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Sixth World Wilderness Congress Proceedings on Research, Management, An Protected Areas in Russia: Management Goals, Current Status, and Future Prospects of Russian Zapovedniki David Ostergren Evgeny Shvarts Abstract—In 1991, the Russian Federation inherited the Soviet (Weiner 1988). Over the last 80 years, the amount of land Union’s land protection system. A unique feature of the multifac- area protected within the system has fluctuated in response eted system is the network of zapovedniki (strict nature preserves). to the priorities of the central government. Nonetheless, Currently there are 95 zapovedniki set aside from economic zapovednik staff have maintained their primary missions to exploitation and protecting 31,026,600 ha. The intended mission of conduct research in pristine, natural conditions and pro- the zapovednik system includes the conservation of biodiversity, the tect typical and rare ecosystems. preservation of unique or typical natural areas for scientific re- Historically, Federal, regional, and local government bod- search, and long-term ecological monitoring. Since the fall of the ies, or the Russian Academy of Science, have designated U.S.S.R., the system has experienced a 60 to 80 percent reduction in ecologically, geologically, or biologically unique or sensitive Federal funding. Limited Federal funding has placed enormous areas as zapovedniki (Pryde 1991). The first preserve, stress on administrators and directors as they strive to conduct Barguzin Zapovednik, was established by a regional gov- research and protect the areas from trespass. ernment in 1916 to protect the sable (Martes zibellina) population near Lake Baikal. Although several zapovedniki were established by local and provincial authorities, it was not until 1920 that the first Federal zapovednik—Il’menskii In 1991, the Russian Federation inherited the Soviet Zapovednik—was established. By 1933, 69 Federal and Union’s land protection system. A unique feature of the regional zapovedniki protected 6,114,568 ha of land across multifaceted system is the network of zapovedniki (strict the Soviet Union (Shaposhnikov and Borisov 1958). nature preserves). In the late 1800’s, men such as soil In the late 1930’s, scientists throughout the zapovednik scientist V. V. Dokuchaev established research stations in system established a set of standards for collecting botanical the disappearing steppe of southern Russia and the Ukraine. and zoological data. This document is the “Letopis Prirody” In 1908, Moscow zoologist G. A. Kozhevnikov proposed the or Chronicles of Nature. Complementing a long tradition of concept of zapovedniki at the fiftieth anniversary of the ecological research, some population and meteorological Imperial Russian Society for the Acclimatization of Animals data have been collected since the 1920’s (Bannikov and and Plants. Zapovedniki were to be areas virtually free Kozlovsky 1969; Kirikov 1962). from any economic or human activity such as logging, The guidelines for collating the Chronicles have been mining, farming, or recreation. Conceptually, zapovedniki reviewed in 1940, 1954, 1967, and 1979 (Sokolov and Zykov would act as areas for ecological research and “controls” for 1985). The most recent guidelines provide a suggested meth- comparison to other land uses such as agriculture or re- odology, a standardized format for publication, and requests source extraction (Boreiko 1995; Kozhevnikov 1908; information such as physical description of the preserve, Shtil’mark 1995; Weiner 1988). meteorological data, research conducted by resident scien- In stark contrast to the proportionately larger and pub- tists and collaborating universities, and anthropogenic dis- licly accessible North American wilderness areas, zapoved- turbances including pollution and illegal trespass or poach- niki have been preservation oriented, reserved for research, ing (Filonov and Nykhimovskaya 1985). The document is and accessible almost exclusively by the scientific commu- supposed to be published annually by each zapovednik. nity. The focus on scientific research clearly distinguishes Funding and resources have limited some of the publica- the Soviet system from those around the world. Not coinci- tions, but many zapovedniki make the Chronicles of Nature dentally, some of the most innovative ideas in ecology were a priority (Ostergren 1997). originated on zapovedniki by men like V.V. Stanchinsky In 1951, the 128 zapovedniki protecting approximately 12,600,000 ha came under sharp criticism from Gosplan (the central planning agency). In 1951, 88 zapovedniki were In: Watson, Alan E.; Aplet, Greg H.; Hendee, John C., comps. 