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Th`Ese: Christophe THEBAUD´ Et Antoine FOUQUET Rapporteurs : Violaine NICOLAS-COLIN Et Fr´Ed´Ericdelsuc Declaration

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Th`Ese: Christophe THEBAUD´ Et Antoine FOUQUET Rapporteurs : Violaine NICOLAS-COLIN Et Fr´Ed´Ericdelsuc Declaration THTHESEESE`` En vue de l’obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE´ DE TOULOUSE D´elivr´epar : l’Universit´eToulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) Pr´esent´eeet soutenue le 23/03/2017 par : Jean-Pierre VACHER Diversification in the Guiana Shield as seen through frogs JURY Sebastien´ BROSSE Professeur d’Universit´e Pr´esident du Jury Thibaud DECAENS¨ Professeur d’Universit´e Membre du Jury Miguel VENCES Professeur d’Universit´e Membre du Jury Ecole´ doctorale et sp´ecialit´e: SEVAB : Ecologie,´ biodiversit´eet ´evolution Unit´ede Recherche : Laboratoire Evolution´ et Diversit´eBiologique (UMR 5174) Directeur(s) de Th`ese: Christophe THEBAUD´ et Antoine FOUQUET Rapporteurs : Violaine NICOLAS-COLIN et Fr´ed´ericDELSUC Declaration This work has benefited from an \Investissement d'Avenir" grant managed by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA, ref.ANR-10-LABX-25-01), France. 2 Acknowledgements Unlike a lot of people, I don't think the Acknowledgments is the most interesting part in a PhD dissertation. And it's actually a quite difficult task to accomplish. Most of the time, words do not flow seamlessly through the pen (or keyboard as we most often use in our modern world). For these reasons, at first I wanted to write a very dull thank you list, mandatory, nothing more. But then I got caught up in the spiral of writing stuff about people, about experiences, and it's actually quite fun. So here it is, four pages of acknowledgements, I hope it's not too boring nor too long. I also hope that you will find your name in the upcoming lines. If not, I invite you to vigorously express your disappointment and disapproval to the author. Here's my phone number. oh wait, I don't have a telephone. First of all I would like to thank my supervisors, Antoine Fouquet and Christophe Th´ebaud. Christophe taught me a lot about evolution, scientific thinking, and how to formulate a scientific question. He also advised me with some very interesting readings on evolution. Antoine is a never ending and never resting source of motivation, emulation, and energy, whether on the field or in the lab. His passion for herpetology and his knowledge are impossible to describe without using all the superlatives in the world. I would like to thank him a billion times for giving me the opportunity to do this PhD, for his invaluable help, and for the tons things he taught me during these three years. We were together on the field in French Guiana and Suriname, and had the opportunity to see some pretty amazing things. Maybe the most memorable moment was when we found Anomaloglossus leopardus, a tiny brown frog that lives in a remote mountain somewhere at the southern border of Suriname (it took us three days walking in the rainforest to get there), a little creature that probably only two people on the planet care about. Thank you Antoine. 3 I would like to thank Violaine Nicolas-Colin and Fr´ed´ericDelsuc for accepting to be referees for my PhD, as well as the members of the jury, S´ebastienBrosse, Thibaud Deca¨ensand Miguel Vences. Also, many thanks to J´er^omeChave, Pierre-Andr´eCrochet, Philippe Kok, Simon Loader, and Nicolas Salamin who accepted to be part of my PhD committee. I would also like to thank Jean-Louis Hemptinne, and his predecessor Etienne Danchin, for welcoming me at the EDB Lab in Toulouse. The EDB lab hosts a lot of people, about a hundred I think, and all of them are super nice, no exceptions, really. It would be a bit hazardous to thank people by their name as I would certainly omit some of them. But in the fashion of doing things not the way I was told to, here I go anyway. Lucie Zinger who is not in the lab anymore, we were office mates for more than two years, and she's super cool. Sophie Manzi is the only person in the lab with whom I talked about culture, music, cinema, books. Nathalie Pathuisot runs marathons and trails, like me. Amaia Iribar-Pelozuelo is the nicest person in the lab and was always available to explain me anything about lab work, and helped me with all administrative stuff. Uxue Suescun is Basque, like Amaia, and she speaks Spanish to me sometimes, but I'm a lost cause for Latin languages (though I learned Latin and still know a bit of it, how ironic). A thousand thanks to all of