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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Musculo-Skeletal Stress Markers in Bioarchaeology: Indicators of Activity Levels or Human Variation? A re-analysis and Interpretation. Henderson, Charlotte How to cite: Henderson, Charlotte (2009) Musculo-Skeletal Stress Markers in Bioarchaeology: Indicators of Activity Levels or Human Variation? A re-analysis and Interpretation., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1953/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Musculo-skeletal stress markers in bioarchaeology: indicators of activity levels or human variation? A re-analysis and interpretation. Charlotte Henderson PhD Thesis, March 2009 Department of Archaeology University of Durham Declaration None of the material in this thesis has been previously submitted for a degree in this or any other university. This thesis is the result of my own work. Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published in any form, including electronic or on the Internet, without the author's prior written consent. All information derived from this thesis must be acknowledged appropriately. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .....................................................................................................................I ABSTRACT 3 KEYWORDS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND AIMS ....................................................................................5 1.1 IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS MARKERS IN ARCHAEOLOGY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES ....................................................................................................................5 1.2 AIMS ..................................................................................................................................................6 1.3 DEFINITIONS 7 ................................................................................................................................. 1.4 STRUCTURE.... ............................................................................. CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND TO MARKERS OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS 9 ....................... 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................. ......................................... 2.2 USES AND ABUSES OF MOS 10 ............................................................................................. 2.3 METHODS OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS ANALYSIS IN BIOARCHAEOLOGY 11 2.3.1 ROBUSTICITY AND BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS 12 ........................................................................ 2.3. LI Robustici! 13 y .............. .......... ................... ................. ................ ................ ............... ....... 2.3.1.2 Cross-sectional Geometry 17 ......................................................................................... 2.3.1.3 Humeral Retroversion 20 ................................................................................................ 2.3.1.4 Robusticity Biomechanical Analysis: Conclusions 21 and .................... ....................... 2.3.2 MARKERS OCCUPATIONAL STRESS(MOS) 22 OF .......................................................................... 2.3.2.1 Degenerative Joint Disease 22 ....................................................................................... 2.3.2.2 Musculoskeletal Stress Markers 27 ............................................................................._ 2.3.3 Miscellaneous 34 ................................................................................................................. 2.3.3.1 Cortical bone 34 re-modeling ................................................................................................... 2.3.3.2 Joint 35 surfaces ....................................................................................................................... 2.3.3.3 Schmorl's 35 nodes .................................................................................................................. 2.3.3.4 Fractures/Trauma 36 ...................................... .......................................................................... 2.3.3.5 Disease 38 ................................................................................................................................ 2.3.3.6 Non-Metric Traits 39 ............ ................................................................................................... 2.3.4 Markers Occupational Stress (MOS). Conclusions 40 of - ................................................... 2.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 41 .................................................................................... CHAPTER 3. THE NATURE AND RELEVANCE OF THE ANATOMY OF THE SOFT TISSUE ATTACHMENT SITES TO THE SKELETON 42 ................................................................ 3.1 INTRODUCTION 42 .......................................................................................................................... 3.2 ANATOMY OF SOFT TISSUE STRUCTURES TO BONE 42 ATTACHING .......................... 3.3 ANATOMY OF THE ENTHESIS 45 ................................................................................................ 3.3.1 MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS 46 ................................................................................................... 3.3.2 FIBROCARTILAGINOUS ENTHESES 4Q .............................................................................................. 3.3.2.1 DevelQpment 54 ...................................................................................................... ............... 3.3.3 FIBROUS ENTHESES 1;C, 3.3.3.1 DEVELOPMENT 57 ........................................................................................................................ 3.4 BENEATH THE ENTHESIS .......................................................................................................58 3.5 ABNORMALITIES AT ENTHESES ...........................................................................................60 3.5.1 BONESPUR FORMATION 61 ............................................................................................................ 3.5.2 DESTRUCTIONOF THE ENTHESIS 63 ........................................... .................................................... 3.6 CHAPTER SUMMARV 63 ................................................................................................................ CHAPTER 4. FACTORS AFFECTING ATTACHMENT SITES: PHYSICAL STRESS 65 ......... 4.1 INTRODUCTION 65 .......................................................................................................................... 4.2 HEALING OF SOFT TISSUE AND ENTHESES 65 ...................................................................... 4.2.1 SOFF 66 TISSUE............................................................................................................................... 4.2.2 ENTRESES 70 .................................................................................................................................. 4.2.3 BONE 72 ......................................................................................................................................... 4.3 PHYSICAL STRESS 73 ..................................................................................................................... 4.3.1 PHYSICAL STRESS: WORK-RELATED FACTORS 74 ......................................................................... 4.3.2 MEDIATING FACTORS (NON-WORK-RELATED FACTORS) 78 ........................................................... 4.3.3 BONE SPUR FORMATION: CAUSESIN THE UPPERLIMB 79 .............................................................. 4.3.4 BONE SpuR FORMATION: CAUSESIN THE LOWER LIMB 83 ............................................................ 4.3.5 ARTICULAR CARTILAGE: CHANGES IN OSTECIARTHRITIS 90 .......................................................... 4.3.6 STRESS SPURFORMATION 91 AND .................................................................................................. 4.3.7 CORTICAL DEFECTS AND ARTICULAR CARTILAGE 93 ..................................................................... 4.3.8 CORTICAL DEFECTS: CALCIFIC TENDONITIS 100 ........................................................................... 4.3.9 CORTICALDEFECTS: ACUTE 105 .................................................................................................... 4.3.10 CORTICALDEFECTS: MISCELLANEOUS 108 .................................................................................. 4.3.11 STRESS AND CORTICAL DEFECTS III ........................................................................................... 4.3.12 CONCLUSIONS III ..................................................................................................................... CHAPTER 5. FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTHESOPATHIES AT ATTACHMENT SITES: DISEASE
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