Development News: no. 1
Skarvig, Isabelle
Publication date: 2008
Citation for published version (APA): Skarvig, I. (Ed.) (2008). Development News: no. 1. Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen.
Download date: 24. sep.. 2021 DEVELOPMENT NEWS
n o . 1 •· m ar c h 2 0 0 8
Welcome to a new issue of the FLD newsletter. In this issue you can find brief updates on some of our on-going projects, as well as presentations of new members of our staff and new FLD publications. The last months of 2007 and first months of 2008 have been a busy period for FLD and our many partners, which should also be reflected in this newsletter. A new Per- formance Contract between FLD and other Danida supported centres at the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danida has been signed. The contract gives the direction and performance goals for the support in the period 2008-10. I wish you a pleasant reading!
Yours sincerely, Niels Elers Koch Director-General Forest & Landscape Denmark
Students and resource persons taking part in the Tropical Forest Landscape News from projects Restoration course held in Thailand
1. Tropical Forest Landscape Restora- ducting community-based forest management. tion in Southeast Asia - Field course Many of the Royal projects related to forestry and 6–27 Jan 2008 - FORRSA nature management were presented in situ. Com- Students and resource persons from 16 bining the above mentioned subjects with the countries met in Thailand for a 3 week insight in Thai-culture, provided by Dr. Damrong, course with focus on Tropical Forest and the students made a report on different relevant Landscape Restoration. The course started subjects, and surely went home with great know- with a theoretical session at Kasetsart ledge about forest and landscape restoration and University in Bangkok. The field courses Thai culture. Furthermore the course provided all included visits to a teak improvement participants with a great chance to create contacts centre, local NTFP markets, a forest fire with both students and resource persons for fu- control centre, a pine improvement centre, ture co-operation! community based forestry and water man- agement and a home-stay in a village con- Morten Alban Knudsen: [email protected] 2. Kyoto – Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project in 4. Training Workshop on ‘Delivering trees to farmers: im- South Africa proving strategies for germplasm supply’, 29th October As it’s name sug- Over the past 3 years Forest & Landscape - 2nd November 2007 at the World Agroforestry Centre gests, the CDM has been involved in forest-related CDM (ICRAF) in Nairobi facilitates Clean projects in South Africa. The CDM cov- Development. ers 14 sectoral scopes, of which only ICRAF and FLD have worked together closely on tree seed and Obsolete boilers 3 (energy industries, afforestation and seedling delivery issues for more than a decade. This training work- can be upgraded reforestation, and agriculture) are really shop was a collaborative exercise, drawing on the experiences of to the most mo- applicable to forestry and other land- the two institutions. It has been widely accepted that the poor per- dern combustion use practices. The Forest & Landscape formance of existing tree seed and seedling delivery systems, calls technology, resul- projects have been carried out together for a need to strategically rethink the operational means by which ting in ultra-low with Danish Forestry Extension A/S, a tree germplasm reaches smallholders, and the roles of current emissions and consulting firm specialising in setting up outgrower schemes, actors. The current strategy in the crop sector is improving the ef- greatly improved supplier associations and commercial supply chains for forest ficiency of decentralised, commercial supply systems, through en- efficiencies; the products. These projects have largely focused on the ‘energy hanced network development and by greater market orientation. cost being offset industry’ sector in that they have dealt with feasibility studies and Though relevant lessons from agriculture crops may be applied to by the sale of car- project design for biomass fired combined heat and power (CHP) trees, the two sectors have traditionally worked quite separate. bon credits to the plants. The biomass originates both from industrial plantations developed world. (pre-commercial thinnings, harvesting slash) and from ecologi- The course accommodated 28 participants from Asia, Africa and Lat- cal restoration projects, where large volumes of woody invasive in America, representing a wide range of stakeholders e.g. national aliens (predominantly Acacias, Pines and Eucalypts) are removed tree seed centres (TSC), non-governmental