DOCSLIB.ORG

The Quest for Regional Integration in Africa, Latin America and Beyond in the Twenty First Century: Experience, Progress and Prospects Ministry of External Relations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Quest for Regional Integration in Africa, Latin America and Beyond in the Twenty First Century: Experience, Progress and Prospects Ministry of External Relations THE QUEST FOR REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN AFRICA, LATIN AMERICA AND BEYOND IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY: EXPERIENCE, PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL RELATIONS Foreign Minister Ambassador Antonio de Aguiar Patriota Secretary General Ambassador Ruy Nunes Pinto Nogueira ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO FOUNDATION President Ambassador Gilberto Vergne Saboia The Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (Funag) was established in 1971. It is a public foundation linked to the Ministry of External Relations whose goal is to provide civil society with information concerning the international scenario and aspects of the Brazilian diplomatic agenda. The Foundations mission is to foster awareness of the domestic public opinion with regard to international relations issues and Brazilian foreign policy. Ministry of External Relations Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo 70170-900 Brasília, DF Telephones: (61) 3411-6033/6034/6847 Fax: (61) 3411-9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br JORAM MUKAMA BISWARO The Quest for Regional Integration in Africa, Latin America and Beyond in the Twenty First Century: Experience, Progress and Prospects - Rhetoric versus Reality - A Comparative Study Brasília, 2011 Copyright © by Fernando Morais Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo 70170-900 Brasília DF Telefones: (61) 3411-6033/6034 Fax: (61) 3411-9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br E-mail: [email protected] Technical team: Henrique da Silveira Sardinha Pinto Filho André Yuji Pinheiro Uema Fernanda Antunes Siqueira Fernanda Leal Wanderley Juliana Corrêa de Freitas Pablo de Rezende Saturnino Braga Graphic design and layout: Maurício Cardoso e Juliana Orem Printed in Brazil 2011 Biswaro, Joram Mukama. The quest for regional integration in Africa, Latin America and beyond in the twenty first century : experience, progress and prospects : rhetoric versus reality : a comparative study / Joram Mukama Biswaro. Brasília : Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2011. 460p. ISBN: 978.85.7631.289-5 1. Relações internacionais. 2. Política externa. 3. Integração econômica. I. Título. CDU 327 CDU 327(6) CDU 339.92 CDU 339.92(6) Depósito Legal na Fundação Biblioteca Nacional conforme Lei n° 10.994, de 14/12/2004. To the memory of my beloved young brother Jackson Mwenda Biswaro and professor Haroub Othaman all of whom died while writing this book. Their prior profund encouragement conferred on me the temerity to finish this work. Table of contents Acknowledgements, 9 List of abbreviations, 11 Introduction, 17 Chapter I, 57 Theoretical and conceptual reflection Chapter II, 97 Sovereignty and hypocrisy Chapter III, 159 The European Union Chapter IV, 219 Latin America MERCOSUR Chapter V, 261 An evaluation of Latin American and Caribbean integration schemes Chapter VI, 307 Regional integration in East Asia and the challenges of leadership (from enmity to amity) Chapter VII, 351 The Pan-African Movement From Manchester to Addis Ababa Chapter VIII, 375 OAU performance Chapter IX, 395 African integration: an assessment of its progress and prospects Chapter X, 419 Reflections and Concluding Remarks Bibliography, 451 Acknowledgements This book is an outcome of different researches, encounters and series of lectures that I undertook and gave in different Universities on this subject matter across the globe. I was privileged and honored by my country to represent and participate in several conferences from which I acquired an immense experience.In this connection Im grateful to my Presidents: H.E. The Late J.K Nyerere, H.E A.H Mwinyi and H.E J.M. Kikwete for their trust in me. In preparation of this book, I have been fortunate to have had the assistance of a number of individuals, institutions and now it is the time to convey my appreciation. The list is, however, very long of which I cannot exhaust. This includes his Excellency Ambassor Mchanga, former Ambassador of Zambia to Brazil and the rest of African Group of Ambassadors to Brazil between 2008 and 2010. To them I appreciate their patience to have read and criticize the various drafts of this book or gave me other assistance. Equally important, I