii) the Nepali dates for the following dates in the Gregorian calendar: January 2009 and 27 January 2009; and (iii) the dates in the Gregorian calendar which are equivalent to 2053 and 2054 in the Nepali calendar. (i) The Nepali calendar, known as Bikram Sambat, is approximately 56 years and 8½ months ahead of the Gregorian calendar. The Nepalese New Year falls in the middle of April. Unlike Gregorian months, the lengths of Nepali months are not predetermined, and change from year to year, varying from 29 days to 32 days.2 (ii) The Gregorian date 1 January 2009 is equivalent to 17/09/2065 in the Nepali Calendar The Gregorian date 27 January 2009 is equivalent to 14/10/2065 in the Nepali Calendar The ninth month of the Nepali calendar is Poush, which is equivalent to mid- December to mid-January. Mid-January to mid-February is known as Magh. Gregorian Bikram Sambat
    [Show full text]
  • Continuity and Change Among Dhikur Groups in Lower Mustang Anna Misenti SIT Graduate Institute - Study Abroad
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Fall 2015 An Expanding Financial Sector: Continuity and Change Among Dhikur Groups in Lower Mustang Anna Misenti SIT Graduate Institute - Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Finance and Financial Management Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Misenti, Anna, "An Expanding Financial Sector: Continuity and Change Among Dhikur Groups in Lower Mustang" (2015). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 2201. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2201 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Expanding Financial Sector: Continuity and Change Among Dhikur Groups in Lower Mustang Anna Misenti Academic Director: Daniel Putnam Occidental College Diplomacy and World Affairs South Asia, Nepal, Lower Mustang Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Nepal: Development and Social Change, SIT Study Abroad Fall 2015 Abstract The Thakali people of lower Mustang have a long history of economic success fostered through community systems that function due to cooperation, but are also characterized by competition. One of these traditional systems is dhikur, a ​ ​ system of rotating credit composed of approximately twenty members. This study ​ ​ examines the roles of traditional savings and credit institutions within communities in lower Mustang in the context of the emergence of private financial institutions in Jomsom over the last ten years.
    [Show full text]
  • Love and Honor in the Himalayas: Coming to Know Another Culture
    Love and Honor in the Himalayas Love and Honor in the Himalayas Coming to Know Another Culture Ernestine McHugh PENN University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia Contemporary Ethnography Series Editors Dan Rose Paul Stoller A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher. Copyright © 2001 University of Pennsylvania Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10987654 Published by University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4011 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McHugh, Ernestine Louise, 1952– Love and honor in the Himalayas : coming to know another culture / Ernestine McHugh. p. cm. — (Contemporary ethnography) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8122-3586-9(cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN978- 0-8122-1759-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Gurung (Nepalese people) 2. McHugh, Ernestine Louise, 1952– 3. Ethnology—Field work. I. Title. II. Series. DS493.9.G84 M344 2000 306'.095496—dc21 00-062862 for Ursula Record what goes on in everyday life with as much of your life blood and theirs on the paper as if you were writing about death and birth. In Eliot’s phrase, an ulti- mate simplicity costing not less than everything. —Gregory Bateson, letter to the author, 22 February 1974 Contents List of Illustrations ix The People xi Preface xv 1. Reaching Tebas 1 2. Ways of Life Unfolding 17 3. The Fate of Embodied Beings 29 4. The Intimate Darkness of Shadows and Margins 59 5. Paths Without a Compass: Learning Family 93 6. Creating Selves, Crafting Lives 117 7. Shattered Worlds and Shards of Love 139 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic and Cultural Diversity Amongst Yak Herding Communities in the Asian Highlands
