DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 166 086 -95 SO 011 448

AUTHOR Braham, Randolph L. TITLE The Educational System ofRomania. Education around the World. INSTITUTION Office of Education (DREW),Washington, D.C. REPORT NO DHEW -QE -78 -19135 78 PUB DATE due to NOTE 23p.; Map on page 2 may notreproduce clearly small print type in originaldocument AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent Of Documents, U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402($1.10, paper cover)

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$1.67 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Academic Achievement; AdultEducation; Communism; *Comparative. Education; Curriculum;*Educational Administration; Educational. Change;Educational Objectives; *Educational Practice;Elementary Secondary. Education; Enrollment;Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Minority Role;Special Education; Teacher Education; VocationalEducation' IDENTIFIERS *Romania ABSTRACT An overview of the educationalsystem of Romania is presented in this pamphlet.-TheSystemconsists of preschool education in kindergartens;.ten yearsof compulsory generaleducation divided into three cycles- (primary,gymnasium, and lyceum or °vocational education); one to.two yearsof post secondaryspecialized education; and higher educationin universities, institutes, academies, and conservatories:A number of specializedinstitutions also provide instruction foradults, at students, thehandicapped, is the and Party cadres. Tuitionis free at all levels. Romanian language of instruction throughoutthe country, although the Constitution also provides foreducation in the languages ofnational minorities., Student achievementis evaluated on the basis of ,classroom performance, oraland written examinations, andgeneral behavior. Educational policies areformulated by the central executive organs of the Communist Partyand are implementedprimarily by state and other governmentalorganizations. The Ministry of Education normally formulates rules andregulations underlyingthe educational process for alllevels and types of education.Recent developments include an emphasis onadaptation to technological changes\thromgh_better-trained-professional-mampover-in-engineering, chemistry, economics, and otherfields. (Author/AV)

*********************************************************************** the-best that can be made * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are from the original document. * *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMEWT OF HEAI.TH, EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTWUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN- ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRE- SENT OFF ICiAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

a THE COUNTRY AND THE PEOPLE

Official Name: The Socialist Republic of RomaniaPopulation: 21,142,000 (1975 estimate) Location: Southeastern Europe; bordered by the People: 87.8 percent Romanian, 8.4 percent U.S.S.R. to the east and north, by the People's Hungarian, and 2.0 percent German; the remain- Republic of Bulgaria to the south, and by the ing 1.8 percent is composed of 12 other nationali- Federal Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia and the ties, including Bulgarians, Croats, Russians, People's Republic of Hungary to the west Serbs, Tartars, and Turks Size: 91,934 square miles (237,500 square kilome- Literacy Rate: Officially, over 9C percent ters) Religion: Approximately 80 percent.Romanian Main Subdivisions:'39 Counties (judle) and the Orthodox, 9 percent Roman Catholic, and 11 Municipality of Bucharest percent Calvinists, Jews, and Lutherans Official Language: Romanian Type of Government: Communist

THE BASIC SYSTEM (b) adoption of Marxist-Leninist principles of educaTiwic-atid-(C)aZjustment of educational iaRomanian Communist Party in The first, undertaken under Decree No.. 175 of theDecember 1955, was undertaken under Decree No. Presidi u m-of-th e-Grand--Na tional-Assembl }L-o 1380/-1-956-d-J u ly--20, 1-9567-and- Decision-Nt. August 3; 1948, alined Romania's educational sys- 1003/1957. The former called for establishment of a tem with that of the Soviet Unionby providing forimified,,system of primary and secondary schools (a) nationalization of all educational institutions,known as the "school of general education "(.oarli U.S.R.R.

DOT013ANI ROMANIA Mort RIALatul ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS f,..e Martonllet MARAMURE5 "'`C'F61111 Rudd) boup41.ry SATU SumoTR Ifunkipal boundary MARE °Bain County etholeastrativ OWN Rare SUCEAVA and ,ntunklpallry Bi4TRITA O Count adelloNtrstive canter de) AlutdripalIty HUNGARY SA LAJ NXBAUD 0 NEAMT o 20 40 60 640es Zaldu blattita a Oradea O 20 40 60 Kilometers AommoO BIIIOR CLUJ:"`i MIME* 0 ) 411141:71.(21.4i11:10..474,1 Turd. lIARGIIITA VASLUI autanort .04:41 I. MO .1 attorumt the counties. Administrative chic ahrbOons ara thaw anactof ARAU on 17 February 1060. odoeoo 0 Arad ALBA atria .6116g Iona U.S.S.R. OANNA VRANCEA(ALATI: Dern SIBIU o ti:rt;1. TIMI* it.tti)V Teem.% t. c)/ 11r.loosra Itunedonra Stator (.; Lugo] SS lNI>OARA ROO BItzAr Bailin .Rtrulra Rea Ynceac 1RADAV A BRAILA "Ku Ma AltGEt; CA RA*- V 1 I i'EA BELGIUM.: SEVERIN Turun GORJ 4,..SeverIn kunimda L.. O sta e rlit:VHARRST IALOMITA YUGOSLAVIA Ntotlun '0 ern lora caiarap our TRIEORMAN ILFOV a Constants Atexandein 0 fj MdMItrk .BrIMARIA

The Socialist Republic ofRomania; 1975

tV de culluri generala); the latter provided for reorga- O Impart a general culture and the knowledge required for nization_ of higher educationinstitutionsto the successful performance of a socially useful job. O Advance the dialecticalmaterialist concept of society and advance the dual aim of higher education nature.. training highly skilled technical personnel needed Promote the intellectual, moral. esthetic, and physical in a planned economy and creating an ideological- development of citizens. ly and politically reliable intelligentsia. O Cultivate .citizens' love for the Romanian people and The third major educational reform was enacted state and the ideals of peace and social progress. under Law No. 11 Of May 1968. Among its most Academic Calendar far-reaching provisions were those specifying the fundamental goals and.principles underlying the The academic year begins on September 1 and new educational system and determining the orga-ends on August 31. It is composed of trimesters, nization and structure of the various educationaleach followed by a holiday. The first holiday begins levels.Specifically,itprovidedforgraduall during the last days of December and ends in early extending the compulsory system to 10 y s,January; the second comes in the middle of April; diversifying secondary schools, establishing newand the third Is during the summerfrom *Time 15 schools for training junior engineers (subingineri)to September 15 for the primary and gymnasium and architectural foremen (conduciori arhilec(i),cycles, and from July 15 to September 15 for and organizing postuniversity education (invaV-academic andtechnical-vocationaleducation. mtnt postuniversilar) to offer refresher courses forStudents in their final year in the lyceum complete specialists.Five yearslater,in May 1973, anthe last semester approximately 3 weeks earlier than amendment to Law. No. 11 (Decree No. 278 of theother students in order to review the material of the Council of State) changed the organizationalupper secondary grades and prepareforthe structure of the Romanian educational syStem to itsmaturity or baccalaureate examination (bacalau- three -cycle form: reat).

Grading System Structure The Romanian educational system consists of Student achievernent is evaluated on the basis of classroom performance, on results of periodic oral preschool education in kindergartens; 10 years of and written examinations, and on general behaV- compulsory general education (for children aged 6- ion:Academic performance is measured on a scale 16), divided into three cycles-4 years of primary, 4 years of gymnasium,' and 2 years of first-levelranging from "1" through "10," "I" being the lyceum edUcation, 2 to 3 years of second-levellowest and "10" the 'highest mark. To pass or be promoted, students must receive a mark of at least lyceum or 11/2 to 3 years of vocational education of "5" in all. academic subjects and "6" in behavior. various kinds; 1 to 2 years of postsecondary special- ized education; and higher education in universi-Students who receive marks under- "5" in three academic subjects or under "6" in behavior must ties, institutes, academies, and conservatories. (Seerepeat the entire year. Those who receive final chart on p.. 4.) A number of specialized institn-marks of "1" through '4" in two academic subjects tion,s also provide instruction or training for adults, are designated corigenii -(candidates for a second art students, the handicapped, and Party cadres.. examination) and may take a makeup examination in the subjects immediately before the beginningof Language. of Instruction the s ubseq uentscho ra il the makeup examination, they must. repeat the entire year. Romanian is generally the language of instruc- --don throughout the country. The ConstitutionAdministration does; however, provide for education in the languages of the national minorities. The central executive organs of the Communist Partyformulate general educationalpolicies, which are then implemented primarily by the many Goals and Principles of Education state and other governmentalOrganizationS operat-- Education is viewed as a major vehicle contribut-ing educational institutions. 'The...Ministry of ing to the development of the socialist society andEducation (Minislerul Educatiei §i invardmindu to a multilateral affirmation of the human person-lui) normally formulates the general rules and ality. Its specific gOals are to:--- regulations underlying the educational process. for The educatioial system of theSocialist Republic of Romania:1976 1

graduate education

VI

IV universities. I I I academies institutes pbstsecon conservatories dary. specialization schools 2. technical schools for master craftsmen s 13 V I81 12 IV second level of I 17 the lyceum -vocational 1I HI schools' 16 third cyc c 15I (first level of the lyceum) 9 LI 14I a 0 13I 7 second cycle I 12 (gymnasium) 6 0 '11I , a 5 a. 10 4 [ 9I first cycle '8I (primary education) 2 7I

