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LINGUAGENS Ensino Médio 1ª Série – 3º Bimestre

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LINGUAGENS Ensino Médio 1ª Série – 3º Bimestre LINGUAGENS Ensino Médio 1ª série – 3º Bimestre Prezado professor: A Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo apresenta o Caderno do Professor, criado pela Equipe de Redatores de Linguagens formada por técnicos das Equipes Curriculares de Arte, Educação Física, Língua Inglesa e Língua Portuguesa, como apoio à implementação do currículo e às ações de formação de professores e gestores da rede de ensino. Este Caderno tem como referência o trabalho organizado por área de conhecimento, conforme disposto no Currículo Paulista para o Ensino Médio da área de Linguagens e suas Tecnologias. O trabalho pedagógico por área possibilita pensar em uma organicidade ao agrupar, em um mesmo material e sob a mesma perspectiva, habilidades que serão propostas por todos os componentes, sendo algumas específicas de Língua Portuguesa a serem exploradas juntamente com as da área. Dessa forma, busca-se privilegiar uma progressão possível, ao propor o encadeamento de procedimentos que contribuam para que os estudantes desenvolvam as habilidades previstas. De acordo com o Currículo Paulista, a proposição da efetiva articulação entre os componentes embasará as práticas pedagógicas para a área, a partir de habilidades a serem desenvolvidas de forma integrada, respeitando as especificidades e apresentando um olhar múltiplo para a construção do conhecimento, por meio de um tema gerador e de uma questão norteadora. As vivências situadas nas práticas de linguagens envolvem conhecimentos e habilidades mais contextualizados e complexos, o que também permite romper barreiras disciplinares e vislumbrar outras formas de organização curricular (como laboratórios de comunicação e de mídias, clubes de leitura e de teatro, núcleos de criação artística e literária, oficinas culturais e desportivas, observatório da imprensa etc.). Tais formas diversificadas de organização dos espaços e tempos escolares colaboram para a flexibilização curricular; especialmente, no que concerne às aprendizagens definidas no Currículo, uma vez que são oferecidas escolhas entre os diferentes campos de atuação (campo da vida pessoal, das práticas de estudo e pesquisa, jornalístico-midiático, de atuação na vida pública, artístico- literário). Para tanto, indicamos o trabalho com as habilidades atreladas às competências da área de Linguagens. Os pressupostos do Currículo Paulista para o Ensino Médio também nortearam a seleção apresentada no material elaborado. Retomamos a definição de competências, que engloba a mobilização de conhecimentos, habilidades, atitudes e valores para resolver demandas complexas da vida cotidiana, do pleno exercício da cidadania e do mundo do trabalho. As habilidades mencionadas dizem respeito às aprendizagens essenciais para a área. Iniciam-se sempre por um verbo, que explicita o processo cognitivo envolvido, para o qual se deseja criar condições para que os estudantes sejam capazes de construir ou consolidar saberes. Os objetos de conhecimento referem-se aos conteúdos, conceitos e processos abordados nas habilidades e podem ser identificados como complementos dos verbos relacionados ao processo cognitivo em questão. Para o terceiro bimestre, professor, o Caderno tem a proposição de apoiá-lo no planejamento de suas aulas, para que seus estudantes desenvolvam as competências e habilidades necessárias, que comportam a construção do saber e a apropriação dos objetos do conhecimento, por meio do tema integrador dos componentes:O uso da tecnologia no mundo contemporâneo e da questão norteadora: Como utilizar a tecnologia de forma ética e consciente? O tema será desenvolvido ao longo de quatro situações de aprendizagem, com as indicações de habilidades e objetos de conhecimento específicos de cada componente, utilizando metodologias ativas, objetivando a diversificação do ensino e a melhoria da qualidade do fazer pedagógico e do processo contínuo de avaliação. ESTRUTURA DAS SITUAÇÕES DE APRENDIZAGEM Tendo como referência o desenvolvimento de habilidades, conhecimentos, atitudes e valores, a equipe de redatores adotou uma organizaçãoque orienta para uma progressão de habilidades, ainda que apresentem uma certa complexidade, manifestando mais de uma ação a partir dos verbos citados. Para esse contexto inicial, parece importante considerar alguns momentos de aula, com vistas à aprendizagem orientada para a efetivação da educação integral: Conhecimentos prévios: Os conhecimentos prévios não podem ser confundidos com pré- requisitos. Trata-se de como os estudantes se mobilizam para resolver problemas e formular questões sobre um tema. Conhecimentos prévios têm relação com a experiência de ser e estar no mundo. Nesse sentido, manifestam-se em diferentes momentos,como no processo de sensibilização e contextualização dos objetos de conhecimento, por meio de questões que podem ser formuladas a partir da exposição de imagens, vídeos, reportagens, situações- problema, entre outros. Sensibilização e Contextualização: São momentos que devem apresentar situações, favorecendo o envolvimento do estudante com o tema e a utilização contextualizada dos conhecimentos adquiridos. A sensibilização, por exemplo, deve permitir ao estudante manifestar as suas experiências sobre o assunto, buscando, por meio da aproximação, provocar interesse. O momento de contextualização convida o estudante a reconhecer os instrumentos de que pode lançar mão para tratar a informação de forma variada (curadoria da informação é fundamental nesse processo); como consequência, ele poderá obter condições de aperfeiçoar as reflexões e atitudes e reelaborar hipóteses iniciais. Estratégias e Metodologias Ativas de Aprendizagem: São processos amplos que podem englobar diferentes práticas em sala de aula como formas de interagir, dialogar e mobilizar conