Available online at http://geology.uaic.ro/auig/ AUI Analele Stiintifice ale Universitatii “Al. I. Cuza” din Iasi GEOLOGIE Seria Geologie 63 (1–2) (2017) 51–63

First report of the genus Euciphoceras (Nautiloidea, Mollusca) from the latest rocks of the North-western Thrace Basin (Bulgaria)

Paul Țibuleac1, George Ajdanlijsky2

1 “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iaşi, Department of Geology, 20A Carol I Blv, 700505 Iaşi, Romania 2 “St. Ivan Rilski” University, Department of Geology and Geoinformatics, Student Town, “Prof. Boyan Kamenov” Str., Sofia, 1700, Bulgaria

Abstract

The unique nautiloid specimen recorded so far from the latest Eocene marl bed of Durhana Quarry (DQ), Haskovo County (North-western Thrace Basin, Bulgaria) is described and dis- cussed herein. It represents a phragmocone mould collected from the bench of level 103 of DQ. In the outcrop, one lateral side was exposed to the weathering process and the other was embedded in the rocks of the so-called “Tuff-Limestone Package” Member (“First Acidic Volcanic” Formation). The host-beds were previously documented as latest Eocene by a larger foraminifer and echinoid assemblage. The specimen belongs to the genus Euciphoceras Shultz, 1976. The attempt to assign a species name failed because the nautiloid has been compressed and slightly deformed by the diagenetic processes within the host-rocks. The general overview of the Eocene nautiloid records from the surrounding areas suggests a continuity of the same genera from Western Europe to South-central Asia (Tethyan Realm).

Keywords: Durhana, phragmocone, Priabonian, paleogeographical overview.

1. Introduction although they were documented in the widespread occurrences on all continents. The nautiloid specimen of Durhana Generally, only a few specimens are Quarry was an incidental finding. After- known from one Cenozoic stratigraphic ward, several successive field trips failed level or from one sedimentary succession. to sample new ones. This is not unusual, The nautiloids are greatly surpassed by because in the Cenozoic the nautiloids are other mollusks (e.g., Hochstetter 1870; rather scattered records among the faunas, Frauscher, 1895; Vogl, 1908; Lőrenthey and

© 2017 Ed. Univ. „Al. I. Cuza” Iași. All rights reserved Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] 52 Țibuleac P. and Ajdanlijsky G. Beurlen, 1929; Kummel, 1956; Shimansky, The TB has been extended from its 1957; Squires, 1988; Hewitt, 1995; Saunders Turkish traditional area towards west and et al., 1996; Galácz, 2004; Micuź, 2009; south-west on Bulgarian and Greek ter- Micuź and Bartol, 2012 etc.). However, ritories (e.g., Görür and Okay, 1996). It several exceptions have been noticed (e.g., was divided into several sectors, i.e., Zinsmeister, 1987; Ward et al., 2016). Central-eastern (Turkey), North-western The short events of increased frequency (Bulgaria), and South-western (Greece) during the early Paleocene, early and (Caracciolo et al., 2015). middle Eocene and middle Miocene were The Bulgarian branch of TB (North- connected with episodes of warm climate western Thrace Basin=NWTB) represents expansion to the high latitudes (e.g., the “biggest negative structure within the Miller, 1949; Dzik and Gaździcki, 2001) Balkan Orogenic System” (Popov et al., and also with the extinction of the ammo- 2015, and references therein) between noid competitors after the - Sredna Gora-Strandzha and the Rhodope Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction (e.g., Mountains. It was referred to by different Miller, 1949: 231-232). names in the previous Bulgarian papers: After the Neogene, several occur- “Upper Thracian Depression” (Boyanov and rences document the nautiloid continuity Goranov, 2001 and references therein), up to the present day. It should be “Upper Thracian Lowland” (Popov et al., mentioned the presence of nautiloid shell 2015) etc. The NWTB was first explained fragments in the Pleistocene cemented as post-orogenic graben (Bončev and eolianitic sands of Ciovai Island from the Bakalov, 1928), but was later related with Bajuni Islands, Archipelago of Somalia the “Maritsa suture” (Bončev, 1961; 1971; (Carbone et al., 1999; Matteuci, 2015). Boyanov and Goranov, 2001 and refer- Also, the specimens of pompilius ences therein; Popov et al., 2015 and were reported by Wani et al. (2008) from references therein). the Pleistocene siltstone exposed on The implication of a continental rift Tambac Bay (Tambac Island, Philippines) system (Upper Thracian Rift System and by Kase et al. (unpublished data – =UTRS) in the evolution of NWTB fide Wani et al., 2008) from the Holocene during the Eocene-Quaternary post- reefal rocks in Leyte (Philippines). collisional processes was summarized by Boyanov and Goranov (2001) and Popov 2. Geological framework et al. (2015). During the main Alpine compressional events of latest Cretaceous The Durhana Quarry is situated about – early Paleogene age originated by the 2 km west of Dimitrovgrad town (Haskovo northward subduction of the Vardar County, Fig. 1D) in the north-western part oceanic crust (Mureș-Vardar-Izmir-Ankara- of the extensive Cenozoic Thrace Basin or Erzincan suture – Cavazza et al., 2013) Thracian Basin (TB, Fig. 1A). Clayey beneath the active margin of the limestone, calcareous clays, and marls Euroasian paleocontinent, the Serbo- were mined in the quarry up to the mid- Macedonian and Balkan orogenic belts 20th century for clinker and cement were formed. The latter was divided into: production. 1) Balkan s. str./External Balkanides/Stara

AUI–G, 63, 1–2, (2017) 51–63 Genus Euciphoceras in the North-western Thrace Basin 53

Fig. 1 Location of Durhana Quarry: A – Thrace Basin (after Görür and Okay, 1996); B – Devel- opment of Popovitsa-Stryama Horst (after Boyanov and Goranov, 2001); C – The main tectonic units of Balkan orogenic belt on the Bulgaria territory (after Dabovschi et al., 2002). D – Geo- logical map of the DQ surrounding area (after Bojanov et al., 1993, with additions).

Planina, 2) Sredonogorie/“middle mountain prove a southern polarity (pro-wedge), belt”, and 3) Rhodope/Morava-Rhodope/ whereas Balkan s. str. and Sredonogorie Internal Balkanides (Dabovschi et al., (retro-wedge) are overthrusted northward 2002 and references therein). These tec- on the Moesian Platform (Gocev, 1991 – tonic units have different orogenic po- fide Vangelov et al., 2013). larity: Rhodope Mountains generally After the latest Cretaceous – early

AUI–G, 63, 1–2, (2017) 51–63 54 Țibuleac P. and Ajdanlijsky G. Paleogene orogenetic phases, a post- ocean or (3) a combination of these two orogenic collapse formed in several steps processes. a radial graben-mosaic (Boyanov and The depositional processes developed Goranov, 2001) between Sredna Gora and various patterns in the different basins Morava-Rhodope zones (Fig. 1C, A) fa- (basin-mosaic), which were associated cilitated by a complex inter-related sys- with an intense volcanic activity during tem of faults (en echelon pattern – Oligocene (Boyanov and Goranov, 2001; Doglioni et al., 1996). Starting with the Cavazza et al., 2013; Popov et al., 2015 Eocene (? Bartonian-Priabonian), a marine and references therein). Then, the sedi- transgression marked the beginning of mentation continued up to the Quaternary sedimentation in the NWTB (e.g., through Oligocene – middle Miocene, late Boyanov and Goranov, 2001; Popov et Miocene–Pliocene and Quaternary cycles al., 2015 and references therein). From (Popov et al., 2015). the lastest Priabonian, the depositional environment evolved into a continental- 3. Geological settings transitional-nearshore setting. Several reef limestone levels built by corals, green algae, The Durhana Quarry belongs to Popovo- bryozoans, and other invertebrates oc- Stryama Horst (PSH), a second-order tec- curred in the intervals of relative tectonic tonic unit of NWTB which played the role stability within Priabonian – Rupelian of longitudinal barrier (WNW–ESE) dur- time-span (Boyanov and Goranov, 2001; ing the Paleogene evolution (Fig. 1B). Cavazza et al., 2013 and references therein). PSH developed along the Maritsa deep The next southern extensional regime fault/suture, which controlled the Oligocene (Oligocene–Neogene) which occurred from volcanic activity, especially in the eastern Turkey to Greece with the opening of the part (Boyanov and Goranov, 2001). Aegean Sea, determined the extension of The rocks cropping out in the Durhana the upper plate and the formation of the Quarry belong to the basement UTRS along the major Maritsa Fault/ (pre-Late Cretaceous rocks), on one hand, Maritsa graben system (Boyanov and and the post-collisional rocks of Paleogene– Goranov, 2001; Cavazza et al., 2013 and Neogene, on the other. Ustrem Formation references therein). Also, the opening of (intensively metamorphosed clastic rocks) the Black Sea (Cretaceous–Paleogene) and Srem Formation (metamorphosed car- have influenced the tectonic evolution of bonates) represent the Triassic basement the region, at least for the eastern part of (Kozuharov et al., 1968; Čatalov, 1985). It Balkans/Bulgaria (Doglioni et al., 1996). is covered by relatively thick Cenozoic Cavazza et al. (2013) summarized the volcano-sedimentary succession (tuffs and main hypotheses for the genesis and tuffites, marls, sandstones, nodular lime- evolution of the entire TB: (1) the post- stone, breccias etc., Fig. 2B). The later orogenic collapse after the closure of the succession is not yet formalized and bears Vardar ocean branch (the old hypothesis different names, i.e., “First Moderate-Acid proposed by Bončev and Bakalov, 1928), Volcanic”=FMAV (Priabonian) and “First (2) the upper-plate extension related to Acid Volcanic”=FAV (Priabonian–Rupelian) slab retreat in front of the Pindos remnant (Bojanov et al., 1989; 1993).

