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Tamarindus Indica L.) Populations in the W National Park of Benin

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Tamarindus Indica L.) Populations in the W National Park of Benin Original article Impact of habitat type on the conservation status of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) populations in the W National Park of Benin Adandé Belarmain FANDOHAN1*, Achille Ephrem ASSOGBADJO1, Romain Lucas GLELE KAKAÏ1, Brice SINSIN1, Patrick VAN DAMME2 1 Lab. Appl. Ecol. Fac. Agron. Impact of habitat type on the conservation status of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Sci., Univ. Abomey-Calavi, 01 populations in the W National Park of Benin. BP 526, Cotonou, Benin Abstract –– Introduction. The conservation status of many wild fruit tree species that support rural [email protected] people in Africa remains poorly documented despite its importance for their management. We compared the viability of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) populations, a dry land species that has nutritional, medici- 2 Lab. Trop. Subtrop. Agric. nal and cultural importance for rural communities, under different human-pressure levels. Materials and Ethnobot., Dep. Plant Prod., methods. The data relative to the tree diameter and height as well as the number of adults and stems were collected in plots of inventory and made it possible to calculate the dendrometric parameters for Fac. Biosci. Eng., Univ. Ghent, each targeted population, and to establish their diameter distribution. The dendrometric characteristics Coupure Links 653, B-9000, were analyzed by using nonparametric tests and the diameter distribution was adjusted to a truncated Ghent, Belgium normal distribution. Results and discussion. Numbers of mature tamarind trees per hectare and regene- ration (expressed as stem·ha–1) were relatively low, suggesting tamarind populations may not be self- rejuvenating. Nonetheless, significant variation occurred between habitat types (P < 0.001). Mature tree density in gallery forests [(18.2 ± 10.1) trees·ha–1] was three to eight times higher than that of savannah woodlands [(5 ± 4.5) trees·ha–1] and farmlands [(2.5 ± 0.4) trees·ha–1]. Young plants followed the same trend, with (11.2 ± 9.3) plants·ha–1, (1.1 ± 0.6) plants·ha–1, and 0.00 plants·ha–1, respectively. Diameter size class distributions departed from normality (P < 0.0001) and coefficient of skewness was positive irrespective of habitat type, indicating declining populations. However, median diameter values would suggest the species’ populations in farmlands and savannah woodlands to be more vulnerable than those occurring in gallery forests. These findings would suggest that gallery forests best suit tamarind in situ conservation. The observed severe reduction of trees and juveniles in farmlands and woodlands may negatively impact the long-term viability of tamarind populations. Juveniles’ introduction into farmlands may be needed to ensure conservation in agroforestry systems. Benin / Tamarindus indica / resource conservation / habitats / stand characteristics / forest inventories / anthropic influence Impact du type d'habitat sur la conservation des populations du tamarinier (Tamarindus indica L.) dans le parc national du W au Bénin. Résumé –– Introduction. Le statut de conservation de nombreuses espèces fruitières sauvages dont dépendent les populations rurales en Afrique demeure mal documenté en dépit de son importance pour la gestion de leurs populations. Nous avons comparé la viabilité des populations de tamariniers (Tama- rindus indica), espèce ayant une importance alimentaire, médicinale et culturelle pour les communautés rurales, sous différents degré de pression humaine. Matériel et méthodes. Les données relatives au dia- mètre et hauteur des arbres ainsi que le nombre d’adultes et de juvéniles ont été collectées dans des pla- cettes d’inventaire et ont permis de calculer, pour chaque population ciblée, les paramètres dendrométriques et d’établir la distribution des diamètres. Les caractéristiques dendrométriques ont été analysées en utilisant des tests non paramétriques et la distribution des diamètres a été ajustée à une dis- tribution normale tronquée. Résultats et discussion. Le nombre de tamariniers adultes et la régénération (exprimée en nombre de tiges·ha–1) ont été relativement faibles, suggérant que les populations de tama- * Correspondence and reprints riniers ont une faible capacité à se régénérer. Néanmoins, une différence significative est apparue en fonction du type d'habitat (P < 0,001). La densité des arbres adultes dans les forêts de galerie [(18,2 ± 10,1) arbres·ha–1] a été trois à huit fois plus élevée que dans les savanes boisées [(5 ± 4,5) arbres·ha–1] et dans les terres cultivées [(2,5 ± 0,4) arbres·ha–1]. Les jeunes plants ont exprimé la même tendance avec (11,2 ± 9,3) plants·ha–1, (1,1 ± 0,6) plants.ha–1 et 0 plant·ha–1, respectivement. La Received 18 December 2008 distribution des diamètres s’est écartée de la distribution normale (P < 0,0001) et le coefficient d’asymé- Accepted 10 June 2009 trie a été positif quel soit le type d'habitat, indiquant des populations en déclin. Cependant, la valeur médiane des diamètres suggèrerait que les populations de T. indica dans