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Bacterial Diseases of Bananas and Enset: Current State of Knowledge and Integrated Approaches Toward Sustainable Management G. Blomme, M. Dita, K. S. Jacobsen, L. P. Vicente, A. Molina, W. Ocimati, Stéphane Poussier, Philippe Prior To cite this version: G. Blomme, M. Dita, K. S. Jacobsen, L. P. Vicente, A. Molina, et al.. Bacterial Diseases of Bananas and Enset: Current State of Knowledge and Integrated Approaches Toward Sustainable Management. Frontiers in Plant Science, Frontiers, 2017, 8, pp.1-25. 10.3389/fpls.2017.01290. hal-01608050 HAL Id: hal-01608050 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01608050 Submitted on 28 Aug 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License fpls-08-01290 July 22, 2017 Time: 11:6 # 1 REVIEW published: 20 July 2017 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01290 Bacterial Diseases of Bananas and Enset: Current State of Knowledge and Integrated Approaches Toward Sustainable Management Guy Blomme1*, Miguel Dita2, Kim Sarah Jacobsen3, Luis Pérez Vicente4, Agustin Molina5, Walter Ocimati6, Stephane Poussier7 and Philippe Prior8 1 Bioversity International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2 Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation – Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, Cruz das Almas, Brazil, 3 Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium, 4 Institute of Plant Health Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Havana, Cuba, 5 Bioversity International, Los Baños, Philippines, 6 Bioversity International, Kampala, Uganda, 7 UMR PVBMT, University of Reunion, La Réunion, France, 8 UMR PVBMT, CIRAD-INRA, La Réunion, France Bacterial diseases of bananas and enset have not received, until recently, an equal amount of attention compared to other major threats to banana production such as the fungal diseases black leaf streak (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium Edited by: oxysporum f. sp. cubense). However, bacteria cause significant impacts on bananas Vincenzo Lionetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy globally and management practices are not always well known or adopted by farmers. Reviewed by: Bacterial diseases in bananas and enset can be divided into three groups: (1) Ralstonia- David John Studholme, associated diseases (Moko/Bugtok disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and University of Exeter, United Kingdom banana blood disease caused by R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis); (2) Xanthomonas wilt Murray Grant, University of Warwick, of banana and enset, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum and (3) United Kingdom Erwinia-associated diseases (bacterial head rot or tip-over disease Erwinia carotovora *Correspondence: ssp. carotovora and E. chrysanthemi), bacterial rhizome and pseudostem wet rot Guy Blomme [email protected] (Dickeya paradisiaca formerly E. chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca). Other bacterial diseases of less widespread importance include: bacterial wilt of abaca, Javanese vascular wilt Specialty section: and bacterial fingertip rot (probably caused by Ralstonia spp., unconfirmed). This review This article was submitted to Plant Microbe Interactions, describes global distribution, symptoms, pathogenic diversity, epidemiology and the a section of the journal state of the art for sustainable disease management of the major bacterial wilts currently Frontiers in Plant Science affecting banana and enset. Received: 01 April 2017 Accepted: 07 July 2017 Keywords: bacterial disease, banana, ensete, Ralstonia-associated, Xanthomonas wilt, Erwinia-associated Published: 20 July 2017 Citation: Blomme G, Dita M, Jacobsen KS, INTRODUCTION Pérez Vicente L, Molina A, Ocimati W, Poussier S and Prior P Bananas (Musa spp) are the world’s most important fruit crop in terms of production volume and (2017) Bacterial Diseases of Bananas trade (FAOSTAT, 2014). Although a major staple in Africa, Asia and Latin America, only 13% and Enset: Current State of bananas produced are internationally traded (Lescot, 2013), indicating the fruit’s importance of Knowledge and Integrated for domestic markets and food security. In East and Central Africa, it is a significant dietary Approaches Toward Sustainable Management. component, ranging from about 20% of daily total food intake in Uganda up to 80% in parts Front. Plant Sci. 8:1290. of Rwanda (Abele et al., 2007). Also, the East African highland cooking bananas “Matooke” doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01290 (triploid A genome East Africa group; AAA-EA) are culturally important in East Africa, with a Frontiers in