The 2016 Kaikoura, New Zealand, Earthquake
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Overview of the Geologic Effects of the November 14, 2016, Mw 7.8 Kaikoura, New Zealand, Earthquake Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5146 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Photograph showing the main scarp and upper part of the Sea Front landslide. (See fig. 1D.) Overview of the Geologic Effects of the November 14, 2016, Mw 7.8 Kaikoura, New Zealand, Earthquake By Randall W. Jibson, Kate E. Allstadt, Francis K. Rengers, and Jonathan W. Godt Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5146 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey William H. Werkheiser, Deputy Director exercising the authority of the Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2018 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Jibson, R.W., Allstadt, K.E., Rengers, F.K., and Godt, J.W., 2018, Overview of the geologic effects of the November 14, 2016, Mw 7.8 Kaikoura, New Zealand, earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5146, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175146. ISSN 2328-0328 (online) iii Acknowledgments GNS Science, New Zealand, hosted this reconnaissance trip and provided both logistical support and data sharing for this effort; Chris Massey of GNS Science was the principal cooperator in this effort. Brian Collins of the U.S. Geological Survey and Chris Massey of GNS Science pro- vided thorough and thoughtful reviews of the manuscript. iv Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................iii Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 The 2016 Kaikoura, New Zealand, Earthquake .........................................................................................6 Overview of Geologic Effects of the Kaikoura Earthquake .....................................................................8 Landslides ..............................................................................................................................................8 Ground Cracking .................................................................................................................................10 Liquefaction .........................................................................................................................................10 Surface Faulting ..................................................................................................................................11 Effects on People and Infrastructure .......................................................................................................14 Comparison of Observed and Modeled Landslide Distribution ...........................................................16 Summary and Conclusions .........................................................................................................................21 References Cited..........................................................................................................................................22 Appendix. Field Reconnaissance Observations ..................................................................................25 Cape Campbell to Waipapa Bay .......................................................................................................26 Waipapa Bay to Mount Lyford (Seaward Kaikoura Range) .........................................................30 Hapuku 740 Landslide................................................................................................................30 Linton 340 Landslide ..................................................................................................................30 Conway 420 Landslide ...............................................................................................................31 Towy 500 Landslide ....................................................................................................................32 Mount Lyford to Waiau ......................................................................................................................32 Leader 220 Landslide .................................................................................................................32 Stanton 200 Landslide ...............................................................................................................33 Mason 360 Landslide .................................................................................................................36 Other Landslides ........................................................................................................................36 Mount Lyford ..............................................................................................................................36 Sea Cliffs......................................................................................................................................36 Figures 1. Maps showing earthquake epicenter and landslide area of the 2016 Kaikoura, New Zealand, earthquake and locations of photographs in subsequent figures ..............2 2. Maps showing daily GPS tracks for aerial reconnaissance and ground reconnaissance following the 2016 Kaikoura, New Zealand, earthquake ..........................4 3. Map showing ground shaking from the 2016 Kaikoura, New Zealand, earthquake in relation to the landslide area ............................................................................6 4. Photograph showing debris from a road cut that was shaken during the Mw 5.5 aftershock of December 4, 2016, following the 2016 Kaikoura, New Zealand, earthquake ...........................................................................................................8 5. Photograph showing a small rock fall along State Highway 1 near Waipapa Bay ...........8 6. Photograph showing a debris slide along State Highway 1 about 14 kilometers southwest of Waipapa Bay .........................................................................................................8 7. Photograph showing landslides in the Seaward Kaikoura Range .......................................8 8. Photograph showing the Stanton Left Tributary 220 landslide .............................................9 v 9. Photograph showing landslide debris blocking a channel in Sawcut Gorge .....................9 10. Photograph showing the Leader 220 landslide dam ...............................................................9 11. Photograph showing the Hapuku 740 landslide dam ..............................................................9 12. Photograph showing ground cracking on a hillside near Conway River ..........................10 13. Photograph showing cracks along the outboard edge of a mountain road above Mount Lyford ...................................................................................................................10 14. Photograph showing ground cracks unrelated to slope failure .........................................10 15. Photograph showing ejected sand near the Wairau River northeast of Blenheim .........10 16. Photograph showing lateral spread along the Wairau River northeast of Blenheim .........11 17. Photograph showing surface fault rupture along the Papatea fault extending through the source area of the Sea Front landslide ..........................................11 18. Photograph showing the Papatea fault offsetting State Highway 1 and South Island Main Trunk rail line near Waipapa Bay, aerial view......................................12 19. Photograph showing the Papatea fault offsetting State Highway 1 and South Island Main Trunk rail line near Waipapa Bay, ground view ...................................12 20. Photograph showing the Kekerengu fault extending through alluvium in the Clarence River channel .............................................................................................................13 21. Photograph showing ground cracks along the trace of the Kekerengu fault about 10 kilometers northwest of Waipapa Bay ...................................................................13 22. Photographs of ground-shaking damage to structures .......................................................14 23. Photograph showing a house damaged by displacement on the Kekerengu fault about 20 kilometers north-northeast of Waipapa Bay ................................................14 24. Photograph showing railroad tracks disrupted by ground deformation 16 kilometers southwest of Ward.............................................................................................14