61 O id 'preschool education

Completion Of military service and 3.5 yearsin production are also required. :Discontinued in late 1977:40- industrial and agri- ' On-the-job apprenticeship programsof 2-3 years are alsO offered in cultural enterprises and shops.: Romania.Bucharest: Ministry .Source: Adapted from:Education in lbe Socialist Republic of of Education, 1975. all levels and types of education, which arethenvision. of the educational process, includingperi- also carried out .,under Min; .cryauspices andodic evaluation of teachers' in-class performance and of the content: of the subject matters taught,is supervision. Headed by a Minister, the Ministry of Educationthe responsibility of local schoolinspectorates dual is run by a Collegium composed of its topofficers (inspectoratele, colare), which arc under the and representatives of the Union ofCommunistjurisdiction cl the Ministry of Education and the Youth (UniuneaTineretului. Cornunist),theexecutive committees of their respectivelocal Union of Student Associations of Romania(Uri in- people's councils: Educational institutions are to operateaccording nea Studen(ilor din Roniiinia), the Pioneers' Organization (Organizaia Pionier ilor), to the Prini7iple of"collective leadership.." Under and the Trade Unions Committee(Cornitetul Decree:No. 278 of 1973, all pre-higher.educational Uniunii Sindicatelor). The Minister. andthe institutions are administeredbY a "leaderSllip Collegiuni are assisted by four consultative organsconned" (consiliul de conducere)composed of the the dealing with the three major typeS of education:(I)ins'titution'sdirector asitshead- and 'of the the Council ofPreschool and Compulsory General following other members: the deputy director, organizinion,.3' to 5 teachers, Education (Consillizt prqcolar secretary of the Party organiza- general-obflgatoriu); (2) The Council of Vocation- the secretary of the Communist youth tion, the trade union representative, 1or'2 Parents. 1 al and Technical Education (Consiliul of the enterprises or institutions profesional' tehnic); -(3) the Council ofor 2 representatives Higher Education- and Improvement(Consiliulsponsoring, or supporting theprirticular school, invadmintului,superior.i -al perfectiontirii); andand the school accountant. (4) the Council' of Political - EducationalActivity and Teaching of Social Sciences ( ConsiliulpentruFinancing munca politico-educativii predarea sociale). The_Ministry supervises the many aspects: Tuition is free at all levels of educatiOn.In of education through a number of generaldirecto-addition,. the.Government provides an assistance levels. rates (directorate generale), which havejurisdictionand scholarship program for students at all is over the various types ofschools, and by severalAssistance in the form of room -and board 'directorates, which are primarily concernedwithprovided primarily for deserving studentsHi.e.., by _the technical-operational aspects ofthe educationalthose with relatively high- averages who abide process, including planning and finance,supplies,the rules of discipline and attend classes. regularly whose permanent residence, is relatively far from and research. and In addition to the Ministry of Education, alargethe school they attend. In addition to room ntuntber of other ministries and central. govern-board, deserving students may also receive a mAtal agenciesare also 'directly involved.inthe ed-monthly stipend for personal expenditures. Excep- ucational process by sponsdring andadminis-tional students may receive special scholarships, economic,Which- are awarded for a period of .12tmonths tering various intermediate and higher the vocational,- technical, and professionalinstitu-irrespective of the income or economic status of of assistance and tions. In overall educational planning, anespecial-.parents or guardians. The system Planningscholarships is determined annually by the Court-. ly important role is played by the State of Committee (Cornitetul. de Spit alPlanif cil of Ministers in cooperation with a number Which has as a fundamentalfunction ahe syndir al propriarc go v er amental-,agent -josThe of studentsawards, however,'are normally made in accordance izing of the admission and graduation of with the rnan-dlwer requivnems of theeconomywith periodic regulations issued L-y the Ministry and the needs socialist sOciety. Education. The local organs of state power are thecounty Education is financed through both centraland jtirielenej.'local state. budgets. In absolute figures, thetotal people's councils (Coma-Me' popuhrre for acting through their executive committees(conzite-education budget, which includes allocations tele executive). County school inspectorates salaries, school construction and equipment,and spectorizie icolare jude;ene),_31nder_the_dualjuris-scholarships.andassistance,_increased_from:7,797.0 diction of the Ministry ofF., lucation and thebillion lei in 1968 to 14A62.8 billion lei' in1976. executive committees of their respectivecounty(The noncommercial exchange rate in November the people's councils, provide generalsupervision of1977 was 11.88 lei to the U.S. $1.) Salaries below the educational process. Direct operationalsuper-higher education level are paid -by the. people's Table 1.-Number of schools, pupils, and teachers in day and council or ministry administering the particular evening sessions and corre.spondencecourses, by level school, and those of higher education institutions or type of school: 1960-61, 1970-71, and 1975-76 are paid by the Ministry of Edikation. [= indicates that source did not include figures.] PRESCHOOL EDUCATION Item 1960-61 ...1970-71 1975.76 PresChool or preprimary education (InvNanzint- preicolar) is offered in kindergartens (grlidinife de All levels Schools 23,979.27,005 30,139 copii) for children ranging from 3 to 6 years of age. Students 3,195,229 4,404,652 5:087,917 Kindergarten's are organized by and are subordinate rachers 137,110 206,823 241,488 to.the local people's councils. They also may be Preschool ganized within the framework of state, cooperative, .-Schools -,7,375 10,336 13,537 communal, or other socialist units: In the latter Students 354,677 448,244 812,420 case, kindergartens arc coordinated and guided by Teachers 12,533 18,887 33,789 the nearest schools of general education. Decree No. Primary and gymnasium 278 of May .11, 1973, provides for the following Schools 15,105 14,958 14,695 types of kindergartens: (1) Kindergartens --with General 15,076 14,927 14,656 regular programs (grildinife de copii cu program General art 29 31 39 normal), operating on an average of 5 to 8 hours a Students' 2,346,343 2,641,265 3,019,776 day; (2) kindergartens with ,extended programs. General schools 2,346,322 2,934,0513,011,538 (grtidinife de copii ciz program preltingit), offering General art schools 12,556 19,198 22,617. programs of 10 to 12 hours a day, including the time Teachers 93,794 131;786 144,978- for funeh, dinner, and an afternbon rest; and (3) General schools 93,140 135,695 142,373 General art schOols 654 f?.091 2,605 kindergartens with weekly programs (gr&lini(e de cu program Apia m4nal), providing room andLyceums Schools 592 83k 1,064 board from Ivenday morning to Saturday after- Science and academic .. 562 577 428 noon. There are also a nurnber;of_special kinder- Art- 28 28 gartens for physically and mentally handicapped `Other specialized 14 226 608 children(grodiinicespeciale pentru,cop.iccu Students 251,144 505,891' 901,977 deficierife) and preschool ,children's homes (case de Science and adi'demic 241,5N 383,056 361,062 copii prarolari) for orphans and children regnir- Art 1,974 4,258 5,73A ing special ,care. °the:- 7,631. 118,577 535,184, A kindergar ten may nor y es ished, w th TeachaS 11,467 23,140 41,617 a mini:return of 25 chilcher:, Under ;:evain circum- Science IsJiri 10,529 15602 14,539 An 428 749 1,008 stances arid \vith the sperig appoval o: the county ther specialized 510 6,489 26,070 people's- councils, kitridertri:Its may also be estab- lished with a minir.itim. Of 20 children. EachVotationaI education? 519 403 426 kindergartenishelded by a female director Schools Students 127,221 195,941 122,630 (directoariii) and staffed -wi4?., kindergarten teachers Teachers 7,3 11,775 5,311 (educatoam) Tito kinde%;-arten teachers are. pre- Technical education pared in teacher-training lyceums (licee pedago- Schools 246 282 280 giae) for -5-y ars-after-havng-complocl-the-8--yeal Schools f9r master general sclTool (a total of 13 years), or in ,2--year craftsnien ¢6 113 141 programs an teacher-training institutes (institute. Posb,condary specializa- e pedrigogice de 2 ani) after having conaPleted the tion schools' 104 157 139 lyceum (a total of 14 years). Dining the 1975-76 Technical schools+- 12 school year, 81:2,420 children were registered in the Students 42,212 ,33,010 .35,191 13,537 kindergartens, which were staffed with Schools for master craftsmen 13,344 8,325 11,810 33,789 'directors and kindergarten teachers. (See Postsecondary specializa- Tbe_childten_represented_66.5..percent tion schools3 217555 237577 23;381 thz total nurnbel- of children in the 3 to 6 age group Technical schools+ 7,313 1,108 and 88.0 percent of those in the 5 to 6 age group. Teachers 2,913 1,810 1,647 The objective of the regime isto include 88.0 Schools for master percent of all children,of preschool age by 1980. craftsmen 833 319, 224