extend my thanks to FUNAG foundation which encouraged me to complete this project and its readiness to publish it. Finally, I owe deep emotional debt to my lovely children Lubandwa, Biswaro, Mshama, Sanjura, Kambarage and Prisca, whose love has always been a great source of strength and inspiration. I highly commend them for their contribution particularly on IT matters. The person who unswervingly 9 JORAM MUKAMA BISWARO stood by me for the great part of my intellectual life is my wife Justina. She has been so selfless in her care and devotion that I often overlook a simple truth that there cannot be equality without reciprocity in search of errors, duplications and improved clarity on this work. She and I have read aloud the text more times than I care to remember. Such a practice is a strain on a marriage, but hopefully it improved the quality of the book. 10 List of abreviatons (APT) ASEAN plus Three. (AFTA) ASEAN Free Trade Area. (ARF) ASEAN Regional Forum. (APEC) Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. (AMU) African Peer Review Mechanism. (AMIB) AU Peace Mission in Burundi. (AMIS) AU Mission in Sudan. (APRM) African Peer Review Mechanism. (ASF) African Standby Force. (AEC) African Economic Community. (AU) African Union. (AAPO) All Africa Peoples Organization. (AMU) The Arab Maghreb Union. (ASEAN) Association of Southeast Asian Nations. (APEC) Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. (ASA) Africa South America. (AC) Andean Community. (ACJHR) African Court of Justice and Human Rights. (ACJ) African Court of Justice. (BPDS) Brasilia Protocol for Dispute Settlement. (BCIE) Central American Bank of Economic Integration. 11 JORAM MUKAMA BISWARO (CAN) Andean Community of Nations. (CACM) Central American Common Market. (CEMAC) Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa. (CEN-SAD) Community of Sahel-Saharan States. (CEWS) Continental Early Warning System. (CA) Constitutive Act. (CMCA) Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration. (COMESA) The Common Market of East and Southern Africa). (CENSAD) The Communauté des États Sahelo-Sahariens. (CEEAC)The Communauté Économique des États de LAfrique Centrale. (CM) Common Market. (CU) Customs Union. (COMECON) Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. (CMC) Common Market Council. (CMG) Common Market Goup. (CMI) Chiang Mai Initiative. (CET) Common External Tariffs. (CARICOM) Caribbean Community. (CACM) Central America Common Market. (CMCA) Central American Monetary Council. (CSUCA) Central American Council for Higher Education. (CARIFTA) Caribbean Free Trade Agreement. (CHG) Conference of Government. (CAIC) Caribbean Association of Industry and Commerce. (CCL) Caribbean Congress of Labor. (CCC) Caribbean Council of Consumers. (CDB) Caribbean Development Bank. (CXC) Caribbean Examination Council. (CLE) Council of Legal Education. (COTED) Council for Trade and Economic Development. (COFCOR) Council for Foreign and Community Relations. (CSME) Caricom Single Market and Economy. (CCJ) Caribbean Court of Justice. (COFCAR) Council for Foreign and Community Relations. (COHSOD) Council for Human and Social Development. (COFAP) Council for Finance and Planning. (CROSQ) Regional Organization for Standard and Quality. 12 LIST OF ABREVIATONS (CAN) Andean Community of Nations. (CSN) South American Community of Nations. (CA) Constitutive Act. (CAP) Common Agricultural Policy. (CFSP) Common Foreign Security Policy. (DSM) Dispute Settlement Mechanism. (DRC) Democratic Republic of Congo. (ECCAS) Economic Community of Central African States. (ECOSOCC) The Economic, Social and Cultural Council. (ECOMOG) The ECOWAS Monitoring Group. (ECA) Economic Commission for Africa. (EEC) European Economic Community. (EACSO) East African Common Services Organization. (EAI) Enterprise for the Americas Initiative. (ECLA) Economic Commission for Latin America. (ECOWAS) Economic Community of West African States. (EAC) East African Community. (ECA) Economic Commission for Africa. (ECSC Treaty) European Court of Justice. (ECSC) European Coal and Steel Community. (EU) Economic Union. (ECSC) European Coal and Steel Community. (EU) European Union. (EPA) Economic Partnership Agreement. (EAEG) East Asian Economic Group. (EAEC) East Asian Economic Caucus. (EAS) East Asian Summit. (EUF) European Union of Federalists. (EFTA) European Free Trade Association. (EC) European Community. (EUC) European Union Council. (EMS) European Monetary System. (ECU) European Currency Unit. (ERM) Exchange Rate Mechanism. (EPC) European Political Cooperation. (ECJ) European Court of Justice. (ECOSOCC) Economic Social and Cultural Council. 