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Contributo Alla Conoscenza Degli Artropodi Di Una Collina in Flysch (M.Te Fiascone = M.Te Valerio) Alla Periferia Di Trieste (Italia, Friuli Venezia Giulia)

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Contributo Alla Conoscenza Degli Artropodi Di Una Collina in Flysch (M.Te Fiascone = M.Te Valerio) Alla Periferia Di Trieste (Italia, Friuli Venezia Giulia) Atti Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Trieste 53 2006 25-70 ottobre 2007 ISSN: 0365-1576 CONTRIBUTO ALLA CONOSCENZA DEGLI ARTROPODI DI UNA COLLINA IN FLYSCH (M.TE FIASCONE = M.TE VALERIO) ALLA PERIFERIA DI TRIESTE (ITALIA, FRIULI VENEZIA GIULIA) BARBARA BOEMO(1), SILVIA BATTISTELLA(2), ANDREA COLLA(3) (1) Via Tullio 10, 33040 Povoletto (UD), Italia e-mail: [email protected] (2) Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 10, 33127 Trieste, Italia e-mail: [email protected] (3) Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste, Piazza Hortis 4, 34123 Trieste, Italia e-mail: [email protected] Abstract - Contribution to the knowledge of the arthropods of a Flysch hill (M.te Fiascone = Valerio Mt.) in the outskirts of Trieste (Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia) - This study provides an up to date picture of the arthropod fauna of Fiascone hill (Valerio hill) and verifies the past literature about its fauna. The aim was to analyze the zoocoenoses of this hill, with particular interest in entomofauna, the dominant group for number of species. The sampling began in September 2000 and lasted till September 2001. During the sampling year, entomofauna was collected weekly in seven sites selected to represent different biotopes, for a total of 52 field trips and 190 hours of sampling. Sampling by pit- fall-traps in the different biotopes was supported by other direct collection methods, in order to obtain a qualitative pic- ture of environment. To verify the mobility between sites of the most representative species, every individual caught was marked by nail varnish. The sampling performed during a year, combined with bibliographic search, allowed to detect on Fiascone hill the presence of 184 species of arthropods, 116 of which were new records. The various sam- pling sites do not differ in climate or in altitude and the most representative diversity concerns the different vegetation types and their relative soils. Nevertheless it is common knowledge that pedofauna is only in part influenced by vege- tation; very often this link is indirect, due to the presence of definite preys that are instead influenced by vegetation, like e.g. the arthropods that feed on snails or earthworms. Key Words: Arthropods, Valerio hill, Trieste, pitfall-traps, species assemblages, marking. Riassunto breve - Il presente studio fornisce un quadro aggiornato sulla fauna ad artropodi del Monte Fiascone (M.te Valerio) e verifica le segnalazioni bibliografiche storiche. Lo scopo del lavoro è quello di inquadrare il paesaggio zoo- cenotico della collina arenacea, con particolare attenzione all’entomofauna, solitamente il gruppo dominante per nume- ro di specie. I campionamenti sono iniziati nel settembre del 2000 e si sono conclusi nel settembre del 2001. Durante l’anno di campionamento nelle 7 stazioni selezionate le raccolte sono state fatte con cadenza settimanale, per un tota- le di 52 uscite e circa 190 ore complessive di osservazioni sul campo. Ai campionamenti per mezzo di trappole (pit- fall-traps), rivolte al monitoraggio delle singole unità ambientali, sono stati affiancati altri tipi di ricerca diretta, per avere una visione qualitativa complessiva dell’ambiente. Per verificare la mobilità tra le varie stazioni delle specie più significative si è proceduto alla marcatura di ogni individuo catturato con dello smalto per unghie. I campionamenti effettuati durante l’anno di campionamento, associato alla ricerca bibliografica, hanno consentito di accertare la pre- senza sul Monte Fiascone di complessive 184 specie di artropodi, di cui 116 sono nuove segnalazioni. Le varie stazio- ni campionate non presentano differenze climatiche o altitudinali e le difformità più consistenti riguardano quindi i diversi tipi vegetazionali e i relativi suoli. Tuttavia è noto che la pedofauna viene solo in parte influenzata dalle asso- ciazioni floristiche; molto spesso tale legame è indiretto, dovuto cioè alla presenza di determinate prede, che sono inve- ce influenzate dall’ambiente vegetale, come ad esempio nel caso degli elicofagi o dei predatori di lombrichi. Parole chiave: Artropodi, M. Valerio, Trieste, trappole a caduta, faunula, marcature. 