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473817 1 En Bookfrontmatter 1..67 The Metal Road of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe Jianhua Yang • Huiqiu Shao • Ling Pan The Metal Road of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe The Formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road 123 Jianhua Yang Huiqiu Shao Jilin University Jilin University Changchun, China Changchun, China Ling Pan Jilin University Changchun, China Translated by Haiying Pan, Zhidong Cui, Xiaopei Zhang, Wenjing Xia, Chang Liu, Licui Zhu, Li Yuan, Qing Sun, Di Yang, Rebecca O’ Sullivan. ISBN 978-981-32-9154-6 ISBN 978-981-32-9155-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9155-3 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword The vast steppe in the Northern Zone of China is an integral part of the south-eastern Eurasian Steppe. Its cultural connection with the Eurasian Steppe has been of interest to both Chinese and foreign scholars. Prior to Prof. Yang Jianhua and her colleagues writing this book, this topic has been uncharted territory for previous Chinese scholars. It is, therefore, gratifying that they have obtained the privilege to speak on behalf of Chinese scholars to the international academic community. Moreover, this opportunity serves as a reward for the two to three generations of Chinese fieldworkers who have laboured for decades on archaeo- logical sites in the expansive steppe in the Northern Zone of China. This book, in the words of the author “is a picture of the endless interweaving of various links and interactions”. “It is a historical picture scroll of the exchanges of cultures represented by metalware between the Northern Zone of China and the Eurasian Steppe, which lasted for 2000 years from the second millennium B.C.”. Although it may contain some blanks or limitations, this picture scroll, intertwined with the researchers’ hard work, is sure to extend Chinese archaeologists’ depth of knowledge to the Anglophone world, which, in turn, will provide new areas of interest and avant-garde ideas for future excavation and research. As Chinese archaeology moves towards the world, it will likewise be welcome worldwide. This book also offers the authors’ insights into the cultural connection between the steppe in the Northern Zone of China and the Eurasian Steppe. After reading it, I think what deserves substantial credit in this book are the following: At the forefront is locating a “Northern Zone-the Mongolian Plateau Metallurgical Province” on the eastern Eurasian Steppe. Growing from the begin- ning of the second millennium B.C., this metallurgical province came into being in the second half of the second millennium B.C. and covers a vast area including the Northern Zone of China, the Mongolian Plateau, Transbaikal, and the Minushinsk Basin further west, spreading eastern culture westward. By the middle of the first millennium B.C., when the steppe was generally nomadic, and western culture was pushing eastward towards the Steppe, the eastern Asian Steppe kept its original eastern traditions. v vi Foreword The dichotomy of eastern and western Chinese Northern bronzes presented in this book is based on the original data analysis, and it provides a crucial method for future research. It is essential to differentiate eastern and western “bronzes of the Northern Zone of China” at different eras. The chaotic concepts of “Karasuk Style,” “Scythia Style”,or“Ordos Style” used in the past should be abandoned, and new concepts should be proposed. Indeed, the demarcation between the eastern and the western bronzes in different times demands further research, and the mineral and metallurgical centres of the Northern Zone-the Mongolian Plateau Metallurgical Province require additional fieldwork to make this perspective more convincing. The second major innovation of this work is to use specific examples to further develop David Christian’s perspective further that “the driving force of social development in the Eurasian inland mainly comes from the frontier areas between the agricultural areas and the south”, more specifically from the general idea that “barbarians engaged in agriculture” in the Northern Zone of China. Chinese archaeologists should emphasize the discovery and research of the “Rong and Di (戎狄)” remains, which are rarely mentioned in the literature. The study of the “Rong and Di” remains ought to be raised to its due position not only in Eurasian Steppe history but also in the history of the Central Plain of China. The third innovation is the study of the origin of the Xiongnu, which should focus on the eastern part of the entire Asian steppe, as the traditional culture there is the historical foundation for the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation. The study of the origin of the Xiongnu should concentrate neither solely on the Northern Zone of China, as was done before the 1990s, nor only on the Mongolian Plateau. The approach to solving this historical mystery should take into consideration both the historical tradition of “the Northern Zone-the Mongolian Plateau Metallurgical Province” and the changes of the metallurgical province following the widespread of nomadism in the steppe. Indeed, in such an old and extensive topic, it is impossible to reach a consensus on the complex phenomena of specific metal artifacts alone. This book can only be considered as a foundation for readers’ bold speculation. Enjoying the privilege of being among the first groups of readers of this book, I feel obliged to impart my thoughts on the matter. The most significant feature of this book is that it provides a panoramic view of the Eurasian Steppe during the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age to explain the archaeological remains in the Northern Zone of China. There are limitations when exploring Chinese ancient literature, which is usually relied on as the main advantage of Chinese archaeology, pinpointing areas of interest and inspiring ideas for study. To illustrate, the literature is only used in Sect. 5.2, Chap. 5, in analysing the division of the northern Great Wall region into two different cultural systems during the Eastern Zhou period. In so doing, the conclusion is drawn that the Rong and Di were in the south of this region, and the Hu (胡) were in the north (I still reserve my opinion that the Hu (胡) and the Rong and Di should be distinguished by ethnic group, not by the artifacts that they used). However, in a broader range of time, especially in the Spring and Autumn period described in the Zuozhuan (〈〈左 传〉〉), Zuo’s Commentary on “The Spring and Autumn Annals” not only the Baidi Foreword vii (白狄), an important tribe of the Di, was in the west of the Yellow River, but also the Chidi (赤狄), another important tribe of the Di, was in the south-east of Shanxi Province. Since the Zuozhuan says, “the Di’s vast land could be annexed to the territory of Jin Kingdom”, the Rong and Di were distributed in most of Shanxi Province, the names of “Rong” and “Di” could be exchanged, and no strict dis- tinction existed between them. In the early Spring and Autumn period, the Di attacked Xing and Wei Kingdoms which were located to the east of Taihang Mountains, only to force Xing to move to Yiyi (夷仪) and Wei to Chuqiu (楚丘), then later to Diqiu (帝丘). After the Di exterminated Wen (Su) Kingdom, they had reached the centre of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. During the chaotic period of the Royal family of Zhou Dynasty, Prince Dai (Gan Zhaogong 甘昭公) led the Rong, who were distributed in Yangju (扬拒), Quangao (泉皋), and Yiluo (伊洛), to invade the imperial city of Zhou. It is evident that the Rong and Di had already occupied the Yiluo region (Luoyang, the capital of Zhou Dynasty). Then, they invaded Zheng, Wei, and Song Kingdoms and attacked Qi and Lu Kingdoms, and married a lady of Zhou (周襄王) once married a lady of the Di. As recorded, the war between Zhou and the Rong and Di lasted until the first year of Chenggong (590 B.C.). The Zuozhuan records that Duke Zhuang of Wei (卫庄公, r. 480–478 B.C.) could see Rongzhou (戎州), where the Rong lived, from the top of the wall of his imperial city (then Diqiu, current Hua County, Henan Province) and that when he, “saw the beautiful hair of [the Di man] Ji’s wife”, he ordered that her hair be cut off to make a wig for his wife. According to these records, the Rong and Di were also distributed in Henan Province at that time.
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