13 (ECB) European Central Bank. (ECLA) Economic Commission for Latin America. (EEC) European Economic Community. (EURATOM) European Atomic Energy Community. (EDC) European Defense Community Treaty. (FTAA) Free Trade Area of the Americas. (FLS) Front Line States. (FTA) Free Trade Area . (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment. (FRG) Federal Republic of Germany. (FTAA) Free Trade Area of the Americas. (G.C.C) Gulf Co-operation Council. (GDP) Gross Domestic Product. (GNP) Gross National Product. (GATT) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. (IGCs) Intergovernmental Conferences. (IGAD) Inter Governmental Authority on Development. (IGO) Intergovernmental Organization. (IMF) International Monetary Fund. (ICAITI) Central American Industrial Technology and Research Institute. (JPC) Joint Permanent Commission. (JHA) Justice and Home
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Legislating During War: Conflict and Politics in Colombia
    Legislating During War: Conflict and Politics in Colombia Juan S. Morales∗ Collegio Carlo Alberto University of Turin July 24, 2020 Abstract This paper studies how politicians and their constituents respond to political violence by investigating the case of the Colombian civil conflict. I use data on rebel attacks, legislators’ tweets and roll-call votes, and I employ event study and difference-in-differences empirical methods. Twitter engagement (as a proxy for popular support) increases after rebel attacks for both incumbent party legislators and for tweets with a "hard-line" language. Legislators increase their support for the incumbent party after attacks, but only when the government has a hard-line policy position, as inferred both from the recent historical context and from text analysis of the president’s tweets. Though the effects are initially large they last less than two weeks. The empirical results are consistent with a political economy model of legislative behaviour in which events that shift voters’ views, and the presence of rally ‘round the flag effects, elicit different politician responses depending on the policy position of the incumbent party. Finally, I identify a set of potentially affected congressional votes, suggesting that these conflict-induced swings in incumbent support can have persistent policy consequences. JEL Codes: D72;D74;H56;O10 Keywords: civil conflict; legislative decision-making; roll-call votes; political language; social media ∗Collegio Carlo Alberto, Piazza Arbarello 8, 10122, Torino, TO, Italy (e-mail: [email protected]). I thank the editor, Maria Petrova, and anonymous referees for their careful reviews and suggestions. I am grateful to Gustavo Bobonis, Albert Berry, Marco Gonzalez-Navarro and Michel Serafinelli for their guidance and support.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict and Politics in Colombia
    Legislating during war: Conflict and politics in Colombia Juan S. Morales∗ University of Toronto June 14, 2017 Abstract For many countries, the escape from weak governance and cycles of violence is today the most challeng- ing step in their path to prosperity. This paper studies an important aspect of this challenge: the relationship between civil conflict and congressional decision-making. I study this relationship in the context of Colom- bia, an electoral democracy that has endured the longest conflict in the Americas. More specifically, I exam- ine how politicians and their constituents respond to attacks by FARC, Colombia’s largest rebel group. To measure these responses, I use data from politicians’ Twitter accounts and roll-call voting records, and em- ploy both an event study and a difference-in-differences research design which exploit the high-frequency nature of the data. I use text analysis to measure the "political leaning" of politicians’ tweets, and find that both tweets from incumbent politicians and tweets which exhibit "right-wing" language receive higher user engagement (a proxy for popular support) following rebel attacks. The legislative decision-making responses are more complex. Before the government started a peace process with the rebels in 2012, politi- cians in congress were more likely to align their legislative votes with the right-leaning ruling party in the days following an attack. However, this relationship breaks down during the negotiations. In addition, politicians are more responsive to attacks which occur in their electoral district. The empirical results are consistent with a political economy model of legislative behaviour in which events that shift median voter preferences, and the presence of rally ’round the flag effects, elicit different politician responses depending on the policy position of the ruling party.