organizations (NGO), from threatened ecosystems. agencies involved in micro-enterprise development, commercial busi- nesses, research and extension services, and relevant regulators. Despite being a ‘powerhouse’ in sub-Saharan Africa, early predic- tions of S. Africa running low on power generating capacity by 2008 have proven quite accurate. Expansions on the 44000 MW installed capacity haven’t kept abreast of developments in the strong economic upturn, and the country has been subjected to periodic power outages since 2007. This, together with the in- centive of the sale of carbon credits or Certified Emission Reduc- tions (CER’s) that are issued through the CDM’s executive board, has meant that wood processing industries in particular are now eager to get projects up and running. The prime aim of the course was to enable participants to carry Forest & Landscape has expertise in the spectrum of disciplines out a thorough analysis of national tree seed supply systems drawn upon in designing a CDM project. This ranges from soil including interaction with other aspects of agroforestry practices carbon modelling, growth and yield modelling, technical harvest- and development and assessment of the different sources of tree ing and logistics skills, establishment of baselines, combustion germplasm for smallholders. Secondly the participants should be issues, social and environmental impact assessment as well as the able to identify crucial gaps of the present systems and suggest economics of natural resources and trade in the carbon market. possible improvements and intervention, possibly with adoptions As such, the centre offers a comprehensive support system to from crop supply practices. project developers while at the same time it gains access to inter- esting and diverse aspects of development research. Working group exercises generally indicated much common ground among different institutions in the definition of roles in Bruce Talbot: [email protected] supply systems, e.g. NGOs roles of providing technical support to farmers, meeting training needs and promotion of market access, and the National Agricultural Research Sector’s (NARS) role on 3. NuTree project started evaluation, improvement, and provision of elite material (in small The project “Improving food potential of West African Parkland quantities) of tree species. trees” – called “NuTree” was initiated in August 2007. The aim of the project is capacity building educating 4 African Ph.D Some different views were revealed in terms of the roles of TSCs, students in cooperation between local research institutions and NARS and small commercial dealers in provision of high quality University of Copenhagen. Three students are from Burkina Faso material germplasm of fruits and timber species. The crucial points and one from Mali. The research is focused on two of the most were the wider and more decentralized distribution of the small important multipurpose species in West Africa; the Baobab and suppliers (and to some degree the NARS) with better access to the African Locust Bean (Parkia). There are four research topics: farmers, versus the alleged better access to high quality germplasm Nutrient properties of the fruits and leafs, the adaptation of the by the TSCs. trees in relation to climate change, breeding of superior Baobab trees and vegetative improvement of Baobab and Parkia. The Apart from lectures and group work the workshop also included four Ph.D. students have started their projects including making a one day fieldtrip to the farm areas aroundN airobi. The fieldtrip plans and starting courses (see previous issue of Development focused on multi-farming systems and access to quality tree germ- News). The projects will run until July 2010. plasm.
Jan Svejgaard: [email protected] S øren Moestrup: [email protected]
Page development news no.1 • march 2008 >ck^iVi^dc 6[jijgZ[dgi]Zigde^XVa [dgZhihÄ[dgl]db4
HZb^cVgdci]ZZXdcdb^X!hdX^VaVcY Zck^gdcbZciVa^bedgiVcXZd[i]ZldgaYÉh igde^XVa[dgZhihVcYi]ZX]VaaZc\Zh[VX^c\i]Zb Dg\Vc^hZYWni]Z9Vc^h]8ZcigZ[dg;dgZhi!AVcYhXVeZVcYEaVcc^c\!Jc^kZgh^ind[8deZc]V\Zc
I]jghYVnBVn-!'%%-!%.#(%Ä&+#%%!6jY^idg^jb&#%& Jc^kZgh^ind[8deZc]V\Zc!;VXjaind[A^[ZHX^ZcXZh!7adlhkZ_&,!8deZc]V\Zc!9ZcbVg`
I]Z9Vc^h]8ZcigZ[dg;dgZhi!AVcYhXVeZVcYEaVcc^c\!Jc^kZgh^ind[8deZc]V\Zc!^cXdaaVWdgVi^dcVcYl^i] ÒcVcX^Vahjeedgi[gdbi]Z9A="
Photo: S. Sanogo distribution and habitat that has been described as giving off a smell similar karaba (Surinam). Pentadesma butyracea is native to West Africa, from to rancid butter, which may possibly attract bats for Guinea, Sierra-Leone and Cote d’Ivoire, Togo to the pollination. distribution and habitat
