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Effects of Biological, Economic and Management Factors on Tuna and Billfish Stock Status

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Effects of Biological, Economic and Management Factors on Tuna and Billfish Stock Status FISH andFISHERIES Effects of biological, economic and management factors on tuna and billfish stock status Maite Pons1, Trevor A Branch1, Michael C Melnychuk1, Olaf P Jensen2, Jon Brodziak3, Jean M Fromentin4, Shelton J Harley5, Alan C Haynie6, Laurie T Kell7, Mark N Maunder8, Ana M Parma9, Victor R Restrepo10, Rishi Sharma11,†, Robert Ahrens12 & Ray Hilborn1 1School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; 2Department of Marine & Coastal Science, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; 3NOAA Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 1845 Wasp Blvd., Honolulu, HI, 96818-5007, USA; 4Ifremer, UMR MARBEC (Marine Biodiversity, exploitation and conservation), boulevard Jean Monnet, CS 30171, 34203 Sete Cedex, France; 5Fisheries, Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, B.P. D5, 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia; 6NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Bldg 4, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA; 7ICCAT (International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas) Secretariat, Corazon de Marıa 8, 28002 Madrid, Spain; 8IATTC (Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission), 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, San Diego, CA, 92037-1508, USA; 9Centro Nacional Patagonico – CONICET, Boulevard Brown 2915 (U9120ACD), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; 10ISSF (International Seafood Sustainability foundation), 805 15th Street NW, Suite 708, Washington, DC, 20005, USA; 11IOTC (Indian Ocean Tuna Commission), Le Chantier Mall (2nd floor), PO Box 1011, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles; 12Program of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA Abstract Correspondence: Commercial tunas and billfishes (swordfish, marlins and sailfish) provide considerable Maite Pons School of Aquatic catches and income in both developed and developing countries. These stocks vary in and Fishery Sciences, status from lightly exploited to rebuilding to severely depleted. Previous studies sug- Box 355020 gested that this variability could result from differences in life-history characteristics University of Wash- and economic incentives, but differences in exploitation histories and management ington, Seattle, WA measures also have a strong effect on current stock status. Although the status (bio- 98195, USA. Tel.: +1 206 883 mass and fishing mortality rate) of major tuna and billfish stocks is well documented, 5102 the effect of these diverse factors on current stock status and the effect of manage- Fax: +1 206 616 ment measures in rebuilding stocks have not been analysed at the global level. Here, 8689 we show that, particularly for tunas, stocks were more depleted if they had high com- E-mail: mpons@uw. mercial value, were long-lived species, had small pre-fishing biomass and were sub- edu ject to intense fishing pressure for a long time. In addition, implementing and †Present address: enforcing total allowable catches (TACs) had the strongest positive influence on NOAA-Fisheries, rebuilding overfished tuna and billfish stocks. Other control rules such as minimum Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 size regulations or seasonal closures were also important in reducing fishing pressure, Virginia Beach Dr., but stocks under TAC implementations showed the fastest increase of biomass. Les- Miami, FL 33149. sons learned from this study can be applied in managing large industrial fisheries Received 2 Oct 2015 around the world. In particular, tuna regional fisheries management organizations Accepted 29 Mar should consider the relative effectiveness of management measures observed in this 2016 study for rebuilding depleted large pelagic stocks. Keywords Fisheries management, marine conservation, stock assessment, stock status, tuna fisheries © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd DOI: 10.1111/faf.12163 1 Drivers of tuna and billfish status M Pons et al. Introduction 2 Methods 3 Data 3 Effect of different factors on the current biological status of major tuna and billfish stocks 4 Effect of management regulations on depleted stocks 11 Results and discussion 11 Effect of different factors on the current biological status of major tuna and billfish stocks 13 Effect of management regulations on depleted stocks 14 Acknowledgements 18 References 18 Supporting Information 21 2003; Collette et al. 2011; Juan-Jorda et al. 2011; Introduction Punt et al. 2015). In 2003, catch-per-unit-effort The oceans have been subjected to intensive fish- data were used to suggest that industrial fishing ing pressure over the past 60 years, with fisheries pressure had reduced the abundance of tunas and expanding to new geographical areas, shifting billfishes (and other ocean predators) by 90% from from coastal to pelagic environments (Swartz et al. pre-industrial levels (Myers and Worm 2003). 