AUI–G, 63, 1–2, (2017) 51–63 Genus Euciphoceras in the North-western Thrace Basin 55

Fig. 2 A – Location of the nautiloid specimen within the Durhana Quarry framework; B – Sedi- mentary succession (pre and post-collisional rocks) of Durhana Quarry (North-western Thrace Basin, Bulgaria) and the stratigraphical level of the nautiloid specimen.

“FMAV” (340 m thick) is built up by units/members: “Limestone Package” in latite, psammite, tuff, and tuff-breccia the lower part, conformably followed by layers, with intercalations of marine sand- the “Tuff-Limestone Package”. The so- stones, marls and nodular limestone (Fig. called “Limestone Package” is formed by 2). The early Eocene rocks are involved in white-beige reefal limestone reaching block-mosaic structures (Late Alpine) in from 15–m 20 m to more than 40 m thick. the periphery and the basement of Zagora This unit is relatively fossiliferous and depression (Bojanov et al., 1989). Some yields mollusks, echinoids, nummulites, local syncline north-dipping structures are corals, bryozoans, and algae. Atanasov et reported by recent studies in the area (e.g., al. (1964) proposed the Priabonian age for Jelev et al., 2011). the “Limestone Package”. The upper “FAV” (350 m thick) consists of acidic “Tuff-Limestone Package” is built up by tuff, limestone, marl and sandstone layers alternation of acid tuffs, marls, bentonite (Bojanov et al., 1989; 1993), including clays, and also reefal/organogenic lime- the Eocene–Oligocene boundary. It is stone and it contains the Eocene–Oligocene subdivided into two lithological sub- boundary. However, Nummulites intermedius

AUI–G, 63, 1–2, (2017) 51–63 56 Țibuleac P. and Ajdanlijsky G. d’Archiac (1846), Echinolampas sulcatus marine currents is well known, both in the (Pomel, 1885), and Clypeaster biarritzensis recent or past time (e.g., House, 2010; Cotteau, 1891 documented the latest Matteucci, 2015). On the other hand, the Priabonian age for the nautiloid-bearing nautiloids can also tolerate sporadic bed (Korobkov, 1963; Atanasov et al., 1965). changes in oxygen being more competi- The irregular alternation of fluvial and tive in comparison with other inver- alluvial pebbles, sands and clays of the Late tebrates (Wells et al., 1992). Miocene–Pliocene age (Ahmatovo Formation, The systematic paleontology follows after Koumdjieva and Dragomanov, 1979) Kummel et al., (1964) and Schultz (1976). discordantly covers the Rupelian rocks. The biometrical parameters taken into account are Ds – diameter of the shell/ 4. Material and methods phragmocone; Du – diameter of the um- bilicus; H – height of the last whorl section; The specimen was sampled from the W – width of the last whorl section; and northern bench of level 103 of Durhana the ratios Du/Ds; W/Ds, W/H. Quarry (Fig. 2A). It represents a marl The following parameters were used mould from a layer of “Tuff-Limestone for the taxonomic assessment: the suture Package”. The occurrence of the speci- line, the umbilical morphology, the si- men is relatively dating paying attention phuncle position, general shell morphol- to the general rarity of fossils within the ogy, and the shape of the whorl section. sedimentary succession. Also, the taphon- The nautiloid specimen was prepared omic conditions are not conspicuous. On with a mechanical tool and the result is one hand, the drift of empty shell by the merely satisfactory.

