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Modernitas, Belasting, Dan Kolonialisme Dalam Sitti Nurbaya

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Modernitas, Belasting, Dan Kolonialisme Dalam Sitti Nurbaya SULUK: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya | 1 SULUK: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya 2021, Vol. 3 No. 1, 1-22 | ISSN: 2714-7932 DOI : 10.15642/suluk.2021.3.1.1-22 Sejarah Pemberontakan dalam Tiga Bab: Modernitas, belasting, dan kolonialisme dalam Sitti Nurbaya Moh Atikurrahman1 | Awla Akbar Ilma2 | Laga Adhi Dharma3 | Audita Rissa Affanda4 Istanti Ajizah5 | Risyatul Firdaus6 1Prodi Sastra Indonesia Abstract UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya Although The Dutch Ethical Policy promised an enlightening European modernity, 2Prodi Sastra Indonesia the costs of this policy were ultimately borne by the natives who, in fact, rarely Universitas Pamulang felt the impact of colonialism. The application of tax service (belastingdienst) 3Prodi Sastra Indonesia was then responded by the Hindia community with a rebellion. In this case, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan the Perang Kamang (1908) can be understood as an affection for the symbolic Yogyakarta policies of the colonial government. The rebellion event with a Malay background 4 Prodi Sastra Indonesia at the turn of the twentieth century is presented in Sitti Nurbaya, a romance with UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya a sentimental melodrama style. By utilizing Swingewood’s literary sociology 5 Prodi Sastra Indonesia theory, it is known that the first modern romance in Hindia-Malay language UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya presents the tension between modern man Samsulbahri and traditional man 6Prodi Sastra Indonesia UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya Datuk Meringgih. Their duel marked an inevitable shock in the Malay world that was facing colonial modernity. The twilight of the Malay culture which was soon Correspondence: replaced by European institutions was illustrated by the tension between groups Moh Atikurrahman in placing Malay customs in a socio-historical context. Prodi Sastra Indonesia UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya Keywords: [email protected] Sitti Nurbaya, Balai Pustaka, Melayu, belasting, Perang Kamang Article History: Abstrak Received 04 March 2021 Revised 26 April 2021 Meskipun Politik Etis menjanjikan modernitas Eropa yang mencerahkan namun Accepted 27 April 2021 ongkos dari kebijakan tersebut akhirnya juga dibebankan kepada pribumi yang notabene jarang merasakan dampak kolonialisme. Penerapan pajak perorangan (belasting) kemudian direspon masyarakat Hindia dengan pemberontakan. Dalam hal ini Perang Kamang (1908) dapat dipahami sebagai kesumat atas kebijakan simbolik pemerintah kolonial. Peristiwa pemberontakan berlatar Melayu pada peralihan abad XX tersebut tersaji dalam Sitti Nurbaya, sebuah roman yang bercorak melodrama sentimentil. Dengan memanfaatkan teori sosiologi sastra Swingewood diketahui roman modern pertama berbahasa Melayu Hindia tersebut menyajikan ketegangan antara manusia modern Samsulbahri dan manusia tradisional Datuk Meringgih. Duel mereka menandai goncangan yang tak terelakkan dalam dunia Melayu yang tengah menyongsong modernitas bikinan kolonial. Senjakala kebudayaan Melayu yang segera digantikan pranata Eropa digambarkan melalui ketegangan antargolongan dalam menempatkan adat Melayu konteks sosial-historis. Keywords: Sitti Nurbaya, Balai Pustaka, Melayu, belasting, Perang Kamang 2 | ATIKURRAHMAN ET AL. Pendahuluan sehingga menjadi menarik (atau eksotis). Tiga bab terakhir Sitti Nurbaya (2008) menjadi Relasi teks dan konteks di atas bukan satu- sekuel penting bagaimana roman ini seharusnya satunya hujah tulisan ini. Dalam Modern Indonesia ditanggap. Adegan penutup novel menceritakan Literature Teeuw (1967) menyebutkan roman- kunjungan Bakhtiar dan Arifin ke Gunung Padang. roman Balai Pustaka, utamanya Sitti Nurbaya, Mereka berziarah ke makam Samsulbahri, Sitti kental dengan diskursus sosial-politik pranasional. Nurbaya, dan orang tua teman mereka. Pada Hilmar Farid (1991) menyebut pemberontakan masing-masing nisan terdapat tulisan yang Datuk Meringgih merupakan konteks perlawanan menginformasikan nama dan tahun para aristokrat anti pajak di Sumatera Barat. Bahkan Foulcher Minangkabau itu dikebumikan. Tiga makam (2008) secara lebih lugas menyebutkan peristiwa pertama, yakni Baginda Sulaiman, Sitti Nurbaya, historis berupa pemberontakan anti pajak (1908) dan Sitti Maryam disebutkan meninggal pada 1315 sebagai bingkai cerita Sitti Nurbaya tidak bisa H. Sedangkan dua makam lain, Samsulbahri dan dihindari pengarang karena teknik cerita yang Sutan Mahmud meninggal pada 1326 H. digunakan dan berhubungan dengan penyelesaian Tarikh pertama bertepatan dengan 1897 konflik protagonis roman tersebut, yakni M, tahun awal ditetapkannya pajak langsung Samsulbahri vis a vis Datuk Meringgih. Di samping di