Plant Science| www.frontiersin.org 1 July 2017| Volume 8| Article 1290 fpls-08-01290 July 22, 2017 Time: 11:6 # 2 Blomme et al. Bacterial Diseases of Bananas and Enset diverse range of varieties and specific uses (Karamura et al., and involvement of local communities (referred to in Uganda 1999, 2004; Kalyebara et al., 2007). In West Africa, plantains as Participatory Development Communication) has been an (AAB group) are grown in mixed cropping systems and play a important, and possibly unique feature, of the control work on similar role for food security and income. In Central America, Xanthomonas wilt in East Africa. Lessons from experience with cooking bananas [Bluggoe types (ABB) and/or plantains (AAB)], controlling Xanthomonas wilt in East Africa (both technical and Gros Michel (AAA) and their dwarf mutants, and Apple (Silk, social aspects) could possibly guide the management of similar AAB), grown in mixed agroforestry systems with coffee and cocoa bacterial wilt diseases in smallholder systems in Asia and Latin are an important food security crop for the rural poor in remote America. areas. This review describes global distribution (Figure 1), The Latin American and Caribbean region (LAC) accounts symptoms (Figures 2, 3, 4A,B, 5, 6), epidemiology and for 66% of global Cavendish (Musa AAA) exports. Ecuador pathogenic diversity of the major bacterial wilts currently is the world’s largest exporter of Cavendish bananas, with five affecting bananas and enset and the state of the art for sustainable million tons exported in 2014. The Philippines and Costa Rica disease management. are the second and third largest exporters, with 3.2 and 1.9 million tons, respectively (Lescot, 2015). In addition, LAC is also a key exporter of plantains, with 72% of plantains traded Causal Agents of Bacterial Wilt on international markets. Nevertheless, 62% of the banana and plantain production in LAC (20 million tons) is consumed Diseases: Origin, Geographic locally, which indicates its high importance in diets and food Distribution, and Economic Importance security throughout the region (Dita et al., 2013). Ralstonia solanacearum Causing Moko and Bugtok Independent of region and production system, pests and Diseases diseases have been considered the main constraints responsible Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt, is for yield losses and low productivity of bananas. The fungal currently found on all continents and numerous islands located diseases black leaf streak disease (commonly known as black between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, causing disease Sigatoka), (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium on more than 200 plant species in over 50 families (Kelman, oxysporum f. sp. cubense) have always been considered as the 1953; Hayward, 1994b; Belalcazar et al., 2004). R. solanacearum most important banana diseases globally and have therefore is considered as one of the world’s most important/damaging received more attention. However, bacterial diseases cause phytopathogenic bacteria due to its lethality, broad geographic significant impacts on yield globally and management practices distribution and wide host range (Elphinstone, 2005; Mansfield are not always well known. et al., 2012). In reference to the high geographic and pathogenic Bacterial diseases of banana and enset can be classified diversity of the species, Buddenhagen(1986) stated that “there into three distinct groups: i) Ralstonia-associated diseases are many bacterial wilts and there are many ‘Pseudomonas (Moko/Bugtok disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and solanacearums’ (syn. R. solanacearum). They have originated banana blood disease caused by R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis); ii) and evolved in widely different places and they have different Xanthomonas wilt of banana and enset, caused by Xanthomonas capabilities with both native flora and introduced hosts and campestris pv. musacearum and iii) Erwinia-associated diseases presumably with different soils and environmental conditions.” (bacterial head rot or tip-over disease (Erwinia carotovora This diversity results in variable disease expression and ssp. carotovora and E. chrysanthemi), bacterial rhizome disease potentials for each host/parasite genotype interaction and pseudostem wet rot (Dickeya paradisiaca formerly (Buddenhagen, 1986, 2009). E. chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca). Other bacterial diseases of less More than 150 years ago, Schomburgk provided the earliest widespread importance include: Javanese vascular wilt, bacterial reference to a bacterial wilt disease on bananas during
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