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Status of Billfish Resources and the Billfish Fisheries in the Western

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Status of Billfish Resources and the Billfish Fisheries in the Western SLC/FIAF/C1127 (En) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular ISSN 2070-6065 STATUS OF BILLFISH RESOURCES AND BILLFISH FISHERIES IN THE WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC Source: ICCAT (2015) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1127 SLC/FIAF/C1127 (En) STATUS OF BILLFISH RESOURCES AND BILLFISH FISHERIES IN THE WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC by Nelson Ehrhardt and Mark Fitchett School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami Miami, United States of America FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Bridgetown, Barbados, 2016 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-109436-5 © FAO, 2016 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate DFNQRZOHGJHPHQWRI)$2DVWKHVRXUFHDQGFRS\ULJKWKROGHULVJLYHQDQGWKDW)$2¶VHQGRUVHPHQWRI XVHUV¶YLHZVSURGXFWVRUVHUYLFHVLVQRWLPSOLHGLQDQ\ZD\ All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. iii PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT This document is part of a series of desk and field studies carried out under “Component 1. Generating value and conservation outcomes through innovative mechanisms” of the Caribbean Billfish Project GCP/ SLC/ 001/ WBK of the Ocean Partnership Program belonging to the Areas Beyond National Jurisdictions (ABNJ) program. The project is funded by the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and The World Bank and executed by the Western Central Atlantic Fisheries Commission (WECAFC) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) based at the FAO Subregional Office in Bridgetown, Barbados. The study was carried out under a contract with the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) through a Letter of Agreement with FAO. Support and guidance were provided by Mr Raymon van Anrooy, Secretary of the Western Central Atlantic Fishery Commission (WECAFC) and Mr Manuel Perez Moreno, Regional Project Coordinator, during the elaboration of the report The preliminary findings of the study were presented at the 2nd Regional Workshop on Caribbean Billfish Management and Conservation of the WECAFC Recreational Fisheries Working Group held in November, 2015 in Panama City, Panama. In addition, the document was also reviewed by the members of the Consortium on Billfish Management and Conservation (CBMC) established in the Caribbean Billfish project. The International Commission for the Conservation of the Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) is the source of much of the statistical and stock assessment information presented in the report. Layout assistance was received from Ms Magda Morales. iv FAO. 2016. Status of billfish resources and billfish fisheries in the Western Central Atlantic, by Nelson Ehrhardt and Mark Fitchett. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1127. Bridgetown, Barbados. ABSTRACT This desk review considered over 100 pertinent documents on the subject matter and 74 of them (Cited literature) were selected for their critical contents. Three main billfish species have been assessed by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT): blue marlin, white marlin and sailfish. ICCAT is responsible for the statistical and biological data collected for billfish stock assessments and for the modeling approaches adopted to assess status of exploitation. Billfish are caught as bycatch in large Atlantic tuna fisheries. They represent a mere 0.76 percent of the tuna landings and this characteristic represents a major hurdle to objectively collect statistical data for billfish stock assessments. This fact is reflected in the many issues, statistical difficulties and result controversies encountered by the ICCAT scientific group when assessing these stocks. This review finds that billfish resources have been subjected to intense exploitation in the tuna and tuna like fisheries in the Atlantic Ocean for more than six decades, and as consequence billfish resources appear depleted, overfished and/or undergoing overfishing. The area of the WECAFC is critically important to the habitat domain of the billfish in the western Atlantic. Fishery developments targeting highly migratory species in the eastern Caribbean Sea have contributed to the exploitation of billfish, of which blue marlin is the most impacted. The introduction in the 1980s and 1990s of moored fish aggregating devices (mFADs) in the region has created interest in billfish landings but more importantly has created competition between two diverse sectors: commercial and recreational fisheries. Reduction of billfish relative abundance and the concomitant decrease in billfish trophy sizes are impacting the socially and economically important recreational fishing industries of the Caribbean while adding only marginal revenues to the commercial fisheries. Lately, issues concerning property rights of the aggregated fish have reached extraordinary competition among the two sectors (commercial and recreational fisheries) to the point that recreationally caught fish in areas where mFADs are located are retained by the commercial fishers, therefore recreational catch and release practices are voided. Such complex resources utilization matters are neither recorded nor reported in the stock assessment process, although these represent the most important conservation issue related to billfish resource utilization in the WECAFC region. v CONTENTS Preparation of this document ....................................................................................................... iii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ vi 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Billfish species of interest and units of stock ..................................................................... 2 2.1 Brief biological synopsis critical to the objectives of this review ............................... 2 Growth .................................................................................................................................. 3 Natural mortality ................................................................................................................. 6 Abundance distribution, reproductive dynamics, and units of stock definitions .......... 6 2.2 Ecosystem interactions ................................................................................................. 11 3. Overview of the billfish fisheries in the Western Central Atlantic ............................... 14 3.1 Statistics and the fisheries ........................................................................................... 14 4. Status of Billfish Resources ............................................................................................... 31 4.1 Stock assessment data and models .............................................................................. 31 4.2 WECAFC stock scenarios ........................................................................................... 46 5. Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 54 6. Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 57 References ..................................................................................................................................... 58 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions received from the following persons in the implementation of this desk study: Jason Schratwieser, Conservation Director of the IGFA David Die, Chair of the Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (SCRS) for ICCAT Rob Kramer, President of the IGFA Manuel Perez, Coordinator of Caribbean Billfish Project GCP/SLC/001/WBK, FAO Raymon van Anrooy, WECAFC Secretary, FAO Freddy Arocha, Professor at the Universidad del Oriente, Cumana, Venezuela 1 1. INTRODUCTION This report consists of a summary of findings for a desk study concerning the most salient facts and features of the billfish stocks and fisheries in the Western Central Atlantic Fisheries Commission
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