Jacques De Molay Ultimo Maestro

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Jacques De Molay Ultimo Maestro S.O.M.T. - Sacrum Ordinis Militum Templi - ONLUS Che Dio ci conceda la capacità di riconoscere il giusto, la volontà di sceglierlo e la forza per conservarlo http://www.somt.it/templari Jacques de Molay ultimo Maestro L'assenza di documentazione adeguata impedisce di individuare il luogo esatto e la data di nascita di Jacques de Molay. Tuttavia, le informazioni trovate nella trascrizione di documenti reperiti negli archivi dei regni europei del tempo, collocano la nascita di Jacques de Molay nel 1245 circa in Alta Saone, nella contea di Borgogna. Questa località è la più accreditata tra gli storici, e, quindi ne consegue che il De Molay non era suddito del Re di Francia, ma dell’Impero germanico. Nel 1265, fu ricevuto nell’ Ordine a Beaune da Humbert Pairaud, visitatore proveniente da Francia e Inghilterra e da Amaury de la Roche, maestro della Francia. Ai giudici che nell’ottobre del 1307 e nell’anno successivo lo interrogarono non dice mai l’età, ma dichiara di essere nell’ordine da 42 anni, il che conferma che era stato ricevuto nel 1265 oppure nel 1266. Demurger deduce la probabile data di nascita dalla supposizione che si diventa cavalieri intorno ai 20 anni e solo dopo si poteva entrare nell’Ordine e colloca quindi la data tra il 1245 e il 1244. Tuttavia da altre testimonianze ricavate dai verbali dei Templari interrogati nel 1307, si deduce che alcuni di essi avevano ricevuto l’investitura a cavaliere tra i 16 e i 17 anni, altri in età più giovane, altri ancora tra i 20 e i 25 anni, il che potrebbe far variare la probabile data di nascita dal 1244-45 al 1248-49 o, addirittura, tra il 1240 -1250, collocando la sua infanzia all’epoca della crociata di re Luigi IX. Nulla si sa sulle motivazioni che lo fecero entrare nell’Ordine: era forse il secondogenito di un famiglia della piccola o media nobiltà e per questo votato alla Chiesa o al Tempio? A tale proposito il Demurger segnala due indizi che si trovano nelle fonti e che fanno pensare 1 / 5 S.O.M.T. - Sacrum Ordinis Militum Templi - ONLUS Che Dio ci conceda la capacità di riconoscere il giusto, la volontà di sceglierlo e la forza per conservarlo http://www.somt.it/templari che la prima motivazione potrebbe essere di ordine familiare. All’epoca in cui De Molay era nell’Ordine, esisteva tra i dignitari del Tempio in Terra Santa, un certo Guillaume de Malay, o Molaho o Malart, che è segnalato come maresciallo del Tempio nel 1262 e come drappiere nel 1271. Ma il Maresciallo e il Drappiere potrebbero essere la stessa persona? Ci sono dubbi e, inoltre, che siano una o due persone diverse, questi erano sicuramente parenti di Jacques? Se è così, come si è verificato per altri cavalieri accolti nel tempio perché parenti di altri cavalieri talora con legami stretti ( zio – nipote , fratelli , cugini), ciò potrebbe essere stata una buona ragione per entrare nell’Ordine. Si può evocare anche l’interesse della Franca Contea e, più in particolare, della Borgogna per la crociata e per gli ordini militari: infatti intorno a De Molay eletto Maestro dell’Ordine gravitano un certo numero di personaggi originari di tale Regione quali Aymon d’Oiselay – maresciallo dell’Ordine- Jacques de la Rochelle ecc. Nulla si sa nulla sui primi anni dell’entrata nel tempio di De Molay, né di qundo è passato in Oriente, solo supposizioni tratte da episodi evocati nelle deposizioni del processo, che lo collocano in Terra Santa al momento dell’elezione del maestro Guillaume de Beaujeu e durante la permanenza del re d’Inghilterra Edoardo I (allora ancora principe) ad Acri e durante il periodo della tregua generale di 10 anni stipulata con il sultano Baybars. Edoardo lascia Acri nel 1272 a fine anno, nel 1273 diventa re, il maestro Guillaume de Beaujeu viene eletto il 13 maggio 1273 mentre si trova in Italia e raggiungerà la Terrasanta nel 1275.Quindi se ne deduce che Jacques sia giunto in Terrasanta tra il 1273- elezione del De Beaujeu - e il 1282- fine della tregua generale a cui aveva contribuito Edoardo I. Tuttavia il testo delle deposizioni si basano essenzialmente su ricordi ed episodi che si riconducono ai personaggi più significativi e quindi la deposizione di De Molay non vuole rappresentare sicuramente una data specifica, ma piuttosto indicare un lasso di tempo più generale … era in Terra Santa all’epoca in cui sono successi quei determinati episodi o vi erano quei menzionati personaggi… nulla vieta che fosse andato in Terra Santa alcuni anni prima in cui non è successo niente di particolarmente rilevante da essere ricordato. Potrebbe essere arrivato prima dell’elezione del Maestro nel 1271 oppure nel 1970 data tutto sommato credibile. Tuttavia in un documento si legge, ad esempio, che Jacques de Molay ricorda che il maestro Guillaume de Beaujeu era presente