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Biodiversidade E Monitoramento Ambiental Integrado Biodiversidade E Monitoramento Monitoring Environmental and Integrated Biodiversity Antonio R Biodiversidade e Magnusson et al. Monitoramento Ambiental Integrado Biodiversity and Integrated Environmental Monitoring William Magnusson Ricardo Braga-Neto • Flávia Pezzini Fabrício Baccaro • Helena Bergallo Jerry Penha • Domingos Rodrigues Luciano M. Verdade • Albertina Lima Ana Luísa Albernaz • Jean-Marc Hero Ben Lawson • Carolina Castilho Débora Drucker • Elisabeth Franklin Fernando Mendonça • Flávia Costa Graciliano Galdino • Guy Castley Jansen Zuanon • Julio do Vale José Laurindo Campos dos Santos Regina Luizão • Renato Cintra Reinaldo I. Barbosa • Antônio Lisboa Rodrigo V. Koblitz • Cátia Nunes da Cunha Biodiversidade e Monitoramento Ambiental Integrado Biodiversidade e Monitoramento Monitoring Environmental and Integrated Biodiversity Antonio R. Mendes Pontes Biodiversidade e Monitoramento Ambiental Integrado Biodiversity and Integrated Environmental Monitoring William Magnusson Ricardo Braga-Neto • Flávia Pezzini Fabrício Baccaro • Helena Bergallo Jerry Penha • Domingos Rodrigues Luciano M. Verdade • Albertina Lima Ana Luísa Albernaz • Jean-Marc Hero Ben Lawson • Carolina Castilho Débora Drucker • Elisabeth Franklin Fernando Mendonça • Flávia Costa Graciliano Galdino • Guy Castley Jansen Zuanon • Julio do Vale José Laurindo Campos dos Santos Regina Luizão • Renato Cintra Reinaldo I. Barbosa • Antônio Lisboa Rodrigo V. Koblitz • Cátia Nunes da Cunha Antonio R. Mendes Pontes Manaus 2013 Copyright © 2013 Os autores Todos os direitos reservados. Coordenação editorial Ricardo Braga-Neto William Magnusson Flávia Pezzini Autores William Magnusson • Ricardo Braga-Neto • Flávia Pezzini • Fabrício Baccaro Helena Bergallo • Jerry Penha • Domingos Rodrigues • Luciano M. Verdade Albertina Lima • Ana Luísa Albernaz • Jean-Marc Hero • Ben Lawson • Carolina Castilho Débora Drucker • Elizabeth Franklin • Fernando Mendonça • Flávia Costa • Graciliano Galdino Guy Castley • Jansen Zuanon • Julio do Vale • José Laurindo Campos dos Santos Regina Luizão • Renato Cintra • Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa • Antônio Lisboa Rodrigo V. Koblitz • Cátia Nunes da Cunha • Antonio R. Mendes Pontes Capa, projeto gráfico, diagramação e produção Áttema Editorial :: Assessoria e Design : www.attemaeditorial.com.br Fotos Indicadas na página 335 Tradução Dos autores Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA Diretor: Adalberto Luís Val Ficha catalográfica Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) (Áttema Editorial, SP, Brasil) Biodiversidade e monitoramento ambiental integrado [livro eletrônico] = Biodiversity and integrated environmental monitoring / [tradução dos autores]. -- Santo André, SP : Áttema Editorial, 2013. 9.572 Kb ; PDF Vários autores. Edição bilíngue: português/inglês. ISBN 978-85-65551-04-5 1. Biodiversidade - Amazônia 2. Biodiversidade - Conservação - Amazônia 3. Conservação da natureza - Amazônia 4. Ecologia - Amazônia 5. Monitoramento ambiental - Amazônia 6. Proteção ambiental - Amazônia I. Título: Biodiversity and integrated environmental monitoring. CDD-304.2709811 Índices para catálogo sistemático: 1. Amazônia : Biodiversidade e monitoramento ambiental integrado : Aspectos socioambientais 304.2709811 Áttema Editorial :: Assessoria e Design R. Macaúba, 82 • Bairro Paraíso • Santo André • SP • Brasil • CEP 09.190-650 Tel.: +55 (11) 2379.1511 • Tel./Fax: +55 (11) 2379.1512 • E-mail: [email protected] Site: http://www.attemaeditorial.com.br Este livro é dedicado a muitos heróis anônimos que, apesar de limitações físicas, financeiras ou educacionais, fazem o trabalho necessário para reduzir as perdas em biodiversidade em todo o mundo. This book is dedicated to the many unsung heroes who, despite physical, financial or educational limitations, do the work necessary to reduce losses in biodiversity throughout the world. Sumário Summary Prefácio ................................. 08 ................................ Preface Capítulo 1 .............................. 12 ..............................Chapter 1 As Questões The Issues Capítulo 2 ............................. 28 ..............................Chapter 2 Pesquisa em Biodiversidade como Biodiversity Research as parte de um Sistema Social Part of a Social System Capítulo 3 ............................. 62 ..............................Chapter 3 A Organização Espacial The Spatial Organization da Biodiversidade of Biodiversity Capítulo 4 ............................. 136 ..............................Chapter 4 Representações da Representations of Diversidade Biológica Biological Diversity Capítulo 5 ............................. 202 ..............................Chapter 5 Monitoramento Ambiental Integrado Integrated Environmental Monitoring Capítulo 6 ............................. 