    [Show full text]
  • Popular Struggle, Counterinsurgency, and Human Rights in Colombia
    A CENTURY OF VIOLENCE IN A RED CITY A CENTURY OF REDVIOLENCE IN A CITY Popular Struggle, Counterinsurgency, and Human Rights in Colombia LESLEY GILL ... DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS Durham and London 2016 © 2016 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ♾ Designed by Amy Ruth Buchanan Typeset in Chaparral Pro and Franklin Gothic by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gill, Lesley, author. A century of violence in a red city : popular struggle, counterinsurgency, and human rights in Colombia / Lesley Gill. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8223-6029-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8223-6060-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8223-7470-1 (e-book) 1. Human rights—Colombia—History—20th cen- tury. 2. Working class—Colombia—History—20th century. 3. Labor disputes—Colombia—Barran- cabermeja—History—20th century. I. Title. JC599.C7G55 2016 986.1′25—dc23 2015026279 Cover design: Jenni Ohnstad IN MEMORY OF MY MOTHER, JOAN GILL (1927–2012) CONTENTS List of Acronyms ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 ONE Black Gold, Militant Labor 29 TWO Cold War Crucible 61 THREE Terror and Impunity 95 FOUR Unraveling 123 FIVE Fragmented Sovereignty 152 SIX Narrowing Political Options and Human Rights 183 SEVEN The Aftermath of Counterinsurgency 216 Conclusion 237 Notes 249 References 263 Index 275 ACRONYMS ACEDEGAM Asociación Campesina de Ganaderos y Agri- cultores del Magdalena Medio (Association of Middle Magdalena Ranchers
    [Show full text]
  • Resisting Liberal Peace: Unpacking the FARC-EP's Documents for La
    Resisting Liberal Peace: Unpacking the FARC-EP’s Documents for La Habana Peace Negotiations Kiara Mongrut Rosado Thesis submitted to the University of Ottawa, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts. Department of Criminology Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa © Kiara Mongrut Rosado, Ottawa, Canada, 2019 i ii Acknowledgements This thesis could have not been completed without the love and encouragement of several important people. I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Maritza Felices-Luna for your guidance, expertise and encouragement. Thank you for helping me figure things out, while I was stressed and for challenging my thinking and helping me become a better writer. Without your constant support and patience, I would have never been able to complete this journey. Next, I want to thank my family for always listening and providing me with love and support to pursue my aspirations. A special thanks to my friends, especially Camila, Anthony and Elias who listened and encouraged me to keep going. A special shout out to Haileigh and Thana in the MA program, AKA the support system. Finally, I would like to thank my cat Zelda who was always there when I needed a break. iii Abstract Peace negotiation is a complex political process used to end a conflict and establish peace. This thesis provides a qualitative analysis of the FARC-EP documents in preparation for the peace negotiations. Using Neocleous concept of pacification and Hannah Arendt’s concept of the political, I explored the ways in which the FARC-EP resist liberal peace by re-politicizing the conflict, addressing the sources of the inequalities and injustices generated by and for capitalism, and implying alternative ways of thinking about politics, power, justice and security to transform society.