5. Sistematic Paleontology

Class Cephalopoda Cuvier, 1745 Subclass Nautiloidea Agassiz, 1847 Order Nautilida de Blainville, 1825 Superfamily Nautilaceae de Blainville, 1825 Family Nautilidae de Blainville, 1825

Genus Euciphoceras Schultz, 1976

Euciphoceras sp. Fig. 3

Type species – Nautilus regalis Sowerby, 1822

Material: 1 specimen (Collection Ajdanlijski Description: The specimen represents a and Țibuleac – Eocene Durhana Quarry1 mould of narrowly umbilicated phrag- (EDQ 1). mocone. It was exposed to the weathering Age: Latest Priabonian. process on one side (Fig. 3A), which led

AUI–G, 63, 1–2, (2017) 51–63 Genus Euciphoceras in the North-western Thrace Basin 57 to uncovering of the suture line. On the fragments of the lateral-dorsum were not other side, the shell wall is preserved (Fig. recovered for the restoration (Fig. 3A). 3E), the metasomatic replacement being However, the last phragmocone fragment the reason of similar composition with the is mainly broken along a septum, internal mould. During the sampling, the exhibiting a moderate concave shape and specimen was broken, and several small the siphuncle opening (Figs. 3B, C).

Fig. 3: Euciphoceras sp. from the Durhana Quarry: A – lateral view of the phragmocone mould exposed to the weathering process; B – transversal view of the main part of the phragmocone on point 1; C – transversal view of the detached adoral part of phragmocone on point 1; D – transversal view of the last phragmocone whorl; E - lateral view of the phragmocone mould, which was embedded in rocks; F – ventral view of the phragmocone; G – details on the umbilical border; H – the general suture line.

AUI–G, 63, 1–2, (2017) 51–63 58 Țibuleac P. and Ajdanlijsky G. Viewing the displaced umbilicus 6. Discussion openings on the lateral sides (Figs. 3A, E), and the septum shape (Figs. 3B, C), an Euciphoceras is herein used as a sepa- oblique compression and deformation of rate genus of nautilids. Schultz (1976: 9) the shell during the diagenetic processes proposed Euciphoceras as a subgenus of has been taken into account. Conse- Eutrephoceras or even a distinct genus, quently, the specimen changed its shape taking into account the intermediate features and size, and the sub-angular venter is an of several specimens between Eutrephoceras acquired feature (Figs. 3D, F). and Cimomia genera. The most important Concerning the suture line, the feature is the change of the suture line, specimen shows the typical Euciphoceras especially a small saddle rising near the pattern. It displays a high large ventral umbilicus. Hewit (1989) ranked it as a saddle, most probably accentuated by the distinct genus, a reasonable decision after above-mentioned deformation, followed Dzik and Gaździcky (2001) who sup- by a large shallow lateral lobe and an posed a different lineage from Eutrephoceras obvious small dorsal saddle located leading to the new Euciphoceras taxon exactly on the umbilical shoulder (Figs. since the Cretaceous. Still on, there are 3A, G, H). It continues on the umbilical researchers who didn’t accept it (e.g., wall without drawing an annular lobe Hughes, 1985 – in Hewitt, 1989). (Fig. 3G ). Moreover, the presence of the Actually, several specimens show dif- annular lobe is rather an exception for the ferent steps between the so-called “end- Euciphoceras/Eutrephoceras stock (Miller, members” of the transitional Eutrephoceras– 1947). Ontogenetically, the suture line Cimomia morph series. E.g.: the specimen slightly varies in the depth of the saddles TTKM A 0789 collected by Hantken and and lobes (Fig. 5A). described by Vogl (1908) as “Nautilus The umbilicus is slightly open and parallelus (Schafthautl) var. acuta nov. relatively deep, with the umbilical seams var.” was reassigned by Galácz (2008) to slightly rounded, and most probably with- Cimomia parallela (Schafthäutl, 1863) out callus. Also, weak inflation can be taking into account the compressed shell inferred around the umbilicus marking the mould during the diagenesis. The speci- small, dorsal saddle (Fig. 3G). men exposes a suture line similar to our The siphuncle displays an oval (com- specimen, but the small saddle is not pressed) opening placed between the cen- exactly placed on the umbilical shoulder ter and the venter (and closer to the (Galácz, 2008: 161, pl. 4, fig. 1), arguing former reper). the assignment to Cimomia. The specimen The nautiliconic shell was of medium TTKM A 0780 of the same C. parallela size (Ds = 92.32 mm; Du = ?7.73 mm; (Galácz, 2008: 161, pl. 1, fig. 1) has the H = ?55.10 mm; W = ?27.54 mm, and the dorsal saddle more distant from the ratios Du/Ds = 0.084; W/Ds = 0.30, W/H umbilical border in comparison with the = 0.50). The biometric parameters do not previous specimen. Consequently, a study significantly matter because of the dia- of intraspecific variability of a rich genetic deformation. collection from the same outcrops would

