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Hollanda Doğu Hindistan Şirketi'nin Doğuşu Ve Xvii. Yüzyil Endonezyasi'nda Yükselişi

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Hollanda Doğu Hindistan Şirketi'nin Doğuşu Ve Xvii. Yüzyil Endonezyasi'nda Yükselişi T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI HOLLANDA DOĞU HİNDİSTAN ŞİRKETİ’NİN DOĞUŞU VE XVII. YÜZYIL ENDONEZYASI’NDA YÜKSELİŞİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Doç. Dr. Ümit KOÇ Ayhan SERTKAYA Doç. Dr. Mehmet KÖÇER ELAZIĞ-2013 T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI HOLLANDA DOĞU HİNDİSTAN ŞİRKETİ’NİN DOĞUŞU VE XVII. YÜZYIL ENDONEZYASI’NDA YÜKSELİŞİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Doç. Dr. Ümit KOÇ Ayhan SERTKAYA Doç. Dr. Mehmet KÖÇER Jürimiz, ……… tarihinde yapılan tez savunma sınavı sonunda bu yüksek lisans tezini oy birliği / oy çokluğu ile başarılı saymıştır. Jüri Üyeleri: 1. 2. 3. F. Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulunun …... tarih ve ……. sayılı kararıyla bu tezin kabulü onaylanmıştır. Prof. Dr. Enver ÇAKAR Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürü II ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi Hollanda Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin Doğuşu ve XVII. Yüzyıl Endonezyası’nda Yükselişi Ayhan SERTKAYA Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Yeniçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Elazığ – 2013, Sayfa: XVIII + 135 Avrupa’da Coğrafi Keşifler sonrasında başlayan okyanus ötesi ticaretin ve sömürgecilik faaliyetlerinin en önemli aktörlerinden biri Hollanda Birleşik Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’dir. Felemenkçe adı “Verenigde Oost-Indisch Compagnie” olan şirket kısaca “VOC” olarak bilinmektedir. Yüksek Lisans tezi olan bu çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde, Birleşik Doğu Hindistan Şirketi öncesinde Hollanda ticareti, ikinci bölümde Hollanda’da kurulan ilk Doğu Hindistan şirketleri ve Asya’ya düzenledikleri ilk ticari seferler, Hollanda Birleşik Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin kuruluşu ve Hollanda’daki idare merkezleri ele alınmıştır. Son bölümde ise şirketin Hollanda Hindistan’ı olarak bilinen Endonezya Adaları’ndaki ilk faaliyetleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hollanda, Doğu Hindistan, Şirket, Endonezya, VOC III ABSTRACT Master Thesis Foundation of Dutch East India Company and Her Rising in Indonesia In The 17th Century Ayhan SERTKAYA The University of Fırat The Institute of Social Science The Department of History Elazığ- 2013; Page: XVIII + 135 One of the most important actors of overseas trade and colonial activities that began in Europe after the age of discovery is Dutch United East India Company. The company, which called "Verenigde Oost-Indisch Compagnie" in dutch language, is known as " VOC" in short. This thesis have three chapters: In the first chapter, Dutch trade prior to Dutch East India Company, in the second chapter, initial East India companies that were established in Dutch and their early commercial expeditions to Asia and foundation of Dutch East India Company and its headquarters in Dutch have been discussed. In the final chapter, early activities of company in the islands of Indonesia, which are known as Dutch-India, have been emphasized. Key Words: Dutch, East India, Company, Indonesia and VOC IV İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... III İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. IV HARİTALAR LİSTESİ ............................................................................................... VI TABLOLAR LİSTESİ ............................................................................................... VII RESİMLER LİSTESİ ............................................................................................... VIII KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................................... IX ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... X KONU VE KAYNAKLAR ......................................................................................... XII GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. BİRLEŞİK DOĞU HİNDİSTAN ŞİRKETİ ÖNCESİNDE HOLLANDA TİCARETİ ..................................................................................................................... 20 1.1. Ortaçağ’da Hollanda Ticareti ............................................................................... 20 1.2. Hollanda Bağımsızlık Hareketi ve Hollanda Ticaretine Etkisi ............................ 26 1.3. Hollandalıların Asya’ya Ulaşma Çabaları: Kuzey Keşif Seferleri ...................... 35 1.3.1. Birinci Kuzey Keşif Seferi ............................................................................ 39 1.3.2. İkinci Kuzey Keşif Seferi .............................................................................. 