6

".1 Postsecondary specializa- Central Committee of June 18 to 19, 1973, the 10 -' .tion .sehoo/s3 1,653 1,397 1,423 year system of general..education was tobe 'Technical schools ° 427 94 iniroduced in all localities in which a certain Two-year teacher-training minimum of students.a"re registered. Currently,if institutes the number. of students registeredin grade 9 is at Schools 11 10-year school 2,685 least 25, a community must operate a .Students 1,640 of students Teachers 156 of general 'education. If the number registered in grade 5 is at least 25; a community Higher education of general educa-. Schools (faculties) 131. 195 137 must operate an 8-grade school Students 71,989. 151,885 164,567 tion; and if the number of children aged 6 through9 Teachers .8,917 13,425 14,066 is at least 7, a smaller community, such as avillage, must operate a 4-year school.In many communi- i Some of the students who attend general. artschools also ties, schools of general education also offer room attend general schools part-tiMe and arethereforecountedin the enrollment of both schools., Of the total ninnberin general artand board facilities (internate) for out -of -town. schools in 1960-61, 197.0-71, and 1975 -76, there were 21,7, 214, students. Such internate may be establishedwhen and 8,238 students, respectively, attendingthe general artsthe number of interested studentsreaches 50. schools full time, and 12,535, 11.984, and 14.379students, re- The stated objectives . of schools of general spectively. :attending both the general schools and the arteducation are to help pupils acquire the fundamen, schools. intellectual apprenticeshiptals of general culture, enhance their 2 The number of apprentices in on-the-job and physical development, encourage their appre- programs was 85,731 in 1970.71and 31.356 in 1975-76. ciation of ethical and esthetic values, further their 3 Discontinued in 1977. moral-civic training, cultivate theii love for labor, 4 Discontinued. These schools were thetechnical schools for technical personnel for graduates of theschools of generaland prepare them, depending upon.theirparticular, education rinviipitrzinttehnic ,pentrupersonal. tehnic cuaptitudes, either for continuation of their studies or absolverqi aicoliikenerale)and the technical schoolsfor skilled for useful employment. The.curriculurns and workers for lyceum graduates (invilfthninttehnic pentrusyllabuses aim to contribute to the achievement of rnuncitori calificati en absolventi theseobjectives by incorporating a balanced 5 Discontinued in the early 1970's. al Repubiiciioffering in humanities, social studies, scienCe, and Source: Adapted from' Antiarulstatistic technical and physical training. (See table 2.) Socialiste Romania; '1976. Bucharest:Directia Central:1 de Statistic5 [19771. Pp. 412-21.

STRUCTURE OF THE PRIMARY AND GYMNASIUM EDUCATION SCHOOLS OF GENERAL EDUCATION The curriculum of the 8-year schoolof general In the mid-1950's, a unified8 -year. system ofeducation is shown in table 2, with thenumber of prirnary schools and gymnaSiums, known ashours per week varying from 24 ingrades 1 to 3 to 32 schools of general education ,(orsimply as generalin grades 7 and 8. A little over 40 percentof the -schools), was introduced. In 1968,when Law No. 11subjects taught are in the humanitiesand-social provided for the gradual extensionof compulsorystudies. The sciences constitute around 30 percent, to 10 years, some generalschools beganand the remainder is devoted toindustrial and to include grades 9 and 10(yearsI and 2 of thetechnciiogical subjects, art, and physical education. lyceum). These lyceum classesin' the generalTh: teaching of Romanian languageand literature schools are branches of the lyceums.. begins in grade 1 while that of a modern foreign In 1973, under the provisionsof Decree No. 278,language, in grade 2. The science subjects taughtin the structure of the schoolsof general educationthe 8-year school of general educationinclude was reorganized toinclude the following threemathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geog- cycles : raphy, and in grades 2 to ,4a course called' o First cycle, 'or primary education(inviitanlint pritnar). "Understanding man and nature." grades 1-4. . During the1975-76 school year,3,019,776 O Second cycle, of gymnasiumeducation (invii(iztnittt.students were enrolled in primary and gy nasium , gimnazial), grades 5-8. _edueatior-Of the-se,-22fi,..17 were enrol le neral Third cycle, or first tevelmf thelyreumarridiVitnint dicic11), grades 9-16. art schools-8,238 as fulltime art students and . . 'Under the provisions of thesame Decree No. 27814,379 attending both general art schools and the and of the Resnlution of theCommunist Party'sregular schools of general education. Table 2.Number of houys per'Week in each subject in 8-year schools of general education: 1975-76 \--)1 Grades Subjects 8 1 2 3 4 5 6. 7

. 32-32 Total 24 24)24 25 27 28

Humanities and social sciences 4 Romanian language and literature 10 8 6 5 First foreign language (Elective: English, French, German, Russian, Spanish) Second foreign language (Elective: English, French, German, 2 2 Russian) 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 History 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 Civics 0 0, 4 4 4 4- Mathematics 4 5 5 Sciences 0 0. 2 2 2 Physics 0 0 0 0 -2 2 Chemistry 0 0 0 0' . 1 1 0 .0 Understanding of man and nature o 1 2 2 2 Biology 0 - -0 0 2 2 2 Geography 0 0 Esthetics and physical education Drawing and elements in the 1 history of plastic arts 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Caligraphy 0 1 1 1. 1 Music 2 1 2 2 2 \2 Physical education 3 2 Industrial technological subjects \ 0 \ 0 Manual work 1 Shop (urban environment) 0' 2 3 Agro-industrial technical productive training (rural environment) 3 0 0 0 PresChool type free activity 0 0 1 I Homeroom 0 0 1 1

SOURCE: Adapted from : Ministerul Educatiei siInvatiamintului. If lanurile de invilfilmnt ale scolii generale de 8 ani (Curriculums of the 8-Year Schools ofGeneral Education). Bucharest: Editura Didactics i Pe-dagogiai, 1-975. P-p7-3-5.

Students who are 1.6 (educationis compulsory LYCEUM. EDUCATION until age 16) by June 15 of the year theyfinish grade 8 of the gymnasium and do not elect topursUe their Secondary education in Romania is offered in studies in the first level of thec14 program of thelyceums ( licee) .with programs lasting from 4 to 5 general academic lyceums receive a graduationcertificate. Adults,years. They are designed to offer a who normally attend the specialevening gymnasi-education,. to instill a spirit of socialist patriotism, students for higher education .or um programs whileworking andare not eligibleio----apd to prepare continue their studies in the dayprogarn-rof-the--useful-employmera._Since the beginning of the lyceums, als6 receive a graduationcertificate upon1973-74 academic year, lyceums have operated at completing the gymnasium. two levels. The first level(treaptel-a) includes Vrr,-;

grades I and-H, which c6nstitine the third cicle(i.e.,Table 3.Number of lyceums, students,graduates, grades 9 and 10) of the 10-ysedr. school o: general and-teachers in each type orspecialized :education. Under- Decision No. 577 of. June 12, lyceum: 1970-71 and 1975-76 .1975, the Council of Ministers ordered that the first [ indicates that the source did not include fig- level of ly:ceums b0.nad6"general and obligatory" ures.] for all graditates of the eighth year of the: schools of general eduCation until 40.16, beginning with the 1975-76school year. 1Law No. 11 of May 1968 had Item 1970-711975-76' only provided for -the, gradual extension of the Totals compulsory system to 10 years.) Lyceums 226 608_ The second level (treapta a 11-a) includes grades Students 118,577535,181 HI and IV. (Some specialized lyceums have five . . Graduates 18,945 grades.) Admission from the first to the second level Teachers 6,489 26,070 is based on a composite score computed on-the basis of academic achievement in the lower level and on aIndustrial lyceums competitive entrance examination. Lyceums 74 397 A network of lyceurnS, originally established in Students 36,836. 405,379 1966, has expanded since the beginning of the 1974- Graduates 3,223 75. academic year. There were in the 1976-77 Teachers 2,224 19,526 schoolyear the following-eight types of lyceurhs,Agro-industrial lyceums some os which offered studies in a number of fields Lyceums: ...... 59 98 (as determined periodically by the MiniStry of Students 27,934 64,790 Education): Graduates 5,621 I. Academic (or rannanistic) lyceums (liCee umanistice) Teachers 1,567 3,095 2: Science lyceums (licee reale) 3. Art lyceums (licee de arta), with specializations in Fori--e-s`fry lyceums' 5 Choreography, line arts, and music Lyceums 4 Industrial lyceums (licee lndustriale), with specializa- Students 667 2,146 tions in construction, electrotechnics. food industries, Graduates 68 induStrial chemistry, informatidn and communication, Teachers 38 118 mechanics, metallurgy, navigation, printing, textiles and ready-to-wear clothing, and wood processing Economic lyceums 5. Agro-industrial and forestrylyceums(liceeagro- Lyceums 41 48 inditstriale lisilviee), with specializations in agriculture, Students 30,439 39,643 mechanics, and forestry and forest operations Graduates 6,769 \ 6. Economic lyceninsVicee economice), with specializa- 1,322\ 1,687 tions in economics and food trade's Teachers .7.. Health,oriented lyceums Niece sanitaie). Health-oriented lyc ums 8. Teacher-training lyceums (licCe pedagogicej Lyceums 2 19 In 1975-76, lyceums enrolled 901,977 students, of Students 587, 4,325 which 361,062 were registered in the traditional sci- Graduates T8\ ence (real) and academic (humanist) schools, 5,734 Teachers 396. . inthe art lyceums,-and 535,181 in the'Various otherTeacher-training lyceums types of specialized lyceums. The industrial lyceum Lyceums 44 is by far the most popularof the 1,064 'lyceums in Students 22,114 18,898 ---operation-in-4975 -7_6, 397 were industrial lyceums Graduates 3,264 (table 3). Moreover, during the same year, 72. Teachers