    sustainability Review Ethnic and Cultural Diversity amongst Yak Herding Communities in the Asian Highlands Srijana Joshi 1,* , Lily Shrestha 1, Neha Bisht 1, Ning Wu 2, Muhammad Ismail 1, Tashi Dorji 1, Gauri Dangol 1 and Ruijun Long 1,3,* 1 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), G.P.O. Box 3226, Kathmandu 44700, Nepal; [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (N.B.); [email protected] (M.I.); [email protected] (T.D.); [email protected] (G.D.) 2 Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No.9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China; [email protected] 3 State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.J.); [email protected] (R.L.) Received: 29 November 2019; Accepted: 18 January 2020; Published: 28 January 2020 Abstract: Yak (Bos grunniens L.) herding plays an important role in the domestic economy throughout much of the Asian highlands. Yak represents a major mammal species of the rangelands found across the Asian highlands from Russia and Kyrgyzstan in the west to the Hengduan Mountains of China in the east. Yak also has great cultural significance to the people of the Asian highlands and is closely interlinked to the traditions, cultures, and rituals of the herding communities. However, increasing issues like poverty, environmental degradation, and climate change have changed the traditional practices of pastoralism, isolating and fragmenting herders and the pastures they have been using for many years.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change, "Everestification,"
    CLIMATE CHANGE, "EVERESTIFICATION," AND THE FUTURE OF MOUNTAINEERING ON ANNAPURNA I by Jamie Leanne Hutchinson A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Environmental Studies The Evergreen State College June 2020 ©2020 by Jamie Hutchinson. All rights reserved. This Thesis for the Master of Environmental Studies Degree by Jamie Hutchinson has been approved for The Evergreen State College by ________________________ Kathleen Saul, Ph. D. Member of the Faculty ________________________ Date ABSTRACT Climate Change, "Everestification", and the Future of Mountaineering on Annapurna I Jamie Hutchinson This study aims to research how climate change is affecting the Annapurna Conservation Area in the Western Region of Nepal. This region consists of two mountain districts, three hill districts, and encompasses the Annapurna massif. Temperature and Precipitation data was obtained from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Nepal, spanning thirty years (1988-2018). Monthly, Seasonal and Yearly data were aggregated and averaged for both datasets, and statistical analysis was completed using JMP and Excel. Results indicate overall warming in all districts by 1°C, with higher elevations being impacted more than lower. Precipitation tests show strong seasonal intensity in the summer months, sometimes predating monsoon season, with higher elevations receiving less snow than previously recorded. Additional focus was then turned to Annapurna I in order to analyze expedition data for the last thirty years (1989 – 2019). All 8,000-meter peaks within Nepal were studied for expedition size and experience in order to establish climbing trends that lead to "Everestification." Current trends show an increase in expedition size but a overall decrease in inexperienced climbers.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Sociolinguistic Survey of Thakali
    Digital Resources Journal of Language Survey Report 2021-032 Preliminary Sociolinguistic Survey of Thakali Jef Webster Preliminary Sociolinguistic Survey of Thakali Jeff Webster SIL International® 2021 Journal of Language Survey Report 2021-032 2021 SIL International® ISSN: 2766-9327 As a peer-reviewed journal for original research articles, SIL Electronic Survey Reports (ISSN: 1559-1417) has been well-known since 1999. The SIL journal title was changed to Journal of Language Survey Reports, starting with the first issue in 2021. Fair-Use Policy: Documents published in the Journal of Language Survey Reports series are intended for scholarly research and educational use. You may make copies of these publications for research or instructional purposes (under fair use guidelines) free of charge and without further permission. Republication or commercial use of Journal of Language Survey Reports or the documents contained therein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the copyright holder. Orphan Works Note: Data and materials collected by researchers in an era before documentation of permission was standardized may be included in this publication. SIL makes diligent efforts to identify and acknowledge sources and to obtain appropriate permissions wherever possible, acting in good faith and on the best information available at the time of publication. Series Editor Angela Kluge Managing Editor Eric Kindberg Copy Editor Eleanor J. McAlpine Compositor Marisa McHenry Abstract This report presents the results of sociolinguistic inquiry into the Thakali language of Nepal conducted by Jeff Webster in August 1993. The purpose of the study is to measure linguistic distance between the three Thakali varieties and to measure oral Nepali language proficiency in the Thakali homeland.
    [Show full text]