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Der Letzte Templer dtv Fortsetzungsnummer 50 34420 Der letzte Templer Leben und Sterben des Großmeisters Jacques de Molay Bearbeitet von Alain Demurger, Holger Fock, Sabine Müller 1. Auflage 2007. Taschenbuch. 390 S. Paperback ISBN 978 3 423 34420 3 Format (B x L): 13,5 x 21 cm Gewicht: 396 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Geschichte > Kultur- und Ideengeschichte schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. _ Jacques de Molay, hingerichtet 1314, war der letzte Großmeister des Templerordens. Alain Demurger beschreibt das wechselvolle Leben Molays und beleuchtet das feingewobene Interessengeflecht, das die Handlungen seiner Gegenspieler, des französischen Königs Philipp des Schönen und des Papstes Clemens V., bestimmte. Molay erkann- te zu spät, daß der habgierige König im Zusammenspiel mit dem machthungrigen Papst den Orden wegen seines Reichtums und seines Einflusses zerschlagen wollte. Den Strategien und Winkel- zügen seiner Gegner konnte er nicht mehr wirksam begegnen. Als er, so erzählt es die Legende, auf dem Scheiterhaufen König und Papst verfluchte, war der Untergang des Ordens längst besiegelt. Doch während seine Gegner innerhalb nur eines Jahres starben und in Vergessenheit gerieten, blieb die Geschichte des letzten Templers bis heute lebendig. Alain Demurger, geboren 1939, lehrte an der Universität von Paris bis zu seiner Emeritierung 2001 Mittelalterliche Geschichte. Von seinen Veröffentlichungen erschienen in deutscher Übersetzung u. a.: ‹Die Templer› (1991); ‹Die Ritter des Herrn. Geschichte der geistlichen Ritterorden› (2003.) Alain Demurger Der letzte Templer Leben und Sterben des Großmeisters Jacques de Molay Aus dem Französischen von Holger Fock und Sabine Müller Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag Juli 2007 2. Auflage Februar 2008 Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH Co. KG, München www.dtv.de © Éditions Payot & Rivages, Paris 2002 Titel der französischen Originalausgabe: ‹Jacques de Molay. Le crépuscule des templiers› © der deutschen Ausgabe: Verlag C. H. Beck oHG, München 2004 Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Sämtliche, auch auszugsweise Verwertungen bleiben vorbehalten. Umschlagkonzept: Balk & Brumshagen Umschlagbild: ›Jacques Molay dans l’ordre du Temple en 1265‹(1775–1849) von François Granet (Musée Calvet, Avignon) Satz: Fotosatz Janß, Pfungstadt Druck und Bindung: Druckerei C. H. Beck, Nördlingen Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, chlorfrei gebleichtem Papier Printed in Germany · isbn 978-3-423-34420-3 «Quar nous navons volu ne volons le Temple mettre en acune servitute se non tant come il hy affiert.» «Denn wir wollten und wollen den Templerorden keiner anderen als der vereinbarten Dienstbarkeit unterstellen.» Poitiers, den 10. September 1307. Brief von Jacques de Molay an Exemen de Lenda zu dessen Ernennung zum Meister der Provinz Aragón. INHALT Inhalt VORWORT 13 1. DER JUNGE JACQUES DE MOLAY 19 Wo und wann wurde er geboren? 19 Die Welt zur Zeit des jungen Jacques de Molay 25 Ludwig IX. und das Heilige Land 29 Der Kreuzzug Ludwigs IX. 32 Ludwig IX. als Beschützer des Heiligen Lands 35 Ludwig IX. und die Templer 38 2. JACQUES DE MOLAY ALS EINFACHER TEMPELRITTER 44 Der Templerorden um 1265 44 Eintritt in den Orden 48 Der Weg ins Heilige Land 53 Das Heilige Land und die Konfrontation mit Baibars 56 3. THOMAS BÉRARD UND GUILLAUME DE BEAUJEU. ZWEI GROSSMEISTER MIT UNTERSCHIEDLICHER POLITIK? 62 Der Reformer Thomas Bérard 62 Der kühne Guillaume de Beaujeu 64 Der Mann der Angeviner 69 Für die Unabhängigkeit des Templerordens 71 Das Bündnis mit den Mameluken 73 Eine Schaukelpolitik 79 Jacques de Molay unter den Großmeistern Bérard und Beaujeu 83 4. GROSSMEISTER DES TEMPLERORDENS 87 Von Akkon nach Zypern 87 Thibaud Gaudin und die Verlegung des Ordens nach Zypern 95 Die Wahl Jacques de Molays 100 Otton de Grandson und das Beziehungsgeflecht der Freigrafschaft Burgund 109 5. DIE REISE IN DEN OKZIDENT 113 Die Amtsübernahme 113 Die Verteidigung von Zypern und Armenien 115 Verlauf und Reiseroute 120 Sinn und Zweck der Reise in den Okzident 126 6. DIE TEMPLER AUF RUAD 141 Ein Feldzug in Armenien? 141 Das Bündnis mit den Mongolen 146 Die Templer auf Ruad 153 7. ZYPERN 161 Jacques de Molay und Heinrich II. von Zypern 161 Der Templerorden auf Zypern zur Zeit Jacques de Molays 167 Das Netz der Templer 171 Pilger und andere Besucher oder der gastfreundliche Orden 176 Die ‹Regierung› des Ordens: Trägt sie die Handschrift Jacques de Molays? 