1. - Introduzione 1.1 - Premessa È noto come gli artropodi occupino un ruolo di grande importanza negli equi- libri biologici, sia in termini di diversità interspecifica, sia per quanto riguarda la 26 BARBARA BOEMO, SILVIA BATTISTELLA, ANDREA COLLA biomassa intraspecifica. Nell’ambito degli stessi le entomocenosi, per il loro signi- ficato di indicatori, sono state oggetto di studi che negli ultimi decenni sono anda- ti intensificandosi sempre più, in particolare quelli aventi finalità nel campo della conservazione e del monitoraggio ambientali. Studi faunistici accurati, preferibilmente condotti nell’arco di un intero anno, sono oggi particolarmente richiesti, anche per la sempre più pressante necessità di aggiornare le informazioni della letteratura realizzando banche dati più recenti ed accurate. Infatti, per molte aree d’Italia le informazioni disponibili risalgono non di rado all’inizio del secolo scorso, ed il livello di accuratezza delle indicazioni delle collezioni storiche è spesso insufficiente per le moderne esigenze, anche a livello del semplice inquadramento geografico della località di raccolta. D’altra parte, il confronto tra dati storici e quelli più recenti, quando possibile, rappresenta uno stru- mento ideale per fornire un quadro dei mutamenti di un determinato territorio: molte località del nostro Paese sono state sottoposte a modifiche antropiche di tale portata che la stessa presenza di determinati taxa o di intere meriterebbe conferma. Attualmente tali studi sono in genere rivolti al monitoraggio di singole unità ambientali, ma spesso vengono affiancati da altre ricerche per avere una visione complessiva della qualità dell’ambiente, ottenuta tramite il confronto delle entomo- cenosi di più tipi di habitat, collegati tra loro per una vicinanza spaziale (BRAND- MAYR, 1980). I risultati così ottenuti risultano particolarmente efficaci nella valutazione delle relazioni tra attività umana e la qualità dell’ambiente, specialmente se si viene incontro all’esigenza primaria di ogni approccio ecologico, conoscere cioè la fisio- nomia generale dell’ambiente (vegetazione, clima, profilo del terreno, componenti biotiche). In tale contesto si inserisce il presente studio, le cui finalità vengono qui di seguito esposte in dettaglio. 1.2 - Finalità e storia delle ricerche Scopo di questa ricerca è contribuire alla conoscenza dei popolamenti di artro- podi, in particolare della pedofauna, di una collina in flysch nella periferia di Trie- ste (M.te Fiascone). I dati storici a nostra disposizione si limitano a quanto segnalato da MÜLLER (1926, 1949) nei due volumi de “I coleotteri della Venezia Giulia”, opera rimasta fondamentale per la coleotterofauna del territorio trattato. Successive raccolte che potrebbero aver interessato anche la collina in oggetto o le immediate vicinanze sono state effettuate da numerosi entomologi, ma i dati sono rimasti perlopiù ine- diti, rappresentati da esemplari custoditi in collezioni private o confluite al Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste (es. collez. Drioli) e comunque non catalogate o ancora in corso di catalogazione. Dagli anni ’80 ricerche metodiche con l’ausilio di trappole a caduta sono state condotte in tutta la provincia di Trieste da Bran- dmayr e Colombetta; tali indagini, limitate ai coleotteri carabidi, si avviano a con- clusione per quanto riguarda le raccolte sul campo, mentre i dati sono ancora in fase CONTRIBUTO ALLA CONOSCENZA DEGLI ARTROPODI DI UNA COLLINA IN FLYSCH ecc. 27 di elaborazione (COLOMBETTA, com. pers.). I dati più recenti per il sito in esame si devono a ricerche effettuate dagli studenti di Scienze Naturali e Biologiche, come parte integrante delle esercitazioni del corso di Zoologia I. Ciò considerato, nell’impostare la nostra ricerca si è tenuto conto dei seguenti obbiettivi: - creazione di una checklist più ampia possibile degli artropodi presenti nel sito, che comprenda sia i dati dell’anno di campionamento che gli altri finora disponibili; - descrizione accurata del popolamento a geoadefagi delle stazioni campionate; - analisi della variazione del popolamento a geoadefagi in risposta al variare delle caratteristiche ambientali e dei rapporti fra i diversi biotopi; - verifica della loro presunta diversità biotica mediante integrazione dei campiona- menti con svariati metodi di raccolta; - verifica della mobilità tra le diverse stazioni delle specie più significative; - confronto zoosociologico tra le specie raccolte; - corologia delle specie raccolte; - sinecologia: Densità di Attività annua (DAa); Quoziente di similarità di Sörensen (Q); - indici ecologici: indice di diversità specifica (H) di Shannon; indice di ricchezza specifica (R) di Margalef; indice di equitabilità (J) di Pielou. 2. - Descrizione dell’area 2.1 - Inquadramento geografico Il Monte Fiascone si eleva per 215,1 m nell’immediata periferia settentrionale del centro urbano di Trieste, tra i rioni di Cologna a nord-ovest ed il ripido fianco sud- occidentale dell’altopiano carsico, sulla cui parte inferiore sono inseriti i rioni di San Cilino superiore e inferiore. Il versante sud, inoltre, ospita il villaggio uni- versitario. Conosciuto in passato anche con il nome di Monte Metlika, toponimo sloveno riferito ad una pianta aromatica indicata come “artemisia” che vi cresceva abbon- dante, il colle è noto soprattutto come Monte Valerio (CUMIN, 1929). Questo topo- nimo deriva da Angelo
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