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Medicinal Properties of Malabar Tamarind [Garcinia Cambogia (Gaertn.) DESR.]

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Medicinal Properties of Malabar Tamarind [Garcinia Cambogia (Gaertn.) DESR.] Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 19(2), Mar – Apr 2013; nᵒ 20, 101-107 ISSN 0976 – 044X Review Article Medicinal Properties of Malabar Tamarind [Garcinia Cambogia (Gaertn.) DESR.] Tharachand, Immanuel Selvaraj*, Mythili avadhani School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] Accepted on: 20-02-2013; Finalized on: 31-03-2013. ABSTRACT The parts of the plant Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr. commonly known as Malabar tamarind, have been used by many Asian countries in traditional medicine for treating intestinal parasites, constipation, cancer, piles, bowel complaints, rheumatism, edema, delayed menstruation, demulcent, bilious affections and other diseases. The root contains the xanthone called garbogiol. The bark of the stem contains benzophenones such as garcinol and isogarcinol. Malabar tamarind is shown to possess antioxidant, antihelmintic, anticattarhal, anti-cancer and antimicrobial activities. The rind of the fruit is the most extensively studied part of the plant. Hydroxycitric acid, the most abundant constituent of the fruit rind apart from the other constituents, has reported to be the active principle for many of its useful properties. The ethanol extract of the leaves and the fruit have been shown to possess invitro antihelmintic activity. This review paper describes the chemical compounds present in Malabar tamarind, their therapeutic applications and their occurrence in different parts of the plant. Keywords: Malabar tamarind, Garcinia cambogia, Guttiferones, Hydroxycitric acid, Xanthones. INTRODUCTION scavenging activity of flavonoids depend on the position of hydroxyl groups and other chemical features7. It was alabar tamarind is a tropical tree from India, Sri studied that dietary flavonoids have protective role in Lanka, Africa and Malaysia. It is a coronary heart disease. The mortality due to coronary dicotyledonous tree belonging to the family M heart disease is observed to reduce in cases with intake of Guttiferae (Clusiaceae). The genus Garcinia comprises dietary flavonoids 9. Benzophenones are organic group of around 200 species throughout the world in which most aromatic ketones having the parent compound of them are located in the Southeast Asia and African diarylketone which have wide applications in continents. Out of the reported 200 species, 36 species pharmaceutical industry8. Substituted benzophenones were reported from India. The tree is found in the such as oxybenzone and dioxybenzone are used in evergreen forests of Western Ghats at an altitude of 6000 sunscreen lotions. As the plant has a wide range of ft which extend in the states of Maharashtra, Goa, biologically active compounds showing broader activity Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu. It is a semi- range, the evaluation of the medicinal properties of the domesticated crop in Kerala state of India1. Rural areas of plant enhances its exploration. Ernakulam and Kottayam districts of Kerala, Tuticorin and Dindigul districts of Tamilnadu and Uttar Kannad district XANTHONES ISOLATED FROM MALABAR TAMARIND of Karnataka are the specific pockets for the cultivation Oxy-guttiferons are a group of xanthones which are tetra and export of Garcinia cambogia. Trees grow to a height cyclic in nature. Masullo et al isolated oxy-guttiferone K of 20 m have rounded crown. The branches are thin and for the first time from the natural source G. cambogia soft, drooping or horizontal. Leaves are dark green, fruits10. The same author later discussed the isolation shining, ovate in shape, ranging 2½ to 3½ inch in length, 1 procedure and structure of oxy-guttiferones M, oxy- to 1½ inch broad. Fruits are ovoid in shape having 1 to 1½ guttiferone K and oxy-guttiferone I11. A new Xanthone, inch in diameter, yellow or red in color with 6-8 grooves. 2 Garbogiol along with the known xanthone, Fruit pulp contains 5 to 8 big seeds which are surrounded rheediaxanthone A was reported from the root of by a succulent aril. The tree flowers from December to Garcinia cambogia13. Different xanthones and their February and fruits from March to June. occurrence in different parts of the plant are given in Malabar tamarind has been shown to contain a variety of table 1 and the reported biological activities of xanthones secondary metabolites such as xanthones2, flavonoids3 for Garcinia cambogia and from other Garcinia species and benzophenones4. Xanthones are oxygenated are also summarized in table 2. In addition to the mode of heterocyclic compounds present in higher plants. action of xanthones, with relevance to their biological Xanthone nucleus is symmetric and is known