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2020 43 73-117 Grottolo «NATURA BRESCIANA» Ann. Mus. Civ. Sc. Nat., Brescia, 2020, 43: 73-117 INDAGINE SULLA ENTOMOFAUNA DELLA RISERVA NATURALE “DELLA ROCCA, DEL SASSO E PARCO LACUALE” (MANERBA DEL GARDA, LOMBARDIA)* MARIO GROTTOLO1 Parole chiave – Italia, Faunistica, Coleoptera, Odonata, Lepi- Key words – Italy, Faunistics, Coleoptera, Odonata, Lepidop- doptera, Hemiptera, Corotipi. tera, Hemiptera, Chorotypes. Riassunto – La presente ricerca sintetizza un’indagine sull’en- Abstract – A survey on the entomological fauna of the nature tomofauna nella Riserva Naturale “della Rocca, del Sasso e reserve “della Rocca, del Sasso e Parco Lacquale”, in the Parco lacuale” nel comune di Manerba del Garda (BS), con- municipality of Manerba del Garda (Brescia Province). Has dotta negli anni 2018 e 2019. La ricerca ha portato al censi- been carried out during the years 2018 and 2019. A total of 362 mento di 362 specie, delle quali 287 Coleoptera, 10 Odonata, species have been recorded: 287 Coleoptera, 10 Odonata, 55 55 Lepidoptera e 10 Hemiptera. È stata quindi analizzata la Lepidoptera and 10 Hemiptera. The recorded species were then presenza delle specie ripartite nei diversi ambienti caratteriz- analysed on the basis of the distribution in the different envi- zati da fattori omogenei su base vegetazionale e per ogni spe- ronments of the natural reserve, identified on the basis of shared cie viene dato un sintetico commento. Anche se non è stato vegetational factors, and for each species a short comment is rilevato nessun taxon inserito nell’Allegato II della Direttiva given. Although no taxa inserted in the Annex II of the Habitats Habitat 92/43/CEE, sono state individuate alcune specie in- Directive (92/43/CEE) were found, some interesting species teressanti e bioindicatrici. La ricerca ha permesso di rilevare or bioindicator species have been identified, i.e., Longitarsus la presenza di Longitarsus australis (Mulsant & Rey, 1874) australis (Mulsant & Rey, 1874) (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) e Mordellistena (Mordellistena) and Mordellistena (Mordellistena) brevicauda (Boheman, brevicauda (Boheman, 1849) (Coleoptera, Mordellidae) prime 1849) (Coleoptera, Mordellidae) recorded for the first time for segnalazioni per la Lombardia e di altre specie nuove per la Lombardy, whereas other species are recorded as new for the provincia di Brescia. Tutti gli Odonati e i Lepidotteri rinvenuti Province of Brescia. All the recorded Odonata and Lepidop- sono classificati come “minor preoccupazione”(LC) nella Lista tera species are classified as “Least Concern” in the Red List Rossa delle Libellule italiane e nella Lista Rossa delle Farfalle of Italian dragonflies and in the Red List of Italian butterflies. Italiane. L’analisi corologica ha mostrato una predominanza di The corological analysis shows a prevalence of Holarctic com- elementi olartici e una presenza limitata di elementi a gravita- ponents and a smaller presence of species with Mediterranean zione mediterranea. Lo stesso risultato si è avuto confrontando distribution. A similar result was obtained by comparing the i corotipi dell’entomofauna con quelli della vegetazione. Al fine chorotypes of the insect fauna with the vegetation. In order to di dare indicazioni per una corretta gestione della riserva e per give indications for a correct management of the Reserve and un incremento qualitativo e quantitativo dell’entomofauna del for a qualitative and quantitative increase of the entomofauna sito, che già presenta evidenti segni di disturbo antropico, viene of the site, which already shows evident signs of anthropogenic consigliato non solo di ridurre l’asportazione del legno morto disturbance, it is recommended not only to reduce the remov- e incentivarne la caduta e il rilascio a terra, ma anche di rego- al of dead wood, but also to regulate the passage of invasive lamentare il passaggio dei mezzi invasivi e ridurre il danno means of transport and reduce the damage due to alien species, dovuto a specie alloctone presenti nello stagno, procedendo, se especially present in the pond, by proceeding to reduce their non alla loro eliminazione, a un contenimento numerico. populations whenever a complete elimination is not possible. PREMESSA entomofauna locale; b. la caratterizzazione, a livello di presenza, dei popo- Questo lavoro sintetizza le informazioni raccolte durante lamenti di coleotteri, con particolare attenzione alle il monitoraggio dell’entomofauna nell’area della Riserva specie di interesse comunitario, ma considerando Naturale “della Rocca, del Sasso e Parco Lacuale” nel anche specie ritenute significative per la zona, non Comune di Manerba del Garda (BS), ed è articolato in necessariamente inserite negli allegati della direttiva modo da fornire in