Democratic Republic of Congo, extending eastwards P The species is distributed from Senegal to Angola hoto TES Volume 6, Number 1 2007. into Tanzania and Uganda, where it is cultivated. and in East Africa, as well as being found in tropi- : B. S Some of the largest occurrences are in the region of cal America in the Amazon basin. Its habitat range the Atakora Mountains in Togo, and in humid for- ama includes lake-shores, riparian and mid-altitude forest, ests in Cote d’Ivoire. It is abundant in wet forests. In especially where drainage is impeded, and typically dryer forest it is found along river banks. It occurs Belem B., B. M. I. Nacoulma, R. Gbangou, S. Kambou, H. H. at 1100-1800 m altitude. It has also frequently been in specific savannah woodlands, and is a common recorded growing on sandy soils, generally at sea lev- species of dense evergreen forest. In very moist sites el. It is a common, but localised species. such as riverine and swamp forest the species develop stilt roots. In recent years, the species has been under Uses C. procera fruits Hansen, Q. Gausset, S. Lund, A. Raebild, D. Lompo, M. Oue- threat in many places, mainly in forest galleries, due The good quality reddish-brown timber, known as to its over-exploitation and unsustainable use. ‘Uganda crabwood’, resembles true mahogany and is fruit and seed description used for furniture and interior fittings. The fruit is ed- fruit: There are 1-3 capsules per infructescence, Uses Flower buds of P. butyracea ible and oil can be extracted from the seeds. Although which are 12-15 cm in diameter. The fruits are ob- It is a multipurpose species, with good quality wood little is known about how the species behaves in agro- long-ellipsoid, long-beaked, or truncate and short- draogo, I. Theilade and I. J. Boussim 2007. Use of Non Wood which is used for construction, fences and as fire- flowering and fruiting habit forestry systems, its potential as a multipurpose (oil- beaked, with ridges along each valve. There are c. 3- wood. The wood is hard and not often attacked by The species has a regular annual, but discontinuous wood) crop seems great. 7 seeds per capsule. The capsules open at the apex insects. The young stems are used as chewing sticks fruiting period of about nine months. Fruits, flowers and the base, simultaneously. and are also made into combs. The fruits are direct- and flower buttons can be found on the same individual Botanical description Seed: The seeds are dark brown and shiny. A typical ly consumed. It is a high oil producing species; the at one time. Flowering starts in July and August and Forest Products by local people bordering the »Parc National This species varies from being a sprawling tree in seed measures c. 3 cm in length and they have a thou- odourless oil extracted from the seeds is used as a reaches its maximum in October/November. Fruiting swamp forest, to a tall tree in lowland rain forest. It is sand seed weight of 12-35 kg. The kernel contains c. vegetable butter, and to make candles and soaps. The occurs with the start of flowering and fruits mature typically an understorey tree, up to 25 m tall, Seedbut usu- 55% oil. LeafLet seed fat is used as an insecticide for lice. The bark is between April and June. The species has also been de- ally smaller, with branches that are widespread and No. 134 December 2007
Photo: H. Vautier Seed LeafLet used to treat diarrhoea and dysentery. The tree is also scribed as having discontinuous and bi-annual fruiting arching, and no buttresses. The bark is reddish and Kaboré Tambi«, Burkina Faso. TES Vol. 6, No. 1. planted for soil conservation. periodsNo. in Côte-d’Ivoire; 133 December first 2007 in February-April and in smooth. The imparipinnate leaves are very variable July-September. in size, up to 1.5 m long, and mostly clustered at Sterculiathe setigera delile Botanical description end of branchlets, with a terminal dormant glandular Sterculia quinqueloba (Garcke) K. Schum Pentadesma butyracea is a semi deciduous species, fruit and seed description leaflet. It has taxonomy6-18 pairs of and opposite nomenclature or subopposite The flowers are c. 12 mm in diameter, and are partly losing its leaves during the dry season. The fruit: The fruits are reddish-green, broadly ellipsoid Gausset, G., J. F. Lund, I. Theilade, I. Nathan, H. Hansen, A. leaflets, usuallyfamily oblong-elliptic: Sterculiaceae or oblanceolate-ellip- produced on shoots from the previous year. taxonomy and nomenclature tree can reach up to 35 m high and about 1.30 m in and pointed, up to 11 cm broad and 15 cm long berries tic, up to 40 x 16Synonyms cm. The :leaflets Sterculia are tomentosa a bright glossyGuill. & Perr., S. ci- family: Sterculiaceae diameter. It has a straight cylindrical trunk, with hori- containing yellow flesh with several seeds embedded