les terres cultivées et dans les savanes boisées sont plus vulnérables que celle des forêts galerie. Ces résultats indiquent que les forêts Fruits, 2010, vol. 65, p. 11–19 galerie conviendraient le mieux à la conservation in situ du tamarinier. La diminution critique des arbres © 2010 Cirad/EDP Sciences et jeunes plants observée dans les terres cultivées et les savanes boisées pourrait influencer négativement All rights reserved la viabilité à long terme des populations de tamariniers. L'introduction de jeunes plants dans les zones de culture pourrait être nécessaire pour assurer la conservation de T. indica dans des systèmes d’agroforesterie. DOI: 10.1051/fruits/2009037 www.fruits-journal.org Bénin / Tamarindus indica / conservation des ressources / habitat / RESUMEN ESPAÑOL, p. 19 caractéristique du peuplement / inventaire forestier / influence anthropique Fruits, vol. 65 (1) 11 Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.fruits-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2009037 A.B. Fadohan et al. 1. Introduction regeneration in tamarind populations has been reported as being not assured at all [1] Many tropical fruit trees are not the objects but, to date, very few studies have directly of large world markets, but still have con- addressed tamarind populations’ structure siderable importance in local and national nor the causes underlying lack of regener- economies, being harvested by rural popu- ation using dendrometric characteristics and lations for local consumption and commer- diameter size distribution. Thus, the popu- cialization on a small scale [1]. Interest in lation status of T. indica remains poorly these species has reached a peak with new documented and understood, as for many initiatives in agroforestry. These initiatives wild fruit trees that support rural popula- seek to integrate, into tropical farming sys- tions in Africa [15]. There is therefore a need tems, indigenous trees whose products have to document T. indica current populations’ traditionally been gathered from natural for- conservation status, in order to generate ests [2], in order to provide marketable prod- information that would allow guiding the ucts from farms that will generate cash for design of comprehensive intervention strat- resource-poor rural households. To sustain egies for the species’ conservation and this goal, many studies have addressed mor- enhanced utilization. phometric, genetic variabilities among and Our study was therefore initiated with the within populations and fruiting potential aim of examining the impact of different (for example, baobab [3, 4], Sclerocarya [5], habitat types, farmlands, savannah wood- Vitellaria [6], Irvengia [7], Detarium [8]). lands and gallery forests with different land However, efforts in this direction are limited use models (that is, human pressure), on the by lack of information about the conserva- conservation status of T. indica popula- tion status of populations of most of these tions, using dendrometric characteristics important multipurpose trees. and diameter size class distributions of the Like most other tropical countries, Benin trees as indicators of populations’ viability. ecosystems are full of multipurpose tree The research was undertaken posing the fol- species [9]. Tamarindus indica L. is a semi- lowing questions: is the population struc- evergreen multipurpose tree species of the ture of T. indica independent of habitat type Fabaceae family. The species occurs in most and human pressure? Which habitat type tropical countries in a wide range of habitats may best suit T. indica in situ conservation? ranging from natural stands to anthropo- genic areas. It is a tree species that has nutri- tional, medicinal and cultural importance 2. Materials and methods for rural communities [10, 11]. To date it has shown a high economic value and has been 2.1. Study area chosen as a model species to be domesti- cated in Sub-Saharan Africa [12]. Studies on Our study was carried out on a number of the species in Asia and Africa have docu- tamarind populations established within the mented its domestication potential in terms W national park of Benin and around, where of socio-cultural and nutritional values, and the species has been documented to occur aptitude for seed and vegetative propaga- in different habitats [16]. The sampled region tion [11]. The species’ distribution in Africa is located in the sudanian climatic zone has been mapped [13]. Although not between lat. 11° 40’ N to 12° 23’ N and long. exhaustive, it has given evidence of the spe- 2° 2’ E to 3° 2’ E, coinciding with up to 80% cies’ plasticity under tropical areas. of the W National Park of Benin (figure 1). Recent work based on neutral molecular- The mean annual rainfall is about 950 mm genetic markers [14] has highlighted a high and soils are mainly ferruginous [16]. genetic diversity in West African popula- The study was undertaken in three dif- tions, indicating no immediate risk of ferent vegetation types; gallery forests, genetic erosion in this region, as long as eco- savannah woodlands and farmlands. In logical conditions continue to permit regen- both gallery forest and savannah woodland eration. In West Africa, the maintenance of habitats, T.
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