maniera concisa: “Habitat” 92/42/CEE; a. una valutazione sintetica del livello conoscitivo della c. alcune possibili scelte strategiche per la futura gestio- * Ricerca effettuata con il contributo del Comune di Manerba sul Garda 1 Centro Studi Naturalistici Bresciani, via M. Malvestiti 28, 25123 Brescia, * [email protected] 74 M. Grottolo ne del Parco dal punto di vista dei taxa faunistici trat- GROTTOLO et al., 2016; TOLEDO & GROTTOLO, 2019). tati. Gli artropodi campionati, sottoposti esclusivamente L’area di studio, che alla sommità della Rocca rag- ad un’indagine qualitativa, appartengono ai seguenti or- giunge i 218 m s.l.m., è costituita da uno sperone roccioso dini: Coleotteri, Odonati, Lepidotteri ed Emitteri. di natura prevalentemente conglomeratica o calcarenitica La metodologia seguita per l’indagine della coleot- di origine terziaria (Oligocene) e presenta una superficie terofauna è stata quella standard che, oltre alla raccolta di circa 70 ettari. L’intera area insiste nel comune di Ma- diretta, ha utilizzato sia le trappole a caduta (pitfall-traps nerba del Garda (BS) e tutto il settore est confina con la degli autori anglosassoni) che le trappole aeree. Alcuni sponda del lago di Garda. fattori di disturbo, quali l’asportazione di diverse trap- Dal punto vegetazionale possiamo distinguere quat- pole, hanno influito negativamente in alcuni periodi sui tro zone: risultati parziali del campionamento. • un area tipicamente agricola, situata nella zona pianeg- Gli Odonati e i Lepidotteri sono stati determinati a giante, dove insistono le tipiche coltrure agricole gar- vista sul posto e rilasciati dopo la cattura. desane (ulivi, viti, mais); I Coleotteri, con 350.000 specie fino ad ora classifi- • sul versante est una zona a copertura erbacea-arbustiva cate, sono l’ordine più vasto non solo della classe degli (prati aridi), dove si riscontrano particolari endemiti insetti, ma di tutto il regno animale. In Italia (AUDISIO botanici; & VIGNA TAGLIANTI, 2005) risultano presenti appros- • sul versante settentrionale una zona a copertura boschi- simativamente 130 famiglie, con circa 12.000 specie, va spontanea; che rappresentano il 3% delle specie conosciute in tutto • una zona a copertura boschiva secondaria (da rimbo- il mondo. Vengono suddivisi in due grandi sottordini: schimento). Coleotteri Adefagi (Coleoptera Adephaga) e Coleotteri Il clima della zona di indagine è caratterizzato da Polifagi (Coleoptera Polyphaga). temperature medie annue elevate, con inverni miti e nes- Per i primi sono stati studiati i taxa delle famiglie dei suna media mensile inferiore allo zero termico, da livelli Carabidi e dei Ditiscidi, mentre per i secondi tutte le altre di precipitazioni medio-bassi, con estati ad andamento famiglie, quali ad esempio i Lucanidi, gli Scarabeidi, i asciutto, e da un’elevata insolazione. Buprestidi, i Tenebrionidi, i Cerambicidi, che presentano Secondo ARIETTI (1964) gli elementi climatologici stadi larvali fitofagi e saproxilici (xilofagi, xilosaprofagi, dell’area stabiliscono una marcata differenza tra il lago di ecc.) ed adulti soprattutto floricoli, fillofagi e glicifagi e Garda e gli altri laghi insubrici; queste condizioni favo- gli Elateridi e Lampiridi che sono invece predatori in tutti rirebbero lo sviluppo di una flora xerotermica prossima a i loro stadi. quella mediterranea e intermedia a quella subcontinenta- La maggior parte dei Carabidi sono predatori terre- le, con caratteri di continentalità “idrica e di oceanicità” stri o arboricoli sia da larva che da adulto e quindi ri- termica. sultano utili nel controllare i parassiti delle colture e dei fitoparassiti delle piante, altri, invece, sono fitofagi e fitozoofagi. Sono una delle famiglie di invertebrati più MATERIALI E METODI rappresentati del suolo sia come diversità specifica sia come biomassa totale. Diffusi in tutto il mondo e in tutti L’indagine è stata condotta nel 2018-2019, ma è dove- gli ambienti con oltre 40.000 specie, di cui almeno 1300 roso precisare che un periodo biennale non è partico- presenti in Italia, sono tra gli invertebrati terrestri meglio larmente significativo ai fine della completezza di un studiati. Vengono sempre più utilizzati quali biondicato- rilevamento faunistico entomologico. Le ricerche ento- ri per le classificazioni, protezione degli habitat e dello mologiche sono lavori complessi, che richiedono la par- stato di inquinamento (BRANDMAYR & PIZZOLOTTO, 1994), tecipazione di specialisti dei diversi gruppi, nonché un ma anche per la caratterizzazione dello stato dei nutrien- periodo di tempo di alcuni anni e una costante presenza ti dei suoli forestali e come indicatori della biodiversità sul campo, a causa della elusività della maggior parte (BRANDMAYR, 1975; THIELE, 1977; LÖVEI & SUNDERLAND, delle specie di
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