. percent of all students in the first 'year of lyceum education were registered in the specialized lyce- ums in the following proportion: 55.5 percent in SOURCE: Adapted from Annuarul statistic at industrial lyceums; 10.4 percent in agro-industrialRepublicii Socialiste Romiinia, 1976.Bucharest: and forestry lyceums;1.4 percent in .teacher-Directia Central5 de StatisticA [19771, p. 438. training lyteurns; 0.6 percent in art lyceumS; and 0.6 percent -in _health-orie_n ted lyceums. In accord:country within a relatively short time,specialized ance with the stated objectivesof the regimelyceums are to become the dominant form of calling, for industrializing and modernizing thesecondary education. . subject, in science e nontechniCaisajeCtS coffered by theTable 4.Number of hours per week, per -All general lyceums: 1976-77 the. varioustypesofVetinsis are taught in classroom, whileinstruction in' the practical First Second aspects .of;the particularfields of specializationis Level Level shops,anAlaboratories or in given either in school Subject Grades Aterprises, depend- local factoriesandagricultural I II'IIIIV ing upon the cOmplexitiesof the specialties offered and the facilities availablein the respective lyce- 33 34 33 33 Urns. Total 9 12 During the first 2 years oflyceum education;Humanities and social studies .11 11 literature' 3 3 3 students-are offered 'a basicallyuniform curriculum Romanian language and Modern foreign. language(continued both in academic and PracticalsubjeCts, Depending from school of general education) .: 3 Z.'2 and . 2 2 2 Upon their aptitudes,skills, and edutational Second modern foreign language 2 0. .11 vocational planS, graduates ofthe first level of Latin 1 0 1 0 0 0 the second level of any of Economics lyceums may either enter 0 0 attend a vocational institu- Social-political studies 0 1 the available lyceums, Political economy 0 0 1 0 2 tion, or seek immediategainful employment_in Philosophy 0 0. 0 0 production. World history R, 0 2 Whatever thecharacter or orientation of a Contemporary history of -Romania,: lyceum, its stated aimsare'io offer a well-balanced, of the Workers' democratic: and composed of a number Of revolutionary movement, and.of the integrated curriculum Romanian Communist Party 0 0 2 0 subjeZts-in the humanities, socialstudieS,' and the Psychology and logic 0,0 1. ,0.0.0 e 1 as Subjects"related to practical Music '1 sciences, as 14 11 The- 'standard'Sciences= 12'33 training ina pay tic ti larfield. 5 . 4 Mathematics 5 curriculum is normally composedof the following 3 3 3 3 Physics '2 2 2 . sevensubjects?''' Chemistry 2 2 2 2 2 including histofy,... Biology I.Humanities and social studies, and two modern Geography Rotanian' lanuage and literature, . 2 '2 2. P'hvsical education 2 foreign languages 6 6 6 -mathematics, Ptrictical instruction' 7 2.Sciences,including biology, chemistry, 1 1 '1. 1 by the particular Training for national defells and physics, with emphasis determined .1 1 1 'specialization of the lyceum (geographyis also required .Fiee elective. activity in the seictice;acadernic,economic.and teacher-training lyceums) In lyceums for national minorities,study of the 'mother involving both theo- 3. Inditqtrial-technologicalsubjects,' language and literature is'substituted. . retical and practical training, withspecialization during: work in the respective 2Includes the hours devoted to practice the fourth or, fifth year offered only at thesecond subjects. ' 4.Elective specialization subjects TiadeS taken by students aredetermined by local plans in level , accordance with labor force requirements.A practice month is 5. Physical:education in accordance with the scheduled by groups of students duringthe June:16 to September 6. Practical-technical training practice period, students are specialization of .the lyceum and theneeds on require- 14 period._ During the 4 -week expected to work ahotal of 1:14 hours. . ments ofprospective employers including the arts 7. Elective extracurricularactivities; Source.:_Adapted_from Ministry of Educationinformation, The -specifi-c subjects-of the'high school-curricwBucharest:- 1976. Ium may; be changed from year to yearand/or specialization of the Graduates from the firstlevel of lyceum who do to the character or courses in the second levelreceive a particularsc111151t---4--s-how,sthe_17not take further Celitifizare-of-graduati from 10-year compulsory curriculum for scie celyCetims. Thecurriculums, ti subject and grade, areeducation (certificat de absolvire a tnv like the syllabuses for each from the second distributed.They. areobligatoriu de 10 ani). Graduates .centrally prepared and synchi'onized with the textbookslevel may take the baccalaureateexamination Intended to be who pass receive used in the particular courses,which are written(examen de bacalaureat). Those the baccalaureate diploma(diploma de-bacalay- and Pitid_used-undtii the controlof the Ministry of pursue higher Eclat-a-ifon and distributed free of charge. Teat), which enables "them to education, and thq,se who fail receive a certificate ofnumber of vocational schools aregeared to the graduation (certificat de absolOire), which does riotspecial needs of handicapped students. . both make thein eligiblefor admission, tohigher The vocational school curriculum includes education institutions, although they may entergeneral and teChnical subjects, as well aspractical One of the, numerous' types of technicalandtraining. The list of trades to be offered each yearis vocational institutions. deterniined by the Ministry of EduCation in accordance with recommendations made by the__ and agen- VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL . central and local governmental 6rganS band in EDUCATION: cies, operating the vocational schools consultation with a number ofgoVernmental Vocationaleducationfortrainingskilledinstitutions, including the State Planning Corn- workers is qffered in vocationalschools (scolimittee. 'The 1975 list included 91 tradesranging 'profionale) and in on-the-job apprenticeshipfrom- aircraft maintenance to Winemaking. The. prop arns. Technical education,designed to traintrades are usually grouped under thefolloiving "'foremen,master craftsmen, andintermediatemain vocational branches: agriculture and fores technical personnel, is offered-inctechnical schoolstry; chemistry; commerce; constructionsand con- for master craftsmen (lcoli tehnice de rnaiqtri) andstruction materials; electric power and electro- (until late 1977) in postsecondaryspecializationtechnology; food induStry; health-oriented trwles; -Ichools (scoli de specializare postlicealiz). light .industry; lumber industry; metalltugy and- Administration of vocational and . technicalmachine-building; mining and petroleum; and education is basically the same as that of primarytransportation and telecommunications. and secondary education. While the network of In 1975-76, there were 426 vocational schoolsin schools is determined by sPthisoring central andoperation with a total enrollment 'of 122,630.Of local governmental organs, the Ministry of Edyca-these, 109 schbols specialized in metallurgy'and don is responsible for the 'eduCational process,machine-building and enrolled 75,986 students, including istructure of the school year, length ofand 88 schools s'pecialized inagriculture and recitation periods, the system of examinatio' s andforestry and enrolled"11,008students. grading, and vacationperiods. Graduals of I vocational and technical schools are norm Ily employed in their paiticular fields of specializati n,On-the-Job Apj:4enticeship Programs although isomci, especially graduates of theposte Vocational training is offered riot only in formal , secondary specialization schoolwho have thevocational school programs, but also in on-the-job 'baccalaureate diploma, may opt for admissiontoapprenticeship programs in industrial and agricul- higher education institutions. (The section on,turalenterprises and shops. These programs "RecentDevelopmenis"summarizesvariousinvolve training skilled workers in basically the changes in vocational'education programsmade bysame fields as those offered byvocational schools. decr\ee in July 1977.) The 'Practical training period' is normally2 to 3 years, depending on the difficulty orcomplexity of trade. General and theoretical VoC''ational Schools the particular Vocational -s-chools (scoli profesionale) offersubjects related to the trade are usually taughtin1 the programs lasting from 1 l to 2 years for graduatesorevening sessions of vocational schools. If no such the third cycle .(through grade .10) and,until theschools are available where, the vapprenticeship 191546 school year, from 2 ib 3 years for graduatesprogram is offered, apprentices mayssatisfy the of the second cycle (through,krade 8). Beginningin requirement by taking an intensive general and 19.75-76, under* provisions.,oLbeciSion No. 577 oftheoretical day program lasting from 2'to 3 months tae Council of Ministers, 'vocational. schools (andduring each year of training or by taking short-term technical school's also) were to admit only gradu-courses (cursuri de scurta durata).in the shops. The ates of the third cycle and thus offera higher level ofnumber of ,apprentices has decreased during the training. 1970's because the extension of compulsory educa- In vocational schools,:" students veceivefreetion to include 2 years in the lyceum and the tOltboOks and Loom and board's Most"vocationalincreasing number of specialized lyceums have schools are- organized !iwithip the' franiework ofensured that most young people will acquire some -enterprises opetating Order various ministriesandskill as well as general education by the time they central-and local governi-nental agencies. Alimitedleave school: In 1975 -76, enrollment in on-the-job \ apprenticeship programs dropped to 31,356 fromlyceum vocational schools because, aspreviougly noted, many graduates had alreadyacquired a skill 85,731 in 1970-71. in the lyceums. (A decree in July1977 discontinued postsecondary specialization schoolssee"Recent Technical Schools for Master Craftsmen Developments.") Organized. in1955-56, technical schools for master craftsmen admit graduatesof vocational schools and academic lyceums orequivalent TEACHER EDUCATION institutions who have spent ft -n 3 to 5 yearsin pro- The system- of teacher educationincludes the duction and have completed military service.following types of institutions: 1) 5-yearsecondary These schools are to train techniciansskilled in thelevel teacher4raining lyceums (liceepedagogice organ iza...ion and managementof the productionde 5 ani); 2) 37 or 4-year postsecondaryteacher- process. training institutes (institute pedagogicede 3- sau 4 Technical school programs, which include bothani); 3) faculties or programs ofeducation in uni- gene,-alandtechnicalsubjects and practicalversities and in institutes, academies,and conserva- session and training, last from 1 to 2 years in the day tories at university level: from 2 to 3 years in the eveningsession, depending The number of administrative,'auxiliary, and on the complexityof the particular field. Uponteaching positions for each type ofschool at each completion of they studies, graduates areawardededucation level is established inaccordance with the title of master craftsman(maistru), whichprovisions of Decree No. 278 of May1973 of the entitles them to work as principalassistants toCouncil of State. The major criterionis the size of a engineers in the organization andmanagement ofschool's enrollment. The rightsand duties of production. teachers are outlined in theStAkif Teachers Inthe1975-76 school year there were 141(.5tatutul_Per,sonaluluididactic)which was technical schools air master craftsmenwit11,810 adopted as Law No. 6 of March1969 students: fields of The 1975 list of trades identified 69 Preschool and Primary School Teachers specializationformaster craftsmen;basically for branches as Teacher-training lyceums prepare teachers grouped under the same occupati,nal preschool education and primary education.They those previously listed for vocationalschools, with general school who branch and theadmit graduates from the 8-year the addition of a polygraphy have passed the competitive admissionexamina- subtraction of the 'commerce andhealth-oriented schools (37) andtion. Until1977, preschool teachers were also branches. Almost a third of the trained in postsecondary specialization-satools, over one-third of allthe students (3,925) were trained in 2-year metallurgy andand primary teachers are still also enrolled in fields associated with programs in teacher-traininginstitutes. machine-building in 1974775. In 1975-76, there were 44specialized' teacher- training lyceums in operation with anenrollment Postsecondary Specialization Schools of 18,898 as against 46 schoolswith,22,114 students schools Until 1977, postsecondary specialization in 1970-71. admitted graduates of lyceums (12 yearsof school- ing), and above all those of theacademic lyceuins, who have the baccalaureate diploma.The length ofGymnasium Teachers training was usually from 1 to 2 years,but in more Teacher-training institutes specialize in prepar- complex fields it was sometimes extended to3 years. ing subject-matter tea-rile-I-nor grades 5 to 8of the In 1975-76, these schools offeredspecialization in 24general education schools (i.e., the gymnasiums). fields ranging from aircraft construction toradiol-These 3- or 4-year institutions admit graduatesof academic ogy. the lyceums (usually of the science and Inthe1975-76 school year there were 139types), who possess the baccalaureate diploma or its postsecondary specialization schools in operationequivalent and pass a competitiveadmission with 23;381 students. It was found thatin'the last 5examination. Of the 42 higher education institu- tions in operation in 1975-76; 5 wereidentified as years,the network and the enrollment plan ofthese stable.Although theteacher-training institutes. These werelocated in schools wererelatively Tirgu number of lyceum graduates increasedduring thisBacau, Constantia, Oradea, Sliceava, and period, there was no need foradditional post-Murq (table 5, p. 14). .