you. I would like to thank also J´er^omeChave and J´er^omeMurienne for their encouragements, their advices, and their friendship both in the lab and outside of it. Well, I think that's it. Only seven people out of a hundred, not bad, he? I would like to thank Francesco Ficetola, Guilhem Sommeria-Klein, and once again Philippe Kok who helped me a lot with some chapters of this dissertation. During the course of my PhD, I had the pleasure to supervise four students. Isabel Cantera is now a PhD candidate at EDB, Manon Fallet is a PhD candidate at the uni of Perpignan, Quentin Martinez, who by the way is a top-notch wildlife photographer (check his website, it's pretty amazing), is now a Master's student at the uni of Lyon, and C´edric Orlando is a Master's student in Toulouse. Thank to all of you for your help with this project. 4 I did several field trips in the course of my PhD, that covered almost four months, in French Guiana and Suriname. The first mission that I took part of enabled me to reconnect with an old buddy of mine, Emmanuel Lapied, who still works on earth worms, and who still impersonates Coluche like no other. I'm very glad that we could meet again and I hope we'll see each other again in the future. I also got to meet Thibaud Deca¨ens during the same field trip, who shared with me his passion for entomology, and was always curious to find out about snakes and frogs. Thanks again for everything. I would like to thank S´ebastienCally and Beno^ıtVillette with whom I climbed the mounts Atachi- Bakka. It took us three days to get there. What a trip! Beno^ıthelped me a lot collecting amphibians and reptiles, he is passionate about herpetology and has a great experience on the field. S´ebastienwas also with me at Alik´en´e,as well as at the reserve of Mana and at Apatou. He showed me some amazing harvestmen, I did not know there were so many forms and so many colors. Andy Lorenzini went with me on the Kaw mountain to look for a yet undescribed species of Anomaloglossus, that we found. Thanks to Arnoult Eber of the Parc Amazonien de Guyane for his precious help during the 2015 mission at Alik´en´e.I would also like to thank all the great people with whom I shared time on the field in French Guiana, and who taught me a lot about different aspects of tropical forest ecology other than herpetology: Daniel Sabatier, St´ephaneGuitet, Bertrand Goguillon, Guillaume Feuillet, M´elanieRoy. I would like to give a warm thank you to my friends Elodie Courtois and Philippe Gaucher in French Guiana. Thanks a lot to my herpetologist friends Michel Blanc, Ma¨elDewynter, and Christian Marty who always helped me and welcomed me in French Guiana. And thanks to Anna¨ıgLe Guen from the CNRS Guyane for her support. I also would like to thank the whole team of BUFO, in Alsace, that's where I worked for more than 11 years, and they always supported me in any of my projects, including this one. Merci vielmols pour les opportunit´esque vous m'avez offertes, Jacques, Jean, Daniel, Pascal, Denis, et tous ceux que j'oublie dans cette enumeration. Of course I have to acknowledge my friend Victoria, she is the coolest human being on earth. Never change. I would also like to thank Sylvain Ursenbacher for putting me on the tracks with molecular biology, and who is always motivated to start a new project. 5 Jetz, ich wurde bedanke mein Cousin Nicolas in Basel, un oi min ander K¨us¨ad'r Matthieu ze Schtrosburi, and my aunt and uncle Martine and Michel for their encour- agements and their good musical suggestions that helped me a lot to stay focus during some crucial moments of this PhD. And my brother Sylvain and his girlfriend Lise, they welcomed me in French Guiana for a short period of time when I was doing field work around Mana. And of course my nephew Thomas, maybe he'll read these lines sometimes in the future and see the crazy things his uncle did. Also, I had the opportunity to go back to the US during my PhD, and there I could reconnect with some friends that are dear to my (stone cold) heart: my buddy Alex, his sister Anna, who is doing a PhD in evolution just like me and thanks to whom I could visit the herpetology collection of the American Museum (sweet!), and their parents Marcia and David. I wish I could see you all more often. Also, thanks a lot to Dale Denardo in Phoenix, AZ, for welcoming me at your place. Next time I'll have to come over with Oli, otherwise we'll have to do some \Oli-bashing" again! A warm and big thank you my buddies Gilles Pottier and Oli Lourdais (he's the subject of the aforementioned \Oli-bashing").
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