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Tema Dalam Novel-Novel Periode Balai Pustaka

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Tema Dalam Novel-Novel Periode Balai Pustaka TEMA DALAM NOVEL-NOVEL PERIODE BALAI PUSTAKA Devi Cintia Kasimbara1 Universitas PGRI Madiun (UNIPMA), Madiun, Indonesia) [email protected] Wahyuningsih2 Universitas PGRI Madiun (UNIPMA), Madiun, Indonesia) [email protected] Kodrat Eko Putro Setiawan3 Universitas PGRI Madiun (UNIPMA), Madiun, Indonesia) [email protected] ABSTRACT Balai Pustaka is the initial period of the emergence of modern Indonesian literature, so it is necessary to know more about the novels that have become milestones in the history of the emergence of modern Indonesian literature. During this period, many novels emerged with stories that had various similarities. This prompted the writer to find out what themes dominated the novels published in this period. In this study, the authors took six novel samples, namely Azab and Sengsara by Merari Siregar, Sitti Nurbaya by Marah Rusli, Salah Asuhan by Abdoel Moeis, Looking for the Thief of Virgins by Suman Hs., and Dian Yang Takdir Alisjahbana by S. Takdir Alisjahbana. The theory Robert Stanton is used as an analytical knife. In this theory, Stanton focused more on how to identify the theme of a literary work, where the theme is an aspect of the story that is parallel to the 'meaning' in human experience; something that makes an experience so memorable. The results of this study could be seen that the themes raised in the novels of the Balai Pustaka period have similarities, namely traditional issues, forced marriages, and the conflict between the old and young groups so that these novels have similarities in the issues raised. Keywords: themes, novels, Balai Pustaka 1. PENDAHULUAN Seiring perkembangan diminati oleh peneliti dibandingkan zaman, analisis karya sastra secara dengan analisis secara struktural poststruktural menjadi lebih karena lebih dianggap sebagai suatu 29 | P a g e pendekatan yang baru dan lebih luas Pengkajian terhadap tema dilakukan cakupannya. Berbeda dengan karena penulis ingin melihat dan pendekatan struktural yang lebih membuktikan tema-tema yang memfokuskan pada karya sastra mendominasi novel-novel pada sebagai objek analisis. Ratna (2011: periode ini, melihat pada periode ini 88) mengungkapkan bahwa dalam banyak novel-novel yang muncul menganalisis sebuah karya sastra dengan mengangkat persoalan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kawin paksa dan pertentangan apapun selalu didahului dengan antara golongan tua dengan menganalisis struktur karya itu golongan muda. sendiri. Strukturalisme dalam Oleh karena itu, penulis penelitian sastra dipandang sebagai menggunakan teori tema dari suatu teori yang telah berhasil Robert Stanton untuk menjawab memasuki hampir seluruh bidang masalah tersebut. Dipilihnya teori kehidupan manusia karena Stanton ini dengan alasan teori ini strukturalisme dianggap sebagai lebih menekankan bagaimana cara salah satu teori modern yang mengidentifikasi tema dalam suatu berhasil membawa manusia pada karya sastra sehingga dengan pemahaman yang maksimal. digunakannya teori ini, penulis akan Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penulis lebih mudah dalam menemukan akan mengkaji karya sastra tema-tema dalam novel-novel berdasarkan pendekatan strukural, periode Balai Pustaka. mengingat penelitian yang memfokuskan kepada karya sastra 2. LANDASAN TEORI sebagai objek material sudah jarang Kesusastraan suatu bangsa dilakukan padahal memahami sastra selalu mengalami perkembangan secara strukural merupakan sesuatu dari waktu-waktu, begitu juga yang sangat penting. dengan kesusastraan Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini penulis Dengan demikian sejarah sastra itu akan mengkaji novel-novel Indonesia tak lain dari rangkaian atau jajaran pada periode Balai Pustaka. Periode periode-periode sastra (Pradopo, ini dipilih dengan alasan bahwa ini 2013: 2). Periode menurut Wellek adalah periode awal munculnya dan Warren (2014: 330) merupakan sastra Indonesia modern sehingga bagian waktu yang didominasi oleh perlu kiranya mengetahui lebih sistem norma, standar konvensi lanjut mengenai novel-novel yang sastra, yang dapat ditelusuri menjadi tonggak sejarah munculnya penyebaran, diversifikasi, integrasi, karya sastra Indonesia modern. dan kepunahannya. Lebih lanjut Selain itu, jika diamati novel-novel Wellek dan Warren menjelaskan dalam periode Balai Pustaka bahwa rangkaian periode sastra itu memiliki kesamaan. Dalam jangan dibayangkan seperti balok- penelitian ini, penulis akan mengkaji balok batu yang dijajarkan secara tema dalam novel-novel Indonesia berurutan, melainkan hendaklah pada periode Balai Pustaka. 