1998. closed, and the area of protected lands was reduced to Personal, societal, and ecological values of wilderness: Sixth World Wil- derness Congress proceedings on research, management, and allocation, 1,384,000 ha. This is apparently because Stalin wanted to volume I; 1997 October; Bangalore, India. Proc. RMRS-P-4. Ogden, UT: U.S. increase society’s control over nature and put all lands to Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research economic use (Boreiko 1993; Kabanov 1960; Pryde 1972). Station. David Ostergren is Assistant Professor, Recreation and Parks Manage- Stalin died shortly afterwards and the pressure to dismantle ment, West Virginia University, Division of Forestry, Box 6125, Morgantown, the zapovedniki faded away. The system began to grow WV 26506 U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]. Dr. Evgeny Shvarts is Director, Biological Conservation Center, and Senior Research Scientist, Institute of again throughout the 1950’s, and by 1961, 93 zapovedniki Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, E-mail: protected 6,300,000 ha (Dement’ev 1957). However, in 1962, [email protected]. Khrushchev launched another attack on the system in USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-4. 1998 11 order to bring more land into economic production (Boreiko to 1993. The drop in Federal funding impacted every aspect 1994). After this “re-organization” in 1964, 66 zapovedniki of management, from research and development to sala- protected 4,267,400 ha of land (Zharkov 1964). Just as ries and purchasing basic supplies such as food and gaso- Stalin’s death coincidently stopped the wholesale destruc- line. Several issues are particularly important. tion of the zapovedniki in 1952, Khrushchev was removed in 1964 and the system again began to recover. The 1968 U.S.S.R. Land Legislation Act reaffirmed the Research role of zapovedniki in society, “[A]ny activity that infringes Baseline research is a primary responsibility for upon the natural complexes…is forbidden both on the terri- zapovedniki. Since 1990 there has been an overall drop in tory of the preserves as well as within the boundaries of the quantity of research, especially in the remote and newer protected zones established around the preserves” (Pryde zapovedniki (Ostergren 1997). Although difficult to quan- 1972). Despite the public affirmation of zapovedniki, new tify, experts identify several obstacles: (1) The sheer size of pressure surfaced in the late 1960’s for increased recre- most zapovedniki requires helicopter access, and increasing ational access. Limited tourist and recreational activity had costs have all but eliminated the use of helicopters. For traditionally been allowed on very few preserves, and the instance, the Sayan-Shushensky Zapovednik dropped from areas affected were restricted to less than 1 percent of the 150 flights per year to three or four. Katun Zapovednik was land. The Soviet authorities responded to the public de- established in 1992 and has never had helicopter access. mand for outdoor recreation by initiating a national park Other difficulties include (2) attrition of research scientists system in 1971 (Borisov 1971). The national parks remain to other work or organizations because of a lack of pay, (3) a distinct in that they are managed by the Federal Forest drop in university funding for research and internships, Service, encourage recreational use and conduct less re- and (4) a lack of Federal funding to cover expenses and search. Pressure remains on zapovedniki near population equipment. centers, but the impact has in large part been negligible . As managers adjust to the new conditions of post-Soviet The 1970’s and 1980’s were characterized by slow growth Russia, some zapovedniki have maintained research levels in the system throughout the Soviet Union to 178 units by through international funding. In addition, zapovedniki 1991. When the Soviet Union collapsed, Russia had 77 near cities have experienced a surprising increase in use by zapovedniki located within its borders (Stepanitski 1997a). research scientists. Unfortunately, many local scientists Despite some benefits from the fall of the Soviet Union, are so poor that they must take jobs with the zapovedniki to zapovedniki are facing serious challenges to protecting their augment their income (Ostergren 1997). We would like to resources and conducting research. emphasize that the quality of research remains high, and Two pieces of legislation are fundamental for post-Soviet most authorities believe the quantity will inevitably recover. management of zapovedniki. A Decree by President Boris Russia has a large, well educated populace, the scientific Yeltsin on October 2, 1992, “On Special Protected Natural community is dedicated to its responsibilities, and national Areas of the Russian Federation,” charged regional and local and international funding organizations are now being governments, land management agencies, and research tapped
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