UNIX for ALEPH Users

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1 This presentation This presentation will present the major UNIX commands useful for working with ALEPH 500.

This will in no way attempt to cover all UNIX commands but rather only those useful for working with ALEPH.

The last slide in this presentation gives a comparison of VMS and UNIX commands, and thus will be useful for those individuals familiar with VMS.

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Getting help Help may be obtained at any time while working with UNIX via the —man“ command. This will give pages of the manual relevant to the requested string written after —man“. For example to receive information about the command —ls“, one could write —man ls“

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2 pwd pwd: return working directory name. States in what directory the user is currently present

This user is currently located in the $alephe_scratch directory

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cd cd: change working directory. Allows the user to move from one working directory to another

This user changed to $alephe_scratchand then to $data_scratch. After each change of directory he checked his location.

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3 ls ls: list contents of directory. Allows the user to view the files in the current directory. Additional parameters may be added to view only particular files or view them in a particular order

These are the files present in the current working directory. Unless otherwise indicated they appear in alphabetical order

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ls -lrt ls -lrt: gives list of files in directory with date and size. -l: The parameter -l lists in long format, giving mode, ACL indication, number of links, owner, group, size in bytes, and time of last modification for each file -r: The parameter œr reverses the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic -t: The parameter œt sorts by time stamp (latest first) instead of by name.

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4 ls -lrt | tail tail: delivers the last part of a file or list of files.

These are the 10 most recently created or updated files files present in the current working directory. They appear in reverse (-r) chronological order.

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WILDCARD * *: Represents none, one or more characters when searching for files

This is a list of all files in the $alephe_scratchdirectory which contain the string —usm30“.

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5 WILDCARD ? ?: Represents one character when searching for files

This is a list of all files in the current directory directory which contain the string —usm“, followed by one character, then followed by the string —0“, and then anything else ( * ).

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more more: browse or page through a text file

The file run_b.3260is opened in non-editing format, one page at a time.

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6 cat cat: concatenate and display files in their entirety

The entire file usm01_p_ret_01.00023has been opened

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tail tail: delivers the last part of a file or list of files.

These are the 10 last lines of the —license“ file

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7 vi vi: opens the file in the screen-oriented (visual) display editor

The file tab01.engmay now be edited in —vi“ mode

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cp cp: copies files to a new name and / or to a new directory

The file tab01.enghas now been copied to a new file tab01.eng_20060411. If editing errors are now done on tab01.eng, the user can copy tab01.eng_20060411back to tab01.engand thus again have the original file

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8 cp Files may also be copied to a different directory

The file tab00.enghas now been copied to the directory $data_root/private/ and given the name tab00.eng_old

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mv mv: renames or moves files, either to a new directory or to a new name

The file tab00.eng_orighas been renamed to tab00.eng_without_new_fields

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9 rm rm: removes files

The file tab00.eng_old in the directory $data_root/private/ has been deleted

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mkdir mkdir: creates a new directory

A new directory has been created called private_testin the $data_root directory

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10 rmdir rmdir: removes a directory

The directory called private_testin the $data_root directory has been deleted. As a security precaution the —rmdir“ command will not allow one to delete a directory with files or more directories in it. The message —Directory not empty“ will be given.

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df df: displays number of free disk blocks and files. If used with -k it will print the allocation in kbytes. The output consists of one line of information for each specified file system.

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11 grep grep: searches a file for a pattern

The tab11_ind table in the $data_tab directory was searched for occurrences of —LOC“.

If you are currently in the $data_tabdirectory there is no need to include it in the grep command.

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>

>: sends output to as specific file

The file tab11_ind has been searched for the string LOC. Rather than sending the output to the screen (as in the previous case) it is being sent to a file called test. This file can be viewed, sorted, analyzed or an additional grep may be performed.

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12 cat and >

Here the files test1 and test2are being opened via cat, and not sent to the screen but rather to a new inclusive file called test3. This file can be viewed, sorted, analyzed or an additional grep may be done on it.

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diff diff: display line-by-line differences between pairs of text files

The file tab100has been compared to tab100_good and it was found that the —BROWSE-NO-MATCH=Y“ variable that is present in the in tab100file is not present in the tab100_good file.

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13 date date: write the date and time

This is often useful for checking when log files have completed. If it appears as though there is a problem, the user should be sure the UNIX clock is correct. This also works with ALEPH programs, such as the circulation module.

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history history: process command history list

This is often useful for seeing what previous commands have been done, when one is unsure for example what files he has changed or viewed. May also be done via —h“.

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14 UNIX and VMS commands pwd sh def mkdir create/dir cd set def rmdir delete [directory_name] ls dir grep search ls œlrt dir/dat/siz > /out=newfile more type/p cat type cp copy diff different mvrename date show time rm [delete file_name] history recall/all

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