as xanthen- activity, the present data may help in designing new and 9H-ones or 9-xanthenone or dibenzo-γ-pyrone. The efficient structures for the discovery of xanthone based biological activities of these compounds depend on the drugs. The chemical structures for the above mentioned different substituent’s position and nature5. Flavonoids xanthones are illustrated in the figures 1-3. are polyphenolic compounds which are remarkable group of plant metabolites. The antioxidant and free radical International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 101 Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 19(2), Mar – Apr 2013; nᵒ 20, 101-107 ISSN 0976 – 044X Table 1: Xanthones isolated from Garcinia cambogia Table 2: Summary of reported biological activities of xanthones Part of the plant Xanthone Ref xanthone is isolated Activity Experimental details Ref Oxy-guttiferone M Fruit 11 Vasodilatory Vaso-active in coronary artery 27 Moderate activity on chloroquino- Antimalarial 28 Oxy-guttiferone K Fruit 10, 11 resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum Rheediaxanthone A Roots 13 Inhibitory effect on Epstein-Barr virus Antiviral activity 29 early antigen Oxy-Guttiferone K2 and I Fruit 11 Showed inhibitory activity against HL-60 Human Leukemia 30 cell line Reported mangostin as a potential anti 31 melanoma agent Cytotoxic activity Cytotoxic potency is higher in xanthones with greater number of prenyl 35 substitutes HO O O α-glucosidase Inhibited α-glucosidase, α-chymotrypsin 32 activity properties CNS Inhibited rat microsomal MAO A HO pharmacological 33 activity O O Platelet activating PAF receptor binding was inhibited in 34 Figure 1: Chemical structure of Oxy-guttiferone K factor (PAF) rabbit platelets Antioxidant activity is due to the Anti oxidant formation of prooxidant-derived 36 activity antioxidant OH Anti-proliferative Active against Drosophila S2 cells 37 activity HO O O Induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Colon cancer 38 human colon cancer DLD-1 cells O OH Figure 2: Chemical structure of Oxy-guttiferone M OH O OH OH O O OH O O O O OH Figure 3: Chemical structure of Rheediaxanthone A Figure 4: Chemical structure of Garcinol BENZOPHENONES ISOLATED FROM MALABAR TAMARIND Table 3: Benzophenones isolated from various parts of the plant Benzophenones garcinol and isogarcinol were isolated 13 from the bark of G.cambogia . The compound garcinol is Benzophenone Part of the plant used Ref also termed as camboginol, as it is for the first time reported from Garcinia cambogia. The occurrence of Guttiferone I, J and N Fruit 10 benzophenones in various parts of the plant is reported in Guttiferone M Fruit 10, 11 table 3. The strong antioxidant activity of garcinol is Guttiferone K Fruit 10, 12 attributed to the presence of both phenolic hydroxyl groups and β-diketone moiety14. The summarization of Garcinol/camboginol Root 13 anticancer activity of garcinol and observation recorded is Isogarcinol Root 13 in table 4. The chemical structure for garcinol is illustrated in figure 4. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 102 Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 19(2), Mar – Apr 2013; nᵒ 20, 101-107 ISSN 0976 – 044X Table 4: Anti-Cancer Activity of Garcinol guttiferone F are mentioned in figures 5 and 6 Cell lines used respectively. Cancer type Observations recorded Ref for the study Garcinol induced the KBM5 expression of death receptors 15 in these cell lines OH O O OH Leukemia Showed significantly growth U937, K562, suppression due to activation 16 NB4, HL60 of caspase-3 mediated OH O apoptosis Prostate LNCaP, C4-2B, Down regulation of NF–kappa 17 cancer PC-3 B signal pathway Figure 5: Chemical structure of guttiferone A Pancreatic Down regulation of NF–kappa BxPC3 17 cancer B signal pathway OH Lung Potent inhibition of PGE2 and A549 LT formation without marked 18 O O OH cancer inhibition of COX isoenzymes. Garcinol induced the MDA, MB231, OH O expression of death receptors 15 MCF7 Breast in these cell lines. cancer MCF7, MDA- Down regulation of NF–kappa 17 MB231 B signal pathway. Figure 6: Chemical structure of guttiferone F HT-29, HCT-116, Inhibitory effect on intestinal Table 5: Summary of the reported biological activities of ICE-6 cells based on Caspase-3 19 guttiferones Colon activation. Compound Activity Experimental details Ref cancer Male F344 rats Induction of liver GST and QR, - showed significant activity inhibition of O2 and NO 20 Leishmanicidal Guttiferone A on Leishmania (L.) 41 generation. activity amazonensis HeLa core By non-specific inhibition 300 Permeabilizes mitochondrial Histones-P 21 Guttiferone A Anticancer activity 42 membrane HAT inhibition HeLa cells Against pathogenic fungi Guttiferone A Antifungal activity 43 HeLa Histones By inhibiting HAT-activity Candida species dependent chromatin 22 Antiproteolytic
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