    [Show full text]
  • A Governance Practitioner's Notebook
    THE DAC NETWORK ON GOVERNANCE (GOVNET) A Governance Practitioner’s Notebook: Alternative Ideas and Approaches Alan Whaites, Eduardo Gonzalez, Sara Fyson and Graham Teskey A Governance Practitioner’s Notebook ALTERNATIVE IDEAS AND APPROACHES The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the authors, andThis are work designed is published to stimulate under discussion the responsibility on a broad of therange Secretary-General of issues. Accordingly, of the theyOECD. should The opinions not be reported expressed as andrepresenting arguments the employed official views herein ofdo the not OECD necessarily or of its memberreflect the countries. official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice toto thethe statusstatus ofof oror sovereignty sovereignty over any territory, territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers andand boundariesboundaries and to the namename ofof anyany territory,territory, city city or or area. area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2014), Accountability and Democratic Governance: Orientations and Principles for Development, DAC Guidelines and Reference Series, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264183636-en ISBN 978-92-64-18362-9 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-18363-6 (PDF) Series: DAC Guidelines and Reference Series ISSN 1990-0996 (print) ISSN 1990-0988 (online) ThePlease statistical cite this data publication for Israel are as: supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant IsraeliWhaites authorities. et al. The(2015), use A of Governance such data by Practitioner’s the OECD is without Notebook: prejudice Alternative to the statusIdeas ofand the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of internationalApproaches law., OECD, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/dac/governance-peace/governance/ governance-practitioners-notebook.htm.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ethnography of Canada-Colombia Relations ‘From Below’
    SOLIDARITY WITHOUT OWNERS: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF CANADA-COLOMBIA RELATIONS ‘FROM BELOW’ by Michael Toal (Micheál Ó Tuathail) B.A., University of Alberta 2008 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of Sociology and Anthropology Latin American Studies Program Michael Toal (Micheál Ó Tuathail) 2010 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2010 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.5 Canada License. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ca/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California 94105, USA. APPROVAL Name: Michael Toal (Micheál Ó Tuathail) Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: Solidarity without Owners: An Ethnography of Canada- Colombia Relations ‘from Below’ Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Alexander Dawson Director, Latin American Studies Program ___________________________________________ Dr. Eric Hershberg Senior Supervisor Professor, Department of Political Science ___________________________________________ Dr. Stacy Leigh Pigg Supervisor Associate Professor of Anthropology, Department of Sociology and Anthropology ___________________________________________ Dr. Jon Beasley-Murray External Examiner Assistant Professor, Department of French, Hispanic and Italian Studies University of British Columbia Date Defended/Approved: May 27, 2010 ii SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users.
    [Show full text]
  • The Illusion of Community Participation: Experience in the Irregular Settlements of Bogotá
    The illusion of community participation: experience in the irregular settlements of Bogotá A thesis submitted to University College London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Noriko Hataya Department of Geography University College London 2007 The illusion of community participation: experience in the irregular settlements of Bogotá Abstract The study focuses on community participation among the poor of Bogotá, Colombia. It explores the changing relationships between poor communities, local politicians and the city government before and after the institutional reforms and changing approach to development that occurred during the 1990s. The case studies were conducted in six irregular settlements, all developed in contravention of the city’s planning regulations. Data were collected using a sample household survey and in-depth interviews with community leaders, local inhabitants and the representatives of outside organisations. In the 1990s, clientelistic practices became less effective to push the regularisation process. City programmes toward irregular settlements became more holistic and benefited from better coordination between the different public entities. As a result, the inhabitants became more discriminating in identifying the most effective strategies for obtaining the services and infrastructure that they required. Competent government intervention was ultimately the most important factor in furthering the regularisation process. However, regularisation could not be achieved without community participation. Community involvement was important both before and after a settlement was recognised. The community had to find the money to put down a deposit before the service agencies would install services. This required not only a minimum level of economic resources but also firm community leadership. The study also shows that apparently contradictory decisions made by the different communities were highly rational.