42 1.3.3. Üçüncü Kuzey Keşif Seferi ........................................................................... 43 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM 2. HOLLANDA BİRLEŞİK DOĞU HİNDİSTAN ŞİRKETİ’NİN KURULUŞU .. 48 2.1. Birleşik Doğu Hindistan Şirketi Öncesi’nde Kurulan Şirketler ........................... 48 2.1.1. Compagnie Van Verre (Uzak Ülkeler Şirketi) ve İlk Asya Seferi ................ 48 2.1.2. Oude Compagnie te Amsterdam (Eski Amsterdam Şirketi) ve Seferleri ...... 54 2.1.3. Holland Eyaleti’nde Kurulan Diğer Şirketler ve Asya Seferleri ................... 57 2.1.4. Zeeland Eyaleti Şirketleri ve Asya Seferleri ................................................. 60 2.2. Birleşik Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin Kuruluşu ve Şirketin Hollanda İdaresi ....... 63 2.2.1. Birleşik Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin Kuruluşu .............................................. 63 2.2.2. Birleşik Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin Hollanda İdaresi .................................. 67 V 2.2.3. Birleşik Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin Hollanda’daki Faaliyet Merkezleri ...... 69 2.2.3.1. Amsterdam .............................................................................................. 69 2.2.3.2. Zeeland (Middelburg) ............................................................................. 74 2.2.3.3. Rotterdam ................................................................................................ 77 2.2.3.4. Enkhuizen ............................................................................................... 79 2.2.3.5. Delft ........................................................................................................ 82 2.2.3.6. Hoorn ...................................................................................................... 84 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 3. BİRLEŞİK DOĞU HİNDİSTAN ŞİRKETİ’NİN ENDONEZYA’DAKİ İLK FAALİYETLERİ .......................................................................................................... 88 3.1. Hollanda ile Endonezya Arasındaki Ticaretin Başlaması .................................... 88 3.2. Batavia ve Şirketin Endonezya İdaresi ................................................................ 93 3.3. Hollandalıların Endonezya Adalarına Yerleşmeleri .......................................... 101 3.3.1. Ambon Adası’ndaki Faaliyetler .................................................................. 101 3.3.2. Banda Adaları’na Yerleşmeler .................................................................... 103 3.3.3. Molukka Adaları’na Yerleşmeler ................................................................ 105 3.3.4. Mataram Sultanlığı ile Mücadeleler ............................................................ 107 3.3.5. Selebes Adası’ndaki Faaliyetler .................................................................. 109 SONUÇ ........................................................................................................................ 112 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................................... 117 EKLER ........................................................................................................................ 120 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ................................................................................................................ 135 VI HARİTALAR LİSTESİ Harita 1. Hollanda Eyaletleri ....................................................................................... 120 Harita 2. Hollanda’daki Akarsular .............................................................................. 121 Harita 3. Hollanda 1560 .............................................................................................. 122 Harita 4. Hollanda 1610, Birleşik Eyaletler Cumhuriyeti ........................................... 123 Harita 5. Kara Denizi ve Nova Zembla ....................................................................... 124 Harita 6. Hollandalıların Kuzey Keşif Seferleri .......................................................... 125 Harita 7. Hollandalıların İlk ve İkinci Asya Seferleri Rotası ...................................... 126 Harita 8. Molukka Adaları ........................................................................................... 127 Harita 9. Endonezya Adaları ....................................................................................... 128 VII TABLOLAR LİSTESİ Tablo 1. VOC Öncesi Şirketlerin Asya'ya Gerçekleştirdikleri Seferler ....................... 129 Tablo 2. VOC Öncesinde Hollanda'da Kurulan Şirketlerin Birleşmesi ve Asya'ya Sefer Gerçekleştirdikleri Yıllar ..........................................................................
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