green above, withnerea sparse A. Rich. hairs on the midrib, and lat- Vernacular/common names: English names include zontal and whorled branches. The bark is brownish in it. An adult tree can produce up to 500 fruits. An in- eral nerves. TheVernacular/common first seedling leaves namesare simple.: English The name: karaya large-leaved star chestnut and large-leaved sterculia. with fissures presented in small longitudinal rectangles. dividual fruit weighs an average of 0.60 kg, of which inflorescence isgum a pyramidaltree; Local panicle,names: tartar,which faider is much and telieh, posem- Local names include: mkweranyani (Kiswahili), mk- G. Mugasha, Y. Ngaga, S. K. Andersen, S. T. Nielsen 2007. The slash yields a thick yellow juice, which dries to approximately 0.12 kg is seed. branched and upporgo to 70 (Mooré), cm long. kongosira (Bambara). welandege (Kisukuma, Kihehe, Kisangu), mkungu- a reddish gum. It has pairs of ex-stipulate, simple, Seed: There are 3 to 10 seeds embedded in the yel- The white and pink fragrant flowers have 5, (some- langa, mguwa (Kinyamwezi). entire leaves, 10-22 cm long, 3.5-7 cm broad, with lowish fruit pulp. The seeds are large with flattened times 6) petals thatdistribution are 5-6 mm and in length. habitat C. procera seeds numerous close parallel lateral nerves. The leaves sides and dark red embryos from which the oil is ex- The species is widespread in tropical Africa and is com- distribution and habitat are streaked and spotted with resin glands; glandular tracted. The average thousand seed weight is 30 kg. Why combine private and communal tree management? A case- mon locally. The natural distribution range stretches Sterculia quinqueloba is native to hot and dry regions from SenegalForest to & CameroonLandscape Denmark in West • Hørsholm Africa, Kongevej eastwards 11 • DK-2970 Hørsholm of sub-Saharan Africa. It occurs at medium to low alti- Forest & Landscape Denmark • Hørsholm Kongevej 11 • DK-2970 Hørsholm to Eritrea, and southwardsEmail: [email protected] to Angola. It grows • Website: in Sa- www.SL.ku.dk tudes, on hill slopes, in deciduous woodland and bush- vannah type vegetation on a variety of soil types, thriv- weld. It is alsoEmail: commonly [email protected] found on rocky • Website: outcrops www.SL.ku.dk and ing on poor soils as well as on hilly/stony sites. Not hills in woodland. Not classified on the IUCN red list study based in Majawanga (Gairo, Tanzania). TES Volume 6, classified on the IUCN Red list of threatened species. of threatened species.
Uses Uses The wood is white and very soft, which makes it Sterculia quinqueloba is an important species because Number 1 2007. unsuitable for fuel wood and charcoal. It is there- of its potential to produce ‘Karaya’ gum, which has fore used for non timber forest products (NTFP). It several applications in industry and by local communi- is used for insulation and concealed items in car- ties. It has shown potential to produce gum of similar pentry. The tree produces a water-soluble gum (ka- properties and value as Sterculia urens gum, which is raya). This can be tapped and used in cooking as an produced and used in India as emulsifier and stabiliser Nathan, I. J. F. Lund, Q. Gausset and S. K. Andersen, 2007. emulsifier, stabiliser and viscosifier; the gum is used Sterculia setigera. From Berhaut, J. Flore Illustrée du Sénégal, in the food industry. The wood is reddish brown and of Internet source: www.cact.cz/niviny/2003/10/Na- medically as a laxative, diuretic and tranquilliser, Direction des Eaux et Forêts, Government du Sénégal, 1975 relatively poor quality; it is mainly used for furniture, mibia and technically as an adhesive and for glazing pot- coffin making and other light constructions. The fibre tery. The bark is used for rope making and the bark flowering and fruiting habit rich bark is used for ropes and mats. The species is flowering and fruiting habit sap can be made into a refreshing drink. In local Dioecious. Flowering usually occurs during the sec- also used as an ornamental tree. Despite its poor wood Flowering occurs at the same time as the young leaves, On the Promises of Devolution: Overcoming the Constraints of medicine the bark is also used to treat snake bites, ond half of the dry season, either before or in con- quality for timber, fuelwood and charcoal, the species in the Sahelian area generally between January and leprosy, syphilis, coughs, bronchitis, rickets and in- nection with leaf flushing. The tree flowers in the Sa- is facing rapid depletion of large individuals in its natu- May. Fruiting generally occurs during the raining sea- sanity. The seeds can be eaten and contain an edible helian region between February and April with fruit ral habitat. son