al Concilio di Lione del 1274 con il re Luigi IX che in realtà era morto 4 anni prima a Tunisi. Come era possibile che ignorasse la morte del Re durante la sua seconda crociata? Quanto sono realmente affidabili tali dichiarazioni? Intorno al 1270, è in Oriente, ma la sua presenza è talmente discreta, che nessuno scrive di lui, non si conoscono episodi legati al suo nome che ci possa far comprendere che incarico avesse nell’Ordine. Non si sa se era tra quei superstiti di Acri, che riuscirono a fuggire con Thibaud Gaudin a Cipro, ma sicuramente è coinvolto nell’organizzazione di un capitolo che si svolge sull'isola. Dopo la sua elezione, Jacques de Molay, nominati i membri del Consiglio, la cerchia dei suoi collaboratori, sovrintende alla difesa dell'isola di Cipro e del Regno della Piccola Armenia, ultimi possedimenti dei franchi in Oriente. Nella primavera del 1293 , intraprende un lungo viaggio in Europa, dove cerca di risolvere problemi legati a vari settori dell'ordine, ma soprattutto chiede aiuto occidentale ai re e ai principi della Chiesa per difendere gli stati cristiani. Durante questo viaggio, va sicuramente in Provenza, in Catalogna, in Inghilterra è presente a gennaio 1294 successivamente in Aragona nell’agosto del 1294. Arriva poi in Italia nel settembre 1294 poi si reca a Roma e a 2 / 5 S.O.M.T. - Sacrum Ordinis Militum Templi - ONLUS Che Dio ci conceda la capacità di riconoscere il giusto, la volontà di sceglierlo e la forza per conservarlo http://www.somt.it/templari Dicembre1294 è presente a Napoli, dove il 23 Dicembre Bonifacio VIII diviene papa a seguito dell’abdicazione di Celestino V. Nei suoi viaggi ha stabilito strette relazioni con sovrani, tra cui, Edoardo I d'Inghilterra, Jacques II d'Aragona e il Papa Bonifacio VIII. Ritornerà a Cipro, nell’ autunno del 1296 per risolvere alcuni problemi che si erano verificati con il Re Enrico II. Nel 1298 , ha condotto una spedizione in Cilicia dopo la caduta di Roche-Guillaume, l'ultima roccaforte del regno. Nell'estate del 1299 Héthoum II, re di Armenia, chiese aiuto al mongolo Ghazan, khan di Persia, recentemente convertito all'Islam, ma nemico dei Mamelucchi. Il 24 dicembre i Mongoli sconfissero i Mamelucchi nella seconda battaglia di Homs. Il 6 gennaio 1300 Ghazan entrò in Damasco. I Mamelucchi arretrarono fino a Gaza. Nel mese di febbraio Ghazan iniziò la ritirata, lasciando al governo della Siria l'emiro Mulay. Nel luglio 1300 una flotta cristiana diretta in Egitto partì da Cipro. Attaccò Rosetta e saccheggiò Alessandria. Risalì verso Acri e Tortosa e poi rientrò a Cipro .L'operazione militare era stata soltanto dimostrativa. Il 30 settembre 1300 Ghazan si rimise in marcia da Tabriz per andare a combattere i Mamelucchi. Suoi alleati erano gli armeni e i ciprioti. A novembre i Templari occuparono l'isolotto di Rouad di fronte a Tortosa per farne una base di operazioni. Sull'isola arrivarono anche gli Ospitalieri e l'esercito cipriota. Poi iniziò lo sbarco sulla costa delle forze cristiane. Si attendeva l'arrivo degli alleati Mongoli. A febbraio arrivò invece un emissario di Ghazan che annunciò il rinvio della guerra. Intanto i Mamelucchi cominciavano a convergere verso Tortosa. I cristiani dovettero abbandonare la terraferma. Si decise di rinviare a Cipro l'esercito e il contingente degli Ospitalieri. Ad aprile 1301 il presidio di Rouad venne affidato ai Templari guidati dal maresciallo dell'Ordine Bartholomé de Quincy. L'isola doveva essere presidiata in attesa del ritorno di Ghazan. Protraendosi l'assenza dei Mongoli i Mamelucchi riacquistarono il controllo della Siria. Da Rouad i Templari iniziarono una serie di azioni di disturbo sulla costa contro le città e i villaggi musulmani. Nel settembre 1302 una flotta egiziana di sedici navi attaccò Rouad. La guarnigione dell'isola era costituita da centoventi cavalieri templari, cinquecento arcieri e quattrocento persone di supporto logistico. I Templari furono costretti a ritirarsi nella torre all'interno dell'isola. Il maresciallo Quincy morì in combattimento. Vennero avviate trattative per la resa. Il 26 settembre i cristiani cedettero le armi. L'accordo prevedeva che i difensori avrebbero evacuato l'isola e sarebbero stati portati in un porto cristiano di loro scelta. I musulmani non mantennero la parola. Gli arcieri e gli addetti alla logistica furono massacrati. I Templari vennero portati in prigionia al Cairo. La notizia della caduta di Rouad arrivò a Cipro mentre la flotta di soccorso si apprestava a salpare. Nel marzo 1303 Ghazan scatenò una nuova offensiva contro i Mamelucchi. Il 30 marzo i Mongoli vennero sconfitti a Homs e il 21 aprile a Shaqhab, a sud di Damasco. Il 10 maggio 1304 Ghazan morì. Jacques de Molay aveva abbandonato definitivamente la strategia di alleanza mongola che si era rivelata un fallimento totale.
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