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Ralstonia Solanacearum Management

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BACTERIAL WILT MANAGEMENT: A PREREQUISITE FOR A POTATO SEED CERTIFICATION PROGRAM IN MALI by Aissata Traore Thera A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Plant Pathology MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana November 2007 © COPYRIGHT by Aissata Traore Thera 2007 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Aissata Traore Thera This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the Division of Graduate Education. Dr. Barry J. Jacobsen Approved for the Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Dr. John E. Sherwood Approved for the Division of Graduate Education Dr. Carl A. Fox iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Aissata Traore Thera November 2007 . iv DEDICATION To my son Sinaly Badra Thera With my unconditional love in the blessing from God, as a symbol of my determination to improve your courageous life of disablement. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I feel deeply thankful to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) -Washington that provided my training funding through Higher Education for Development (HED), particularly the Principle Investigator, Dr. Florence Dunkel, who gave me the opportunity and the passion to study at Montana State University through her HED Grant; To Dr Barry Jacobsen my advisor for his guidance and his encouragement to help me getting my degree and Dr Nina Zidack for her availability. I would also like to thank Dr Gamby Kadiatou Toure and my home Institute IER in Mali (Institut de l’Economie Rurale) for their constant support; Montana State University for the tuition, and other facilities they provided me during the training; and the,Institut Polytechnique Rural/Institut de Formation et Recherche Appliquée (IPR/IFRA), for their collaboration during the research part of my thesis. I appreciate the precious help from the International Center of Potato CIP (Centro International de la Papa), the Montana Potato Lab group at MSU, PEO, a philanthropic organization for women in higher education and all the Department of Plant Sciences Plant Pathology from the Department Head, to all the professors and assistants who taught me and my colleagues in the laboratories: thanks for your advice and your answers to my multiple questions and concerns. I will be always grateful to my wonderful family for their courage and the love they provided to me all the time I have been far from home and to all my friends in Bozeman that have been always around supportting me so that my dream became reality. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 Bacterial Wilt and Potato in Mali ................................................................................. 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................. 8 Potato History and Crop Situation in Mali ................................................................... 8 Potato Crop in Mali: History and Trends...................................................................... 8 Zones of Production................................................................................................... 9 Sikasso ................................................................................................................... 9 Bamako and Baguineda. ....................................................................................... 10 Kati and Koulikoro Area Near Bamako................................................................ 11 Other Areas ..........................................................................................................11 Production................................................................................................................ 11 Seed Potato: Needs and Tentative Production............................................................ 14 Bacterial Wilt Situation............................................................................................... 16 Bacterial Wilt Worldwide........................................................................................ 16 Bacterial Wilt in Developing Countries and Africa................................................. 18 Bacterial Wilt in Mali .............................................................................................. 18 Important Diseases Found on Potato Crop in Mali..................................................... 20 Viral Diseases.......................................................................................................... 20 Potato Virus S. ...................................................................................................... 20 Potato Virus X....................................................................................................... 20 Potato Virus Y ...................................................................................................... 21 Potato Leaf Roll Virus . ........................................................................................ 21 Fungal Diseases....................................................................................................... 22 Pythium ultimum var. ultimum (Trow.) ................................................................ 22 Fusarium wilt- caused by Fusarium spp............................................................... 23 Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn) . .................................................................................. 23 White Mold caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc..................................................... 23 Early Blight caused by Alternaria solani (Ellis and G. Martin)........................... 24 Fusarium Dry Rot and Seed Decay caused by Fusarium solani Sacc. ............... 25 Bacterial Diseases on Potato in in Mali................................................................... 25 Soft Rot Disease of Tubers and Stems ................................................................. 25 Blackleg caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (Van Hall) Dye (Synonym Pectobacterium atrosepticum) ........................................................... 26 Nematodes ............................................................................................................... 27 Bacterial Wilt or Brown Rot Disease Caused by R. solanacerum.............................. 28 Economic Importance of the Disease ...................................................................... 29 Taxonomic Position................................................................................................. 30 Morphological Aspect of the Bacteria..................................................................... 30 Classification........................................................................................................... 31 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED Genus....................................................................................................................... 35 Genomic Organization of the Bacteria .................................................................... 35 Pathogenicity........................................................................................................... 36 Pathogene Biology and Mode of Infection.............................................................. 37 Pathogen Ecology.................................................................................................... 38 Epidemiology.............................................................................................................. 38 Pathogen Distribution.............................................................................................. 38 Plant Host................................................................................................................. 42 Pathogen Survival.................................................................................................... 44 Pathogen Spread...................................................................................................... 47 Disease Symptoms and Diagnostics on Primary Hosts .............................................. 48 Potato....................................................................................................................... 48 Tomato..................................................................................................................... 49 Pelargonium............................................................................................................. 49 Tobacco.................................................................................................................... 49 Banana....................................................................................................................
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