between June and October. oil, while the leaves are used as fodder for cattle. maturation in December. Natural Resource Management in a Village in Tanzania. TES Vol- Botanical description fruit and seed description Botanical description fruit and seed description Mostly occurring as a small tree of 5-12 m in height, fruit: The fruit is a woody capsule comprising of 3- A deciduous tree, growing to c.16 m, with a fruit: Compound dry fruits composed of 3-5 sepa- but it can reach 25 m. The bark is pale cream to pink- 5 separate follicles, each up to 6 by 3 cm, which are spreading open crown and large twisted branches. rate boat-shaped follicles, which are arranged to form ish brown, smooth and slightly shiny; it peals off to brown and covered by short golden hairs. At maturity The bark is grey to purple in colour and flakes to a star shape. Each follicle is 6-10 cm long and 4-5 cm reveal a silvery, pale inner layer. Branches are thick each section splits along one side to reveal 2-3 seeds, ume 6, Number 1 2007. reveal a greenish-yellow smooth bark beneath. If across, with a pointed apex. They are velvety outside and stiff. The leaves are simple and crowded at the which are attached to the edge of the opening among the bark is cut it reveals a red inside and exudes a and inside with pungent bristles along the placenta ends of the branches. The leaves are a dark yellowish long hairs. white gum and watery sap. The leaves are simple, line where the seeds attach. They have a thin wall, green above and grey-yellowish below. The leaves Seed: Mature seeds are black, c. 8-6 mm long, ob- alternate, 6-20 cm long and 6-20 cm wide, with under 5 mm thick, and are greenish or brown when are conspicuously 5 lobed, usually veined from the long-ellipsoid with a small inconspicuous aril. The av- 3-5 triangular lobes. They are covered with stel- ripe. Each part of the fruit contains c. 12 seeds. base and typically 15-40 by 15-40 cm in size. erage fresh seed weight is c. 10 g. These seeds are late hairs on both sides, but more densely on the Seed: The deep-purple coloured ellipsoid seeds are The flowers are unisexual, yellow and c. 5 mm in endospermic and contain c. 28% oil. underside. 10-14 mm in length, and have a mean thousand seed diameter. They are terminal many flowered panicles, The flowers are unisexual, apetalous, pedicellate, weight of 350 g. Each seed has a small yellow-brown about 9-30 cm long. with 5-lobed conical calyx. They are green or aril at the base where it attaches to the fruit. The seed The articles are available from http://www.journal-tes.dk/ yellowish in colour, and striped or tinged red inside. contains c. 26% oil.
Forest & Landscape Denmark • Hørsholm Kongevej 11 • DK-2970 Hørsholm Email: [email protected] • Website: www.SL.ku.dk Forest & Landscape Denmark • Hørsholm Kongevej 11 • DK-2970 Hørsholm Email: [email protected] • Website: www.SL.ku.dk
Articles Development and Environment Series Mustalahti I.H., Nathan I. 2007. Constructing and sustaining Mbora, A. and Lillesø, JPB 2007. Sources of tree seed and veg- participatory forest management: lessons from Tanzania, Mozam- etative propagation of trees around Mt. Kenya bique, Laos and Vietnam. Paper presented at the 5th IUFRO Brandi, B., Lillesø, J.P.B., Moestrup, S. and Kisera, H.K. 2007. European Conference ‘Forest and Forestry in the Context of Rual Do organisations provide quality seed to smallholders? Development’, Warsaw, Polen 6. - 08. september, 2007 Working papers Costa e Silva, J.C. 2007. Evaluation of an intenational series of Pinus kesiya provenance trials for adaptive, growth and wood Note: All publications published by FLD, e.g. Develop- quality traits ment and Environment, Seed Leaflets, Working Papers Bergstedt, A. (ed.) 2007. Larch wood - a literature review and most ’Other Publications’ can be downloaded free Sanou, H., Korbo, A., Tougani, A., Rabiou, A., Kambou, S., of charge from our homepage, where you can also read Ouedraogo, M., Diallo, B.O., Parkouda, C., Ræbild, A., more about distributon of hard copies. Jensen, J.S. 2007. Protocol for establishment of trials with http://en.sl.life.ku.dk > Forskning > DevelopmentEnvironment Baobab and Tamarind within the SAFRUIT project > PUblications.aspx Olsson, A. and Emmett, D. (Eds.) 2007. A floral and faunal biodiversity assessment of Prey Long
Editor: Lars Schmidt For electronic subscription: Development News is published free of charge. The newsletter Forest & Landscape Denmark www.SL.life.ku.dk>Publications>Newsletters is financed by the Danish International Development Assistance Rolighedsvej 23 For paper copy please email to: (DANIDA) through the performance contract between Danida DK-1958 Frederiksberg [email protected] and Forest & Landscape Denmark