AUI–G, 63, 1–2, (2017) 51–63 Genus Euciphoceras in the North-western Thrace Basin 59 bring new insights into the definition of 57, fig. 16). Instead, the whorl section is these genera. largely rounded being quite improbable Generally, the species of Eutrephoceras that a specimen of this species to gain stock (including Eutrephoceras, Euciphoceras during diagenesis the morph of Durahana and Simplicioceras genera – extending specimen. And also, the siphuncle is al- Schultz’s proposal, 1976) have an almost most centrally positioned (towards the dor- globular shell, the width of the whorl sal side; Benoist, 1899: 17, pl. I, fig. 2a). section being bigger than the similar height or they develop close dimensions. 7. Historical overview of the Eocene Also, they frequently expose a punctiform nautiloids from the adjacent areas umbilicus or a very narrow one (e.g., Euciphoceras regalis (J .de C. Sowerby, Nearest to the Thrace Basin, Hochstetter 1822), with few exceptions (e.g., E. (1870: 375) listed from the Eocene rocks decipiens, (Micheloti 1861). of the Jarim-Bourgas (Bourgas Basin) Moreover, several species exhibit a fragments of Nautilus () lingulatus more discoidal shape: Eutrephoceras Buch.” (= Aturia ziczac lingulata (Buch, oregonense Miller, 1947 from the 1834) and “Nautilus undulatus Sow.” (= Oligocene rocks of USA, Euciphoceras Anglonautilus undulatus (J. Sowerby, 1813). decipiens from the Bartonian of Northern The nautilid specimens were found to- Italy, “Nautilus tumescens” Frauscher, gether with Eocene fauna (, bivalves, 1895 from the Eocene rocks of Guttaring nummulites etc.). Today, Anglonautilus (Germany). undulatus is restricted to the Aptian- It is difficult to assign a species name Cenomanian time-span (Lehman et al., to the Durhana specimen taking into 2017), and its presence in Eocene of account the asymmetrical deformation Bourgas Basin is doubtful, consequently. within the host-rocks. We also tried to Vogl described in few successive reconstruct/draw the shell following to papers (1908, 1910, and 1911) sixteen obtain a round siphonal opening without nautilid taxa from different Eocene out- conclusive results. crops of Hungary and Romania, including The shell shape of the Durhana three new taxa: “Nautilus (Hercoglossa) specimen strongly remembers “Nautilus crassiconcha”, “Nautilus parallelus tumescens” described by Frauscher (1895: (Schafthautl) var. acuta nov. var.”, and 190-193). Unfortunately, on the holotype “Nautilus nov. sp. indet.” (= “Nautilus cannot be assessed the umbilicus opening Szontaghi” after Vogl, 1910). Several and the suture line pattern. Also, the species of the Eutrephoceras stock were siphuncle is almost centrally placed also mentioned: genus Euciphoceras was within the septum (fig.-text p. 191) in recorded by “Nautilus regalis Sow.” (= comparison with the more ventral position Euciphoceras regalis) from the Eocene for the Bulgarian specimen. limestone of Mănăștur, near Cluj-Napoca Euciphoceras decipiens (Michelotti, (Romania) and from the “Orbitoid 1861) displays a similar suture pattern and limestone” (Szépvölgy Formation) of umbilical diameter (Michelotti, 1861; Kissvábhegy-Budapest (Hungary). The Benoist, 1899; Sacco, 1904; Manni, 2015: later beds also provided a specimen of a

AUI–G, 63, 1–2, (2017) 51–63 60 Țibuleac P. and Ajdanlijsky G. relative species – “Nautilus cf. urbanus outcropping near Grdoselo, north of Pazin Sow.” (= Simplicioceras urbanus (J. de C. (Eocene flysch basin – Grey Istria, Croatia) Sowerby, 1843). From Romania, Vogl (1908) a specimen of Aturia cf. ziczac (J. also mentioned “Nautilus umbilicaris Desh.” Sowerby, 1812) and one of Eutrephoceras (= Euciphoceras umbilicaris (Deshayes, (Simplicioceras) centrale. A general over- 1824) and “Nautilus centralis Sow.” (= view of the nautiloid records from Istria Simplicioceras centrale (J. Sowerby, 1812) area was inserted in the former paper: from the limestone and marl beds of Cluj- over ten species were recorded in several Napoca surroundings (fide Galácz, 2008). old and relatively new papers from the Most parts of the almost one hundred Eocene flysch basin and two from its specimens studied by Vogl (1908) were north-western prolonging (Rogovići area later lost, including the holotype for the – Micuž, 2009: Table 1). “Nautilus (Hercoglossa) crassichonca n. Consequently, between the classic sp.” (= Cimomia crassiconcha Vogl, 1908), Western Europe (London and Paris ba- and the numerous specimens of Aturia sins) and north-western Pakistan and India rovasendiana Parona, 1985 (Galácz, 2008). areas (Sind and Kutch), the Eocene nauti- Consequently, the revision was possible loids are also known by the occurrences on a significantly smaller collection, from Italy, Egypt, intra-Carpathians areas, Galácz (2008) describing and systemat- Apulian Shelf (Istria Peninsula), and ically updating six species of four genera. Thrace Basin. Generally, the same Eocene Lőrenthey (1917 – fide Galácz, 2008) genera are documented, the species being mentioned the presence of “Nautilus” (= merely paleogeographically restricted, a Cimomia) parallelus in the Eocene rocks paradox already highlighted by Halder of North Albania. Later, Lőrenthey and (2012). Beurlen (1929) noted by passing the presence of Nautilus sp. at Rózsahegy= 8. Conclusions Ružomberok (Slovakia) within a rich Eocene assemblage of remains and The nautiloid specimen found on the also nummulitids, mollusks, bryozoans, northern bench of level 103 of Durhana echinoids, and annelids. Quarry (Haskovo County, Bulgaria) is Galácz (1987) validated the new described as Euciphoceras sp. taking into Vogl’s species “crassiconcha” by a new account the suture pattern, umbilical occurrence at Dudar Transdanubian Central opening, and the siphuncle position within Range (= TCR, Hungary), where the spe- the septum. The compressed and slightly cies seems to be common in the Middle deformed shell hampers a more accurate Eocene rocks (Galácz, 2008). Two new assignment. The host-beds were previous- specimens of Euciphoceras regalis and ly documented as late Priabonian (“Tuff- Cimomia elliptica (Schafthäutl, 1863) Limestone Package” of “First Acidic Suite” were later reported by Galácz (2004) from Formation) by a larger foraminifer and the Middle Eocene of Iszkaszetgyörgy echinoid assemblage. (TCR, Hungary). The general overview of the nautiloid Micuž (2009) and Micuž and Bartol records from the surrounding areas sug- (2012) reported from the Eocene beds gests a continuity of Eocene nautiloid

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