179 Die Ernennung Exemen de Lendas zum Meister von Aragón (8. bis 11. September 1307) 187 Das Prinzip der Ordensautonomie 191 8. PLÄNE UND PROBLEME 196 Was für ein Kreuzzug, mit welchem Ziel? 197 Die Vereinigung der Orden 203 Ausarbeitung und Anhörung 208 9. IN DEN NETZEN DES KÖNIGS VON FRANKREICH 214 Gerüchte 215 Jacques de Molay und Philipp der Schöne 220 Die Schatzmeister-Affäre 223 Jacques de Molay und Hugues de Pairaud 230 Die Entscheidung des Königs 235 10. IN DER FALLE 239 Der Prozeßverlauf 239 Jacques de Molay im Verhör 247 Molays Verteidigungsstrategie 257 11. AUF DEM SCHEITERHAUFEN 265 Vier Jahre Stillschweigen 265 Ein Urteil ohne Verfahren 267 Auf dem Scheiterhaufen 269 Legendenbildung 274 Der Fluch 275 Ein Held des 19. Jahrhunderts 277 SCHLUSS. JACQUES DE MOLAY IM PORTRÄT 282 Lebensgeschichte 282 Porträt 288 Die persönliche Verantwortung Jacques de Molays 295 ANHANG 303 Corpus der Briefe von Jacques de Molay 305 Jacques de Molay und die Templer in De casibus virorum illustrium libri novem von Giovanni Boccaccio (1363–1364) 314 Die Päpste 1227–1334 318 Stammbäume 319 Zeittafel 324 Abkürzungen und Siglen 331 Anmerkungen 333 Bibliographie 366 Personenindex 379 Ortsindex 387 Der Mittelmeerraum zu Zeiten des Kreuzzugs Ludwigs des Heiligen (1248–1254) VORWORT Was wissen wir über Jacques de Molay, den letzten Großmeister der Templer, den dreiundzwanzigsten, seit Hugues de Payns den Orden 1120 gegründet hat? Eigentlich nicht sehr viel, und über zwei Drittel seines Lebens ist so gut wie nichts bekannt. Vorwort Der Templerorden war der erste geistliche Ritterorden des abend- ländischen Christentums. Wer in diesen Orden eintrat, mußte ein Gelübde ablegen und lebte fortan nach einer Ordensregel, die Got- tesdienst und Stundengebete umfaßte. Doch anders als in den Bene- diktiner- oder Zisterzienserklöstern widmeten sich die Ordensbrüder nicht der Meditation und der Caritas, sondern sahen ihr opus Dei in der Übernahme militärischer Aufgaben im Dienste der Kirche. Die Bezeichnung «Ritter Christi» (miles Christi), die eine lange Vorge- schichte hatte, verschmolz schließlich ganz und gar mit dieser neu entstandenen Form der geistlichen Ritterschaft. Der Templerorden war im Rahmen der Kreuzzüge gegründet worden. Er entstand aus der Notwendigkeit, die Kreuzfahrer auf ihrer Pilgerfahrt in das von den Ungläubigen, wie man die Muslime damals nannte, befreite Jerusalem zu schützen und die während des ersten Kreuzzugs 1098–1099 im Orient gegründeten lateinischen Staaten zu verteidigen. Diese Aufgaben dienten zur Rechtfertigung, einen neuen Ordenstypus einzurichten. Das Haupthaus des jungen Ordens lag ursprünglich in den Ge- bäudekomplexen der al-Aqsa-Moschee auf dem Berg Moria, dem heutigen Tempelberg, was dem Orden seinen Namen gab: «Die ar- men Kampfgefährten Christi und des salomonischen Tempels» (pau- peres commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici). Aufgrund zahl- reicher Schenkungen im Orient und im Okzident überzog er die christliche Welt bald mit einem Netz von Komtureien, die zu Bal- leien und wiederum zu Provinzen (Ordensprovinzen) zusammenge- faßt waren. Sie alle unterstanden einem Meister und einer Gruppe von Würdenträgern, die den Orden anfänglich von Jerusalem aus 14 Vorwort leiteten, bevor der Sitz des Großmeisters nach dem Fall Jerusalems im 13. Jahrhundert nach Akkon verlegt wurde. Der Templerorden wurde zum Vorbild für andere Ordensgemeinschaften sowohl im Orient (Hospitaliter, Deutscher Orden), wie in Spanien (Calatrava, Santiago etc.) und in den baltischen Ländern, wo der Deutsche Or- den kleinen Orden der «Schwertbrüder» und den «Orden von Do- brin» ablöste. Jacques de Molay wurde zwischen 1245 und 1250 geboren und trat 1265 in den Templerorden ein, dessen Großmeister er 1292 wur- de. Im Vorjahr waren die Franken oder Lateiner endgültig aus dem Heiligen Land vertrieben worden, Akkon und die letzten Festungen der Kreuzritter waren in die Hände der Mameluken-Sultane von Ägypten und Syrien gefallen. Der Großmeister Jacques de Molay versah sein Amt auf Zypern bis zu jenem folgenschweren Tag, an dem er zu einer Unterredung mit dem Papst nach Frankreich auf- brach. Dort fielen er und seine Ordensbrüder dem französischen König Philipp dem Schönen zum Opfer, der 1307 alle Templer fest- nehmen ließ. 1312 wurde der Orden verboten, Jacques de Molay schließlich am 18. März 1314 auf dem Scheiterhaufen verbrannt. Man weiß also wenig über Jacques de Molay. Dennoch verfügen wir über Dokumente, die ihn erwähnen, und wenngleich diese Hin- weise häufig unspektakulär, beiläufig, ungenau und indirekt sind, er- möglichen sie es uns doch, in kleinen Pinselstrichen seine Biographie zu zeichnen, ohne allzu summarisch zu sein. Für die Zeit, in der er die Geschicke der Templer lenkte, lassen sich die Grundzüge seiner Amtsführung herausarbeiten, und man muß weder das Quellenstu-
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