:12 1 3 Lyceum Teachers academies (acadernii de studii), and conservatories The bulk of the teaching staff employed in the(conservatoare).Incontrastto1970-71, when post-gymnasium system of education is trained inRomania had almost 50 higher education institu- the special programs or faculties of educationtions with195. faculties (schools) and 151,885 (facultlqide pedagogie) ofhigher educationstudents, in 1975-76 it had only 42 institutions with institutions. During the 1975 -76 academic year,137 facultiesbut with an increase in the number faculties of education also operated within theofstudents(164,567).Demographic changes, framework of the polytechnical institutes of Baiaincluding those relating to the school population Mare and Pitesti. and the constant changes. brought about by the Teachers of non-technical subjects in lyceumsindustrialization-modernization processes, necessi- are prepared in universities and inacademies; arttated restructuring some higher education institu- institutes, and conservatories equivalent to thetions and consolidating others. For example, the universities. Teacher preparation offered under theteacher-training and polytechnical institutes of auspices of university faculties of education is a 4-Brasov and Galati were consolidated into full year- progra m For t hosew h ateacbsci en cesubjectsfledged universities. The factor that contribUted and conduct experiments in lyceums, includingmost to reducing the number of institutions was the teachersofbiology,chemistry,physics, andelimination of ten 3-year teacher-training institutes mathematics. 5' years are required. that had been used for the mass training of teachers TeacherS of technical subjects in all types ofduring the previous decades. Some new institutions lyceums areusuallytrainedinpolytechnical,were also established, however, such as the new institutes,aswellasinvarious agronomic,institutes for training subengineers at Resita and economic, and technical higher education institu-Hunedoara. tions. Education subjects proper are taken by these Of the 42 institutions in 1975-76, 7 are classified teachercin-the special-progi amsoffered by some ofas universities,-12 as polytechnical institutes, 4 as the polytechnical, technical, or specialized instiagronomic institutes, I as an academy of econom- -tutes.Instructors teaching and supervising. theics, 5 as medical-pharmaceutical institutes, 7 as practical training of students in schools of generalconservatories or art institutes, 1 as an institute of education and in lyceums are prepared in schoolsphysical education and sports, and 5 as teacher- for master craftsmen and in industrial lyceums. training institutes. (See table 5 for a list of higher education institutions and their faculties in 1975 Higher Education Teachers and table 6 for enrollment and other data concern- Teachers in higher education institutions areing higher education institutions by field for several chosen after a competitive examination fromrecent school years.) among candidates- with university degrees' who To satisfy the need for intermediate technical have achieved some -eputation in their particularpersonnel raaking between full-fledged engineers fields of science or the arts or some recognition in re-on the one hand. and technicians and master search or production. They must also take a specialcraftsmen on the other, the Education Law of 1968 competitive74Narnination: For higher ranks in theestablished within the framewcrk.of the technical profession, including the position of professor,and polytechnical institutes special sections for candidates must also have received the dot agate. training junior engineers or "subengineers" (sub- ingineri). In some cases, these intermediate techni- HIGHER EDUCATION cal personnel are trained in institutes subordinated Intent on quick industrialization and moderniza-to the polytechnical. institutes. Depending upon tion; Romania has assigned a very impOrtant role tothe specialty pursued, the number of years of study higher education. As in all socialist countries,prescribed ranges from 2 to 3. Special institutes for higher education is designed to a great extent tosubengineers exist in Hunedoara and Resita, while train a large corps of highly skilled scientific andschools of subengineering operate within the technical personnel ideologically and politicallyframtwork of the higher education institutes of responsive to the changing requirements of theBaia Mare and Pitesti (table 5).' The higher education institutions are located in regime. 19 centers of higher learning, although most are Principal Institutions concentrated in the four cities which had tradition- Higher education in Romania is offered inally 'been centers of higher education. In 1975-76, universities(urtiver: iteiti),institutes(institute),,Bucharest had 11 institutions with50faculties and--

13 Table 5.Romanian higher educationinstitutions and their faculties: 1975

Faculty Institution Faculty Institution Polytechnical Institutes Universities Agricultural mechanics Biology and geography The Gheorghe Gheorghiti-Dej Alexandru loan Curs Polytechnical Institute of Aircraft construction University of la.i Economics Bucharest Autornation 'Universitatea Alexandre Education Electronics and History and philosophy Institutul Politchttic Gheorghe loan Cuza din lcsi Gheorghiu-Dej din BuCurevi tel,aommunications Law Electrotahnology Mathematics Energetics Philology Machine-building Physics technology Biology and geography Mechanics Babe }-Bolyai University of Metallurgy Chemistry Cluj-Napoca Transportation Universitatea Economics Babq-Bolyai din Cluj-NapocaHistory and philosophy The Institute of Chemistry Chemistry Law of Bucharest Chemical Engineering Mathematics Institutul de Chimie-Bucurelti Philology (affiliated with the Gheorghe Philology (Sibiu branch) Ghcorghiu -Dej Polytechnica. Physics Institute) University of Brasov Forestry The Polytechnic-al Institute ofConstructions Universitatra din Brapv I.umber processing Cluj-Napoca Electrotechnology Machine building ins! iiuluI..Politehnic Mechanics