30 | P a g e dilihat bahwa periode sastra itu timbulnya, tersebarnya, terintegrasi, saling bertumpang tindih (2014: 330- dan lenyapnya suatu periode atau 331). Tokoh-tokoh sastra Indonesia angkatan sastra (Pradopo, 2013: 18). yang membuat perodisasi, di Penelitian ini berfokus pada novel- antaranya H.B. Jassin, Boejoeng novel dalam periode Balai Pustaka Saleh, Nugroho Notosusanto, Bakri saja, yang mana menurut Pradopo Siregar, Ajib Rosidi, dan Rachmat lahirnya periode Balai Pustaka Djoko Pradopo. Periodisasi tokoh- sekitar tahun 1920 dan melemahnya tokoh tersebut secara umum kekuatan atau lenyapnya di sekitar menunjukkan kesamaan, perbedaan tahun 1940. Waktu terintegrasinya hanya pada batas-batas waktu kekuatan (dan ciri-ciri) sastra Balai periode dan ciri-cirinya. Dalam Pustaka antara 1925-1935, penelitian ini penulis menggunakan sedangkan karya sastra dalam model periodisasi Rachmat Djoko periode Pujangga Baru pada tahun Pradopo. Dalam bukunya Beberapa 1930 sudah mulai menunjukkan ciri- Teori Sastra, Metode Kritik, dan ciri periode atau angkatan yang kuat, Penerapannya Pradopo namun masa terintegrasinya mengungkapkan bahwa ia kekuatan pada tahun 1933-1940. menggunakan periodisasi tokoh- Berdasarkan hal tersebut, tokoh di atas sebagai ancar-ancar penelitian ini membahas novel-novel dan menggunakan konsep periode Balai Pustaka dalam rentang periodisasi Renne Wellek dan Austin waktu tahun 1920-1935 untuk Warren yang telah diungkapkan di melihat bagaimana tema-tema yang atas. Menurut Pradopo (2013: 18) dominan dalam periode awal sejarah gambaran sesungguhnya periode- sastra Indonesia. Dipilihnya periode periode sejarah sastra Indonesia Balai Pustaka dalam penelitian ini bertumpang tindih sebagai berikut. karena pada periode ini banyak 1. Periode Balai Pustaka: 1920-1940; bermunculan novel-novel yang 2. Periode Pujangga Baru: 1930- nenandai awal berkiprahnya Sastra 1945; Indonesia. Adapun ciri-ciri ekstra 3. Periode Angkatan 45: 1940-1955; estetik karya sastra dalam periode 4. Periode Angkatan 50: 1950-1970; Balai Pustaka menurut Pradopo 5. Periode Angkatan 70: 1965- (2013: 23-24), yaitu (1) bermasalah sekarang (1984) adat, terutama masalah adat kawin Dalam periodisasi terlihat paksa, permaduan, dan sebagainya; adanya tahun-tahun yang bulat yang (2) pertentangan paham antara digunakan untuk mempermudah kaum tua dengan kaum muda. Kaum pengingatan dan pemahaman dalam tua mempertahankan adat lama, studi sastra. Lagi pula lahirnya, sedang kaum muda menghendaki tersebarnya, dan terintegrasinya kemajuan menurut paham suatu periode sastra atau angkatan kehidupan modern; (3) latar cerita sastra pada umumnya kurang jelas pada umumnya latar daerah, batas-batas waktunya. Jadi, tahun- pedesaan, dan kehidupan daerah; tahun bulat itu sebagai ancar-ancar (4) cerita bermain di zaman 31 | P a g e sekarang, bukan di tempat dan sastra teramat taksa, akan sulit zaman antah-berantah; dan (5) cita- mengetahui makna mana yang lebih cita kebangsaan belum penting daripada makna lainnya dipermasalahkan, masalah masih sehingga Stanton (2012: 41) bersifat kedaerahan. menyimpulkan bahwa tema adalah Penelitian ini menggunakan makna yang dapat merangkum teori tema dari Robert Stanton. semua elemen dalam cerita dengan Teori tema yang dikemukakan oleh cara yang paling sederhana. Stanton tidak mengklasifikasikan Cara paling efektif untuk tema ke dalam beberapa jenis, mengenali tema sebuah karya namun Stanton lebih menurut Stanton (2012: 42-43) menitikberatkan kepada cara adalah dengan mengamati secara mengidentifikasi tema sebuah karya teliti setiap konflik yang ada di sastra. Tema menurut Stanton dalamnya. Kedua hal ini (2012: 36) merupakan aspek cerita berhubungan sangat erat dan konflik yang sejajar dengan ‘makna’ dalam utama biasanya mengandung pengalaman manusia; sesuatu yang sesuatu yang sangat berguna jika menjadikan suatu pengalaman benar-benar dirunut. Lebih lanjut begitu diingat. Sama seperti makna Stanton (2012: 44-45) pengalaman manusia, tema mengungkapkan bahwa tema menyorot dan mengacu pada aspek- hendaknya memenuhi kriteria- aspek kehidupan sehingga nantinya kriteria sebagai berikut. akan ada nilai-nilai tertentu yang 1. Interpretasi yang baik melingkupi cerita. Tema membuat hendaknya selalu memper- cerita lebih terfokus, menyatu, timbangkan berbagai detail mengerucut, dan berdampak. Bagian menonjol dalam sebuah cerita; awal dan akhir cerita akan menjadi 2. Interpretasi yang baik hendak- pas, sesuai, dan memuaskan berkat nya tidak terpengaruh oleh keberadaan tema. Tema merupakan berbagai detail cerita yang elemen yang relevan dengan setiap saling berkontradiksi; peristiwa dan detail sebuah cerita. 3. Interpretasi yang baik Stanton (212: 39) hendaknya tidak sepenuhnya menjelaskan bahwa tema dapat bergantung pada bukti-bukti diibaratkan ‘maksud’ dalam sebuah yang tidak secara jelas gurauan, tetapi tetap mengalami diutarakan (hanya disebut kesulitan ketika diminta untuk secara implisist); menjelaskannya. ‘Maksud’ adalah 4. Terakhir, interpretasi yang hal yang membuat sebuah gurauan dihasilkan hendaknya diujarkan
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