226 ..............................Chapter 6 Incorporando Parceiros no RAPELD Incorporating Stakeholders in RAPELD Capítulo 7 ............................. 282 ..............................Chapter 7 Gerenciamento de Dados Data Management Epílogo ................................. 306 ............................... Epilogue Comentários Finais Final comments Bibliografia ............................ 308 ........................... References Créditos das Imagens .......... 334 ..................... Images Credits Autores ................................. 338 ................................. Authors Agradecimentos ................... 344 ..............Acknowledgements Financiadores ....................... 348 .................................Support Prefácio Preface Da Amazônia para o mundo stou com um prato de arroz e feijão em uma das mãos e um garfo na outra - e Euma folha. A chuva está martelando as telhas de zinco da sala de jantar. Nós carregamos pilhas de folhas distintas para debaixo dele. Já existem dezenas delas entre as quais meus alunos brasileiros e eu devemos pisar com cuidado. Não consigo encontrar uma pilha de folhas que se pareça minimamente com a que eu tenho em mãos, então criei uma pilha nova e ponho a mão de volta no meu saco plástico em busca da próxima folha. Todos os alunos estão fazendo a mesma coisa, tendo cada um coletado folhas de 20 árvores diferentes no início da tarde. A noite cai rapidamente quando estamos perto do equador, por isso ainda estamos triando nossas folhas mesmo muito tempo após o escurecer. Acabamos com várias centenas de folhas diferentes. É quase certo que representem ainda mais espécies de árvores, uma vez que haverá algumas que não serão possíveis de distinguir apenas pelas suas folhas. Se eu fizesse isso em minha terra natal, a Inglaterra, haveria apenas um punhado de espécies de árvores - e eu saberia seus nomes comuns desde a infância. Aqui, na Reserva Ducke, nos arredores de Manaus, a lista de uma pequena área pode ultrapassar 400 espécies. A identificação delas é uma tarefa especializada, difícil e demorada. Temos termômetros desde o século 17 e pluviômetros padronizados From the Amazon to the world stand with a plate of rice and beans in one hand and, in the other, a fork — and a leaf. Rain I is hammering the dining room’s corrugated iron roof. We’ve moved separate piles of leaves under it. There are already dozens of them, over which my Brazilian students and I must step carefully. I cannot find a pile of leaves that looks anything like the one I have in my hand, so I create a new one, and reach into my plastic bag for the next leaf. The students are all doing the same, having each collected leaves from 20 different trees earlier in the afternoon. Night falls quickly so close to the equator, so we’re still sorting through our leaves long after it gets dark. We end up with several hundred different leaves. Almost certainly, they represent even more species of trees since there will be some that one cannot distinguish just by their leaves. 9 BIODIVERSIDADE E MONITORAMENTO AMBIENTAL INTEGRADO BIODIVERSITY AND INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING desde o século 19, mas quando se trata Doing this in my native Britain, one would de medir a biodiversidade não há ne- have only a handful of tree species — and nhum dispositivo simples que se pode I would have known their common names colocar em uma floresta para obter uma from childhood. Here, at Reserva Ducke, just leitura. No entanto, às vezes tratamos a outside Manaus, the list from a small area biodiversidade como se fosse assim tão can exceed 400 species. Identifying them is simples. Será que a estamos perdendo? a specialised, difficult, and time-consuming Há menos dela em florestas secundárias task. We’ve had thermometers since the do que em florestas primárias? Será que 17th century and standard rain gauges since essa floresta tem mais dela do que uma the 19th, but when it comes to measuring campina? O que vai acontecer com as biodiversity, there is no simple device one mudanças climáticas? Há muitas per- can place in a forest and get a reading. guntas: a curiosidade científica sobre a Nonetheless, we sometimes treat it as if it were variedade da vida é ilimitada. that simple. Are we losing it? Is there less of it in Como este importante livro deixa secondary forest than in primary forest? Does claro, as questões sobre a biodiversidade this forest have more of it than that grassland? estão longe de ser puramente científicas. What will happen as the climate changes? A biodiversidade importa. Nossas neces- There are many questions: scientific curiosity sidades para avaliá-la se incorporam em about the variety of life is unbounded. um complexo de questões colocadas por As this important book makes clear, gestores, políticos, aqueles que vivem ou questions about biodiversity are far from se
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