. technology din Cluj-Napoca Mechanics The Gheorghe Asachi Chemistry and chemical Natural sciences' Polytechnical Institute of fall engineering Institutul Politehnic GheorgheConstructions Biology University of Buchin est Asachi din ' Electronics Universitaten.din BucureVi Geology and geography Hydrotechnology History Mechanics Law Textiles Mathematics Philosophy The Traian Vitia Polytechnical'.Agricultural engineering Physics Institute of Tin-dram Chemical engineering Get manic languages Institutul Politehnic Traian Constructions .: and Literature. f'uia din Timiloara Electrotechnology Romance, classical, and Mechanic's . orientallanguages The Institute for Stihengineers(The Institute is and literature . . associated with the Romanian language and of Resija - Institutul de subingineii Polytechnical Institute literature of Timiloara.) Slavic language and din literature The Institute forSubeilgineers(The Institute is of Hunedoara associated with the University of Craiova Agriculture Institutul de cubingineri Polytechnical Institute' Universitateadin Craiova Economics 1; din Hithedoara of Timiloara.) Electrotechnology Horticulture Institute of C.ongtruction Civil industrial and Medicine of Bucharest agriailtural Natural sciences constructions Philology and history Institutul de Construclii din BucureVi Construction installations Education Hydrotechnology University of Galati Rail, road, and Universitateadin Galati Food industry and pisciculture bridge building Technologiail equipment Mechanics The Ion Mincu Institute of Architecture and Economics University of Tirniviara Architecture of Bucharest urban clevelopr Universitated din Timiloarn Education Natural sciences Institutul de Arhitecturii Ion Philology and histdry Mincu din Bucuresti

14 1. 5 Table 5. Continued

Institution Faculty Instittition Faculty

The Mining Institute Mines Medical-Pharmacemit.al Dentistry of Petro lani Technological equipment Institute of Bucharest ;Medicine Institutul de Mine Institutul de Sldicinti Pediatrics din Petrorni Farrnacn' din Bucurevi Pharmacy Institute of Petroleum Petroleum technology Nledical-Phannacemical InstittueDentistry and Gases of Ploielti andchemistry. of CIM-Napoca Medicine Institutul de Petrol psi Gaze Technological equipment Institutul de Pharmacy din Ploit.1ti elldrilling and Farmaci din chti-Napoca petroleum and gas field exploration ;Medical-Pharmaceutical Dentistry Institute of Nledicin Education The Institute of Iligher Ph'armacy Stibengineering Institutul de- Alediciml Education of Baia Mare Farmacie din Institutul de Invarnnint Superior din Baia Mare Medical- Pharmaceutical Dentistry 'The Institute of Higher Education Institute oftrgnMatron MiMicine Education 61flue ti Subengincering institzaut de 'Verbenasi Pharmacy Institutul de InvNtInant Farmacir din Ttrgu Mtire Superior din PiteVi Conservatories or Art Institutes Agronomic' Institutes Ciprian porumbesru 'Education, music Agronbmic Institute Agriculture Conservatory of Bucharest composition, and Of'nmorara Zootechhology and ,Consematorul Ciprian musicology Institurul elgrombnic din veterinary medicine POrirmbscti din Buurelti Instruments and singing Timirara George Enescit Conservatory Music Agriculture Dr. Petit' Groza Agronomic ofIasi Institute of Cluj-Napoca Zootetlinolop,y at Consematontl George Enescu. Instituod Agronomic 1)r. Print veterinary medicine din Iasi Groz:a din Cluj-Napoca Ion lonescti de la Brad DiinaCousercatoretEdUcatiOn, music, composition, and . Agronomic Institute offast I Ionic-lattice of Cit!? ":' a Instituttil Agronomic foil Zootechnolog'y 'and Carlson.. Gheorghr lima musicology instruments and singing lonescu de In Brad dinlast veterinary medicine din Cluj-Napoca Nicolae Brilcescu Agronomic A'gricilltural economics Ion Andreescu Institute of PlaStie'and Instirine'of Bucharest Agriculture Plastic Arts of Cluj - Napoca applied arts Institutul Agronomic Nieirlar I Iorticudture Institutul de Ante PlaVice BifIcescu din BucureVi I.and developmnt Ion Andreescu din Cluj-Napoca Veterinary medicine biotechnology Ion Luca caragiale Institute of Drama, cinematography, Theater iind Cinematographic ..and television Academies of Economics Arts of Bucharest Instituoil de Arta Tentralti ci Academy of Economics of Economic cybernetics and statistics Cinematograf icii ion Luca Bucharest Caraginle din Bucureszi Academia de Stiinie Finance and bookkeeping Indiistrial economics, Economice din Bucurevi NiC-Olite-Grigl)1CM. Siiiiite01 Plastic arts; speciali- c imiCraint Plastic Arts of Bucharest zation in painting transportat ion Institutid do Arte Mistier end sculpture Political economy anti Nimble Grigorescit Plastic arts; speciali- planning din Bucurelli ninon in industrial Trade design, ceramics, etc.

Medical or Medical - Pharmaceutical Institutes Stentgyorgyi 'Istvan Institute of Theater arts

Medical Institute of TimiraraDentistry . Theater Arts of "rrgii Murg Institutul de Medicinii din Medicine Institutul de "realm Szentg,yorgyi Timisoara Istotin dirt Tirgit Alurq Table 5.Continued Faculty Institution Faculty Institution Teacher-Training lostiitne .Education Institutes of Physical Edu6tion andSports . of Oradea Institute! Pedagogic din Oradea Institute of Physical EducationPhysical education and Sports of Bucharest Teather-Training Institute Education tri Thstitutul de Oultura Fizia of Suceava Sport din Bucurelti Institutul Pedagogic din Suceava Teacher-Training Institutes Teacher-Training Institute of Education Teacher-Training Institute Education 'Mgt' Mtizq Tfgru of Bac 5u Institute! Pedagogic din ithritti-Pedagogic-ih-n-Rafilti urq

Teacher-Training Institute Education Source: The List of Specialtiesin the Education System of the Of Constanta Socialist Republic of Romania.Bucharest: Ministry,pf Educa- Institueul Pedagogic din tion, 1975. Pp. 22-f17. Constalqa had 6 institutionsthat Ministry or agency.For example, under 69,729 students; Cluj-Napoca Decision No. 372 of April 8, 1972,of the Council of with .19 faculties and 21,809students; la0 had 5 Ministers,the- Ministryof MaChine-Building ' institutions with 21 faculties and.24,421 students; Construciiilor de arid Timiioara had 4 institutionswith 13 faculties Industry (Ministerul lndustriei Mai ini) shares jurisdiction over anumber of related and 15,995 students. higher education schools and specializationsections (administrative Not included among the 42 units. comparable to. but smallerthan schools), institutions are military institutions.Under Decree Electrotechnology of the on May 16, including the School of No:1037/1968f which was republished polytechnical institutes ofCluj-Napoca and Ia§i. 1972, in the Buletinul oficial.(Official Gazette), the and state agency, military) is specifi- Practically every' other ministry Military Academy (Academia including the State Committeefor Nuclear Energy. cally identified as a highereducation institution. Nucieara), the various military(Comitetulfte Stat pentiti Energie The Military Academy, like shares jurisdiction over alarger or smaller number institutions for active officers andofficers in reserve, of schools and/orspecialization sections. operates under thejuriScliction of the Ministry of the Armed Forces (MinisterulFortelor Armate) acting in conjunction withthe Ministry ofControl Education on certain educational matters. Criteria relating to theestabliShment, structure, and especially theand oPeratirm of highereducation institutions are Higher education institutions, Decree No. ..faculties or schooloperating undertheir auspices, determined by legislation According to the Council of State, are subjected toperiodic changes in accordance.278 of May 11, 1973, of of the regime. Estab- universities and academies maybe established with with the changing iriteress sections and consolidation,and eliminationofa minimum offour schools and related lishment, enroll a minimum total schools are effected underdecrees passed by theresearch labovatories that No. 94 of April 16, number of 4,000 students.Institutes must have at Council of-State: Under Decree Ihnent of at least 1976 , for example, the Councilof State providedforleast 2 sehoolS-with-aTtotal en establishment of a school ofmilitary medicine 1,000 students. Institutes may operateindependent- underly or under. the auspicesof another institution. (facultatea de medicin military) to operate are required to- the auspices of theMedical-PharmaceutiCal Insti- Conservatories and art institutes (Institutul de Medicinalhave at least 1 school and200 students each. In tute of Bucharest higher- education system, Farmacie din Bucures(i). terms of the American Romanian Schools or faculties arelike depart- --Jurisdiction over theinstitutions and their by the Ministry of ments. . various schbols is exercised The specialties offeredduring a given year and Education; when an institutionis sporOored by a admitted to a specific area of governmental agen- the number of students particular Ministry.or central specialization au, determinedby the Ministry of '. cy, the jurisdictionis exercised in conjunctionwith Table 6.-Number of faculties, students, and graduates in higher education institutions, by field: 1970-71 and 1974.75 or1975.76