2010). As a result, an estimated 28–33% of the More recent studies based on biomass trends esti- large well-assessed fisheries of the world are over- mated from stock assessment models found that fished (Branch et al. 2011; FAO 2014), while tunas and their relatives had actually declined by many smaller unassessed fisheries in poorer coun- an average of 60% from unfished levels (Juan- tries are likely in worse shape (Costello et al. Jorda et al. 2011), for which most stocks were 2012). These depleted fisheries have negatively above the biomass level that would produce maxi- affected food security, fishing-dependent communi- mum sustainable yield (MSY), and only a few were ties and marine ecosystems globally (Scheffer et al. fished intensively enough to be classified as experi- 2005). encing overfishing (Hampton et al. 2005; Pola- Tunas and billfishes are important contributors check 2006; Sibert et al. 2006). to food security and income in both developed and Although the status of tunas and billfishes is developing countries, and some of these stocks well documented in the literature, the factors that have experienced high exploitation rates for dec- drive the current status of these stocks are often ades (Collette et al. 2011; Juan-Jorda et al. 2011; not jointly analysed. For example, life-history FAO 2014). While tunas and swordfish are the strategies can affect the probability of stock col- main target species of many fisheries, marlins are lapse of many fish species (Reynolds et al. 2005). a common by-catch, particularly in commercial Tunas and billfishes range from small tunas and longline fisheries. Throughout the study, ‘tunas’ marlins with rapid growth rates and short lifes- were defined as the following commercially impor- pans to big tunas and swordfish with larger body tant species, often called the principal market sizes and longer lifespans (Fromentin and Fonte- tunas: southern bluefin (Thunnus maccoyii), Atlan- neau 2001; Juan-Jorda et al. 2012). Some tuna tic bluefin (T. thynnus), Pacific bluefin (T. orien- studies suggest that attributes such as short lifes- talis), bigeye (T. obesus), albacore (T. alalunga), pan, wide geographical distribution and oppor- yellowfin (T. albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus tunistic behaviour make tropical tunas more pelamis). Also, ‘Billfishes’ includes not only marlins productive and less susceptible to collapse than (Istiompax indica, Makaira nigricans, Kajikia albidus temperate tunas (Majkowski 2007; Collette et al. and K. audax) and sailfish (Istiophorus albicans) but 2011; Juan-Jorda et al. 2011). Also, Sadovy also swordfish (Xiphias gladius). (2001) suggested that, in long-lived species, the A substantial proportion of these stocks has probability of extinction is related to limited geo- been categorized as overfished (Restrepo et al. graphical range, being part of mixed-species 2 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, F I S H and F I S H E R I E S Drivers of tuna and billfish status M Pons et al. fisheries or being distributed mainly in areas of and Commission for the Conservation of Southern intense fishing activity. Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT). As an example, interna- Moreover, economic factors may be equally or tional management has clearly failed to keep some more important in determining stock status. Fish- bluefin tuna stocks near target reference points ery profits, and not the trophic levels and associ- despite their high commercial value (Fromentin ated characteristics of the target species, were and Powers 2005; Worm et al. 2009), and the found to be the dominant driver of historical fish- ability of tRFMOs to prevent stock depletion and ery development patterns in a study that covered overfishing has been questioned (Cullis-Suzuki and a wide range of stocks (Sethi et al. 2010). High Pauly 2010). The exploitation history and man- market values drive exploitation far below MSY agement actions taken vary greatly by tRFMO, biomass levels and have increased the risk of stock and this may have a strong impact on the status collapse (Collette et al. 2011). Notably, while Paci- of tuna and billfish stocks (Parma et al. 2006). fic bluefin tuna and albacore tuna are both tem- Many tRFMOs have implemented a variety of perate species, albacore is used mostly for the input (or effort) controls, while others have imple- cheaper canned tuna market, while Pacific bluefin mented also output (or quota) controls. serves the high-end sashimi market (Majkowski Although there has been considerable discussion 2007). It may therefore not be surprising that about what elements are required for successful Pacific bluefin is overfished, while some albacore fisheries management (Hilborn 2007; Beddington
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