Sumatera Barat yang memicu perlawanan itu, demarkasi dikotomi-antagonistik Samsulbahri rakyat setempat terhadap pemerintahan kolonial. dan Datuk Meringgih sehubungan dengan sentimen Sedangkan 1326 H atau 1908 M dalam sejarah antikolonial dan strategi pengarang mengelabui sosial dikenang sebagai klimaks dan pecahnya sensor Balai Pustaka telah menempatkan Foulcher Perang Kamang di Bukittinggi. Perlawanan itu (2008) di satu pihak berhadapan dengan Faruk dipicu penerapan pajak perorangan (belasting) (2002) di pihak lain. Dalam hal itu, Foulcher oleh pemerintah Hindia-Belanda di penghujung mendukung tafsiran Labrousse (1982). Sedangkan abad XIX (Pamungkas, 2019; Young, 1994). Tarikh pernyataan Faruk diamini oleh Tiwon (1999) tersebut boleh saja dianggap sebagai ”kebetulan” dan Budi Darma (2020). Perseteruan akademik sehingga tidak dapat dijadikan acuan empirik yang terjadi pada penghujung dekade 90-an itu sebuah kajian bersistem yang mempertimbangkan bukanlah satu-satunya tawur sengit wacana segi-segi kemasyarakatan. Namun Kuntowijoyo berkenaan dengan roman yang mengambil latar (2006) menyebutkan jika karya sastra yang peralihan abad XX. menjadikan peristiwa sejarah (historical truth) Dua dekade sebelumnya, Taufik Abdullah sebagai bahan baku dalam pengkaryaan tidak menyingung minimnya kajian tentang latar sekadar menempatkan elemen historis sebagai belakang historis pada karya-karya sastra ornamental. Khazanah sejarah merupakan bagian Indonesia yang lalu ditanggapi sengit oleh Aveling integral dari struktur karya sastra. Karena sastra (1970). Tanggapan bernas lain muncul dari pembaca dan sejarah sejatinya memiliki akar yang sama, kritis seperti Johns (1979), Sumardjo (1999), yakni realitas (Kuntowijoyo, 2004). Dengan Jedamski (1992) Bandel (2013), dan sebagainya. demikian sebuah peristiwa masa silam dalam Juga tak boleh dilupakan, apresiasi publik terhadap karya sastra dianggap ikut andil dan beroperasi novel ini juga sangat mengesankan. Sitti Nurbaya secara a priori dalam membentuk struktur selalu menempati rangking teratas bacaan paling cerita, dan bukan sekadar penghias supaya cerita populer sejak kemunculannya pada dekade 20-an SULUK: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya | 3 (Faruk, 2012; Foulcher & Day, 2008; Teeuw, 1967). berupa perlawanan anti pajak 1908 (pada tiga Artinya, daya tarik novel ini seperti mustahil bab terakhir novel) belum banyak dikaji. Padahal ditolak sehingga dengan sendirinya meneguhkan bagian itu penting dan menentukan struktur sekaligus menggambarkan potensi tekstual yang novel, seperti diketahui bagian paling problematis dikandung tekstual novel. itu justru mendapatkan banyak tanggapan kritis Meskipun kini Sitti Nurbaya berumur hampir dari pakar seperti Johns (1979) Labrousse (1982) seabad (terbit kali pertama pada 1922), rupanya Foulcher (2008) dan Faruk (1999). pesona itu tidak kunjung memudar. Grebstein Harus diakui, pendekatan yang dominan dalam (1968) menyebut, karya sastra yang mampu kajian sastra dengan pertimbanan aspek sosiologis bertahan lama pada hakikatnya merupakan menempatkan perhatian yang besar terhadap sebuah moral, baik dalam hubungannya aspek dokumenter sastra: landasannya adalah dengan kebudayaan sumbernya maupun dalam gagasan sastra merupakan cerminan suatu jaman. hubungannya dengan orang-seorang (Damono, Pandangan ini mengandaikan sastra merupakan 1978). Sehingga tidak berlebihan jika Sitti Nurbaya cermin langsung pelbagai segi struktur sosial, dikategorikan sebagai ”moral” kesusastraan hubungan kekeluargaan, pertentangan kelas, dan Indonesia dalam kategori prosa. sebagainya (Damono, 1978). Sehubungan dengan Pada dekade terakhir—dapat disigi—ragam Sitti Nurbaya Foulcher menulis, jika ”…’suasana kajian tentang roman gubahan Marah Rusli tersebut sejarah’ dalam konteks ini perlu, dan memang dilakukan dengan anekarona sudut pandang, teori, mungkin, dikonfigurasikan dengan lebih tepat dan metode. Untuk menyebut beberapa: Atria & dibandingkan dengan mengacu pada kondisi Hardi (2019) menyoroti sosial-kultur awal abad XX umum subjektifitas kolonial di Indonesia masa dengan pendekatan historiografi, Wiyatmi (2010) kolonial akhir.” Foulcher juga menambahkan, memilih metode hegemoni gramscian untuk penting memahami pengalaman-pengalaman mengungkapan wacana patriarki dalam novel, hidup pengarang, dan mempertimbangkan sedangkan Arimbi (2014) melacak diskursus beberapa aspek perubahan sosial tatkala novel feminisme dalam novel-novel tradisi Balai Pustaka, tersebut diproduksi. Sehingga konteks historis utamanya Sitti Nurbaya. Selain itu, terdapat kajian- Sitti Nurbaya dapat dijabarkan lebih rinci dan kajian lain yang secara langsung dan tak langsung sistematis (Foulcher & Day, 2008). Dengan kata mengulas novel ini, semisal Ramadhani (2019), lain, konteks dalam hubungannya dengan teks Rizkya dkk. (2019), Salahuddin dkk. (2019), memiliki faktor determinan bagi sebuah kajian Setiawan (2019), Asri dkk. (2017), Asteka (2017), ilmiah kesusastraan yang sosiologis. Inda (2017), Aly
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