    [Show full text]
  • For a Connecting Progressive Agenda
    For a Connecting Progressive Agenda With Foreword by: Alfred GUSENBAUER Edited by: Ernst STETTER Karl DUFFEK Ania SKRZYPEK INDEX FOR A CONNECTING 122 Europe beyond Maastricht – PROGRESSIVE AGENDA the Role of Inter-State Transfers, Social Protection 6 Introduction and Cultural Homogenization Ernst STETTER, Karl DUFFEK Ronny MAZZOCCHI & Ania SKRZYPEK 154 Europe 2020, EU Governance 12 Daring to Take a Step Forward and Progressive Reform Alfred GUSENBAUER Renaud THILLAYE & FACING SOCIAL Patrick DIAMOND CONTESTATION – A SEARCH 178 Way Forward for European FOR A NEW CONNECTION Welfare Society Ania SKRZYPEK 20 Responding to New Patterns of Social Contestation: MAKING EUROPE WORK – the Politics of Protest A DEMAND FOR QUALITY Management during the Global EMPLOYMENT FOR ALL Economic Crisis David J. BAILEY 214 Towards an Eqalitarian and Effi cient Economic Model 36 From Euroscepticism to Based on Strong Labour Eurorejectonism: Analysing Market Institutions Discontent with Widening Rémi BAZILLIER and Deepening European Integration 236 Whither Flexicurity? Discursive André KROUWEL & Exercises and Empirical Reality Yordan K. KUTIYSKI in European Labour Market Reform 64 Creating Majority Coalitions in Dimitris TSAROUHAS the United States and Europe: is there a Blueprint for the 264 Quality of Justice for a New Progressives Social Europe: Better Access, John HALPIN & Ruy TEIXEIRA More Equality and Better Democracy CREATING EUROPEAN Nadia CARBONI WELFARE – A PROPOSAL OF A TANGIBLE AGENDA FOR ORGANISING FINANCIAL EQUALITY CAPITALISM – A STRIVE FOR ETHICALLY
    [Show full text]
  • Reviews of National Policies for Education: Tertiary Education in Colombia 2012, OECD Publishing
    Reviews of national policies for Education Reviews of Tertiary Education in Colombia In Colombia, the beginning of a new century has brought with it a palpable feeling n Reviews of national policies for Education of optimism. Colombians and visitors sense that the country’s considerable potential ational can be realised, and education is rightly seen as crucial to this process. As opportunities expand, Colombians will need new and better skills to respond to new challenges and prospects. p Tertiary Education olicies for Education The government is therefore determined to address key challenges confronting tertiary education in the country: expanding enrolment and improving equity, increasing quality in Colombia and relevance, and making governance and finance more responsive. Colombia has more than a decade of progress under its belt, and the energy to reach ambitious policy goals. Getting there in practice will involve dialogue and consensus-seeking among all stakeholders, as well as new resources and new rules. Contents 1. Overview, achievements and issues 2. Vision, structure, governance and management of the Colombian tertiary education system 3. Access and equity to tertiary education in Colombia 4. Quality and relevance of tertiary education in Colombia 5. Quality assurance of the Colombian tertiary education system 6. Internationalisation of the Colombian tertiary education system 7. Research and innovation in Colombia 8. Information and transparency in Colombia’s tertiary education system Education in Colombia Tertiary 9. Financing of tertiary education in Colombia 10. Conclusions and recommendations Please cite this publication as: OECD/International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank (2012), Reviews of National Policies for Education: Tertiary Education in Colombia 2012, OECD Publishing.
    [Show full text]
  • (Human) Right to Water in Colombia
    Engaged Universals and Community Economies: The (Human) Right to Water in Colombia Verónica Perera Department of Culture and the Arts, National University of Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, Argentina; [email protected] Abstract: While the United Nations’ sanctioning of the human right to water was widely celebrated, many debate the adequacy and political potency of the rights discourse to frame water justice. Drawing on multi-sited, ethnographic-based fieldwork in Colombia in 2010 and 2011, and prioritizing activists’ reflexivity, the paper explores how water activists in the 2007–2011 referendum campaign engaged the universal human right while making user-run community aqueducts more visible as place-based, not-for-profit, culturally attuned, and valid alternatives to the corporate model of water supply. This case study suggests that the human right to water cannot be separated from water commons, and that communal users and activists engage the universal under their own terms. It also suggests we think of these water models as “economic communities” in Gibson-Graham’ssense: ethical spaces to make explicit our social relations with water, and to cultivate selves and practices that enact alternative socio-natural relations through water’s circulations. Resumen: La sanción del derecho humano al agua en Naciones Unidas fue ampliamente celebrada. Sin embargo, distintos analistas han cuestionado la capacidad analítica y la potencia política del discurso de derechos humanos para luchar por la justicia hídrica. Este estudio de la campaña del referendo por el agua en Colombia, basado en técnicas etnográficas en 2010 y 2011, explora el modo en que activistas movilizaron el derecho humano universal para visibilizar los acueductos comunitarios como alternativas válidas al modelo corporativo neoliberal de provisión de agua.
    [Show full text]