Faculties Students' Graduates Day Day Total session2 Total session' Item 1970-;1 1975-76 1970-71 1975 -76 1970-71 1974-75 Total. 135 137 :51,885 107,437 164,567 115,769 28,840 28,899 Agricul tur : 13 13 6,258 6,258 9,618 8,994 1,235 1,531 Architeczute and construction 10 10 10,81b 9,978 12,347 10,598 2,006 2,563 555 Chemistry 4 2 2,979 2,058 2,181 1,088 479 4,137 Economics 11 10 21,016 12,579 22,854 12,950 4,408 Education 65 2 20,605 11,393 6,007 5,758 5,234 2,700 Electric power, and electrotechnology" 8 8 9,718 8,265 11,573 9,593 1,741 1,909 791 324 209 Food industry I 1 1,000 990 -983 668 177 129 Forestry 1 I 786 786 980 122 History, geOhigy, geograph'ys -I. I g90- 446 1,189 674 134 Industrial chemistry6 3 3 3,874 3,493 4,951 3,660 813 813 Law 3 3 5,901 1,761 .6,820 1,730 1,072 1,283 1,112 121 Light industry 1 1 1,170 1,170 1,112 -330 580 137 83 Lumber industry 1 1 592 592 1,048 Mathematics, physics 9 9 7,837 5,249. 9,466 5,437 914- 1,665 14;892 1,313 1,333 Medicine, 19 12 8,366 - - 13 13,370 11,533 29,722 16,488 2,511 3,268 . Metallurgy and machine-building 11 Mining 2 3 1,308 1;103 2,309 1,478 290 344 Music. 6 5 2,508 2,025 1,838 1,456 421 528 Natural science,.biology7 3. 3 3,395 1,469 4,020 1,102 630 644 Petroleum 4; 3 1,562 1,562 2,647 2,219 239 354 Pharmacy 4 ; 4 1,532 - . 2,116 - , 256 287 Philology 7 17 14,810 8,149 12,056 6,481 2,281 2.487 PhiloSophy9 4' ,4 5,754 2,090 4,488 .1,916 \ '712 972 / 491 Physical education I 1. 2,038 854 1,038 480 1399 150 Plastic and decorative art 3 3 '585 - 631 - 92 \61 65 .`2' 277 265 310 296 . . Theater and cinematographic art 2- Transport 'and telecommunications9 1'' 1,196 856 1,284 904. 149 .253 ' '1,208 -482 243 Veterinary medicine ,2 2,030

I The total number of students being trained as subengineers (in 2- to '3-yearcourses in technicaland polytechnical institutes -see. p.13)-was 6.910'in 1970-71 and 31,511 in 1975-76: of these 5,665 and 16,711, respectively, wereattending day sessions. ,2 The remainder were either attending evening sessions or were enrolled incorrespondence courses. The total in eveni\sessi" was 6,834 and in correspoildence courses, 37,614. . 9 The total in evening sessions was 18,531 and in correspondence courses, 30,257. 4 Since 1955.56, telecommunications has been included; 79 Since 1954-55, geology.; geography. . 6 Since 1974-75, chemical enginCering. 1In 1955 -56, natural sciences, chemistry. In 1956-57 through 1962-63, natural sciences, geography. Since 1963-64, biology, geography. 8 Since 1960.61, history, philosophy.' 9 From 1'955-56; telecommunications was under the Faculty of Electronics. Source: Adapted from Anuarol Siat Ali,- atReptth-licii-Socirthste-itarith.Bucharest: Dnectia Central de Statistici [1,976]. Pp. 438.41. ,

17. chief (set de Education in 'conjunction withother interestedis headed by a section or department sectie or 'fel de catedra). ministries,and agencies, including the StatePlan- decisionmaking ning Committee, with ultimate Requirements . the Council of Ministers. The Admission Procedures and power vested fit The procedures andrequirements relating to decision is made in accordance with the currentand examinations, Scientific andadmission, like those pertaining to long-range needs of the country for grading, attendance, and all otheraspects of the technical personnel. The Ministryalso determines educationalprocess in highereducation, are the types and number ofspecialization sections of 1968 and by (catedre) inregulated by the Education Law (sectii, de specializare) or departments rules and periodic .instructionsissued by the Ordinarily,aspecialization eachinstitution. Ministry of Education. section may operate with aminimum of 50 to be admitted to each students. For seminars, applied research,and The number of students field of specialization isdetermined by the Minis annual projects, the basic unit ofhig, er education try--o-Educaii-i,rt--accorda nee,with_developmen t is-the-group(grupa), which is composcd-of 42-5-to-30plans prepared by thevarious ministries and students. (A July 1977 decree, whichdeals with agencies, including the StatePlanning ComMittee. specialization, is discUssed under "Recent.Devel- Within the limits of quotasestablished during each optnent.") academic year, admission tohigher education institutions is open toapplicants who have a Administration completion of administeredbaccalaureate diploma (indicating Higher education institutions are and the passing of an collective leadership combined the second level of the lyceum on the principle of examination) or its equivalent andhave success- with individual responsibility.Ultimate decision- is vested in a fully completed allrequirements-of competitive making power in each institution admission exainina- faculty-council-(consiliwprofesoraaor in_un i versi -__admission examinations. The tioni, Which are normally offeredin July fdllowing ties or larger, institutions, the senate(senat). consist of a. written The faculty council, (or senate) iscomposed ofbaccalaureate examinations, and oral test in two, subjects,depending on the the rector (president or chancellor),who acts as its Applicants are deans (decanii), intended field of specialization. head, deputy rectors,(prorectorii), admitted in the` 'der- of the scoresachieved in, two to four representative'sfrom each school elected tothe sehool _faculty councq, and oneCompetitiveexaminations. /Admission for 4 years by the only to candidates delegate each from the Romani::-.nCommunisteverting session is normally open Youth (Uniuneawho, in addition to theaforementioned conditions,: Party, the Union of Communise field in which they 'plan to TineretulUi Comunist)UTC, ,theteachers' un-are employed in the specialize. ion, and student associations. students are required The rector is selected by the facultycouncil (or Upon athhission, first-year to sign a contract withthe rector. under whichthe .9:.nate) from a slate of three membersof the faculty the for astate,represented by the rector; assumes and appointed by the Minister of Education insuring adequate educational period of 4years. The rector representstheobligationOf andfacilities for training students,while the studentl institution in its relations with organizations the'rules and, norms of conductof_ .. individuals and is chiefly responsiblefor imple-agree to obServe orders and'the institutions and, upongradUation, to work for 2 menting faculty conned decisions and designated`by the authorities. directives-01 thEgovernmental and party organs,Heto 3 years at a place At registration each studentis assigned a student, and his immediate assistants,the prorectors, are student) and-an subject to dismissal by the Ministerof Education.identificationcard (legitimatia'de identifiCation number, whichremains the same The dean (decan) is responsible for the educational-' throughout his or her years ofstudy in a particular scientific process (teaching, tutorials,reseal-ch,,etc.) a-student -record ,within a particular 'faculty orsclIppLand_for_institution_Alstudentalso-isissuedwhich will contain all Implementing decisions of the schoolfaculty coun-book (carnet ate studerit), is appointed by thegrades received in examinationsand course work. cil. Like the rector, the dean Academic achievement is determined onthe basis Minister of Education for, 4 years andis subjec to workshops, and dismissal by him. The number of,specializationof performance in classrooms, from school toperiodic written, and, oralexaminations. The 'sections or departments varies grading system is. identicalwith tLedt used in all school, but each is composedof the instructional the grades rangi ig from and scientific staff working in aparticular field andother educational levels, "10," the highest, to "1," the lowest, with "5" beingdiplomas: the lowest passing grade. The examination and Diploma mid year ; grading system also applies to students' practical of study required Issuing institution work. License Diploma(DiplomatiniNerities, pharma- One of the main , emphases. of Rothanian de Licen(a): to5 years. ceutical institutes, insti- education :and especially m' Romanian higher tu7,es of arts; and the insti- education is integration of edification with research tute of physical education. and productive work.- For this reason, students in Diploma of Engineer(Diplo-Higher 'technical and ma de inginer)and Diplo- agronomic institutes all faculties not only receive theoretical training, ma of ArChitect but also engage specialized practical activities in de arhitect):4 to 5 'years. order to be fully-prepated for their profession. Diploma of Physician . Medical institutes Under a measure adopted in 1970, first- and sec- (Diplornit de ddctor- medic):6 years. ond-year students engage in "initiation into the Diptotna-of.--Vw-r-i nary Doc----41r-gb-er-veteFinftFy------profession' work las nig ottTh 1 hey may tor(Diploma de doctor- insinutions fulfill this requirement by working either 1 day a medic veierinar):5 yeai.s. week or 4 weeks following the end of their course Diploma of Junior or Institutes for suhengineers work. Third- and fourth-year students engage in Subenginecr (a.ploiniide and architectural fore- subinginer)and Diploma man "specialization practice" work lasting for 4 weeks of ArchiteCtural Foreman at the end of the academic year.-Thismeasure is (Diploma de conductor designed not only to enable the students to acquire mrhilect):2 to 3 years.. the necessary practical skills in their particular Graduation Diploma(Diplo-Higher teacher training in- professions, but, also to facilitate their integration »Ili de absolvire): 3 to5 stitutes in the productive' processes of their' particular years% places of employment following graduation. Holders. of the aforementioned diplomas may Upon -graduation, student' are to be assignedpursue :graduate studio; in accordance withthe employment in aceordance withthe provisiOns ofregulations and in specializations determined their 'individual contracts; ,with .their fields ofdirectives of the governmental party organs. He speciaiization taken into consideration. Underthe MiniStry or Education. The triimb'er who May Decree No. -146 of June 5, 1974, of the Council afseek doctoral degrm in. a specified field is deter - State', primary responsibility for assigning studentsminedby the rAans of the regime and the.number Of, lies-With the Governmental Commis,sion for thecandidates an institution. cwt accommodate at a COOrdination-ofthe Aissignment in Production ofgiven time. Doctoral programs are offered by some the Graduates ofthe _Institutions ,'.3fHigherof the higher eti-dcation institutions and by many of Learning (Cornisia guvernainentata" de coordonarethe research units of the Academy of the Socialist a rcpartizAriiin productie a absolVen Republic.. of Romania. (Academia Republicii lor de invli tiimint superior). Socialiste Romania). The doctorate (doctoratul)is awarded- upon completion of a prepairation phase Diplonias and Degrees (stakiu pregaiirekinvolying study and research The number of years Of study required for alasting not, more than 4 years an-d-the-subrnission of degree varies from .specialty to specialty_xarigingan-acceptable-doc-toral-thesisitez he-- from 3 yearS for teacher training in the institutes todoctor-docent-in-science (doctor,docent in stinte) 6 years in medicine: Diplomas are awarded afterdegree-is the highest and most prestigious title..It is students complete course work and pass a special,awarded to scholars who have already acquired the diploma examination (examen de diploma), whichclocto'rate and established an impressive record of must be taken within 3 years after graduation:research and publications. Diplomas and degrees ThoSe failinpi; this examination may-recei-ve-a.=are-awarded-by-the-High Commission on Dip-Lo- graduationcertificate'(certificatdeabsoevire) mas (Cornisia-Superioarii de Diplome),Which listingallthe subjects taken and the gradesoperates within the'framework of the Ministry of received. Candidates who pass the diplorria exami-Education. nation area issued a diploma identifying their addition to graauate education for higher particular field of specialization. Under Decision degrees, higher education-institutions also offer so- No. 2740/1968 (Buletinul Oficial, Apr. 29, 1969, pp. ca I led pos fun versi tycourses(cursuripost; 439-40), Romanian higher education institutionsuniversitare) to enable scholars and specialists tor are authorized to issue the following typesofkeep abreast of their particular fields. Of no more

19 graduating from ,lyceums. Uponcompletion of than 1 year's duration, these courses areorg-i-.,---jzed take an examination by the ministries andtheir training, .probationers in response-to needs expressed and are issued a certificateof skills for their other interested central governmentalagencies. A potuniversity coursesparticular trade. list of specialties covered by The "decree on the organizationand operation of is approved annually by theCouncil of Ministers in of vocational of the MinistryVocational schools" outlines a range accordance with recommendations training options; some ofwhich are shorter -in of Education and otherinterested ministries and and listofduration than the.vocationalschool training cited agencies "the educational plans decree covers vocational 1975-76 academic year,forearlier in this report. This specialties for the school training for 10-yearschool graduates in day example, were incorporated inDecision No. 692 of classes of 1 to Hi years' Ministers of July )2, 1975. courses and evening tne Council of duration. The day courses arerestricted to students no older than 19;evening classes, have no age R-ECEN-'F-DEVILOPIVIENT-S limitation. Clu-aTification Courses.'of 3to 12 unskilled workersover 16 In July 1977, three decrees werepassed on themonths are available for by the Plenary years of age.Apprenticeship training, like the day basis of the Programme adopted schools, is restricted to 10-ye'ar Meeting of the RomanianComMunist Party in courses of vocational and post-lyceum school graduates not older than19. Finally, courses November 1976. Affecting lyceum training foremen, lasting I to '1% vocational. education and highereducation, theseare provided-for years in day and 2 yearsin evening classes: decrees are recent additions tothe basic legislation The last of the three decrees is anamendment of . onRomanian education discussedearlier. classifying list of and operation of the Decree No. 147 of 1974 "on the The "decree on organization 'specialties and branches of study ininstitutions of lycee educational system"reiterates the current classifying list of educatiOn alreadyhigher education as well as on the structure and duration of lyceum ry-of---Educa- outlined ii', this report. ItprovideS, however, forinstitutes a ricrfaculties ofth-e--Minist lyceums by splittingtion." The most:significant aspects ofthis decree nine rather than eight types of of new speCializations the "sciences" type intotwo--"natural scienceare the creation of a number for student's in higher education and themerging of lycet-us"(withspecializationsinbiology- andgeology- certain types of faculties to provide widerfields. Of chemistry.,physics - chemistry, geared to physical lyceums"training for students. Both aspects appear geography) and. "mathematical- technological changes in'mathematics:physics,more rapid. adaptation to ..'(withspecializations through better and more broadly trainedprofes- "mathernatics-mechanics, mathematics-electro- mathernatics-sional manpower in engineering, :chemical, eco- teChnics, mathematics-electioniCs, nomic, and other fields. compu(ing, andphysics-electrotechnics. of The focus on integrating educationwith practi- A new element in thedecree is the replacement cal application ih theworld of work will apply to . 2-year postsecondaryspecialized education 13Y a students to learn a trade atall higher educationfields. The decree indicates "probation Stage"7for Conservatories 'and the stage is organized bythat all graduates of the places of work. The probation -the-exception-of-those lyreiims in conper2non with"production_units"Irtp.titut-of Fine-Arts rwith already in industrially linkedspecializations,_will and may be entered bystudents completing only the first stage of lyceumstudies, as well as thosealso be trained to become teachers. GLOSSARY OF SELECTED EDUCATIONAL. TERMINOLOGY

Romanian English Romanian English A preFoiar preschool or preprimary Academia Repubiiiii Academy of the Socialist Re- education Socialisfe Romania public of Romania primar primary or elementar Academie academy education Arhitect conductor architectural foreman profesional si tehnic vocational and technical education B superior higher education Bacalaureat Baccalaureate' teacher L C Carnet de student student record boOk Lector lecturer Catedrif department Legitimatia de student student identification card Certificat de absoliiire graduation certificate Liceu lyceum Comisia Superioard de High Commission on. Diplo- agricol. agricultural lyceum Diplome mas de anti art lyceum ComiSie de doctorat. doctoral commission specialitate specialize lyceum Comitetul de'stat al State Planning Committee economic economic lyceum industrial industrial lyceum ConferenEiar associate professor pedagogic teacher- training, lyceUm Conse-ruatbiie conservatory real real or science lyceum Consiliu council sanitar health - oriented lyceum Consiliul de conducere leadership council umanistic humanistic or academic lyceum profesoral faculty council or professorial council .master craftsman Curs de calificare qualifying course Maistru -7 perfeclionare refresher course Ministerul Educaiiei si Ministry of Education scurtd duratii short-term course lnvdfdmfnlului . po.stuniversitar postuniversity course 0 , . Oranizatia Pionierilor Pioneers' Organization D .

Pecan. dean 6. , . P ..., Departament department Partidul canunist Roman Romanian-Communist Party DiploMa diploma Prodecan , ° assistant dean i 'Director ,director Piorector deputy rector Directarat directorate Doctor. doctor- -docent in Itiinie doctor-docent-in-science Rector rector or chancellor or piesident Doctoral doc Lora to Republica Socialist Socialist Republic of Romania

.Rdmania E Examen de admitere `admission examination Exa baccalaureate examination Scoala ' school Examen de diploniti- diplorna examination de culnira generald . school of general education Sectia educigie invatarninteducation section 'of people's F councils Facultate school or facility Sectie.: section Sef decafe departmentchairman G jufrani project chcef tm . Gimnaziu __gy_mnash Stagifrde"preglitire preparation phaselor the Grddinid de copii kindergaften doctorate - GrupZde studeri$i student study group Subinginei junior engineer or subengineer

2 Inginer . engineer. jeza.de doctoral `,''doctoral theSis or dissertation InsPectOrat scolar school inspectorate Institut - institute U \ :6 7. , InvIIiiimtntul general compulsory general education Ucenicie la locul de munca on-the-job apprpiticeship obligatoriu ' Uniunea Studen: Union'of StUdentAssoci Ls liceal tgeum . tilor din Romania. -7.UASR of.Romania postuniversitar posfuniversity or postgraduate TineretuluiCOMunist Union of Comrnunist Youth education Universitate linivefsity :. .24 SELECTED REFERENCES Braham, Randolph L. Education in the RumanianPeople's Republic:- Ig.S. Department of Health, Education,and Welfare, - 0fficeofEducation _Washington,Q.C.: _U.S. Government Priming Office, 1963. 229 pp.' . Educationin Romania.: A Decade of Change. U.S. Department of Health, Education, andWelfare, Office of Government Printing Education. Washington, D.C.: U.S. . -I Office, 1972. 145 pp2 Education in the Socialist Republic of Romania.Bucharest :, Ministry of Education, 1975 and 1977. 44 pp.and 30 pp.,

.respectively. Romania. Yearbook 1975. Bucharest: Editura si tnciclopedicii, 1975, 105 pp. - 1 The Educatidn Law of the SocialistRepublic of Romania. Bucharest : Didactical and PedagogicalPublishing House, 1968. 62 pp. . The List Of Specialties in the Educatidn Systemof the Socialist Republic .of Romania. Bucharest;.Minisiry ofEducation, 1975.

. 48 pp: ..

For additional bibliographical referencesrelating to various aspects of Romanian educatiot, up to1962, see pp, 224-29 of this reference. 2 For additional bibliographicalreferences, relating to various aspeCts of Romanian education up to 1970, see pp.143-45 of this reference. The basic research wasconipleted by the authorin-Febiithry 1977. The final section in the text, "RecentDevelopments," was added by the international staff of theU.S. Office of Education in December 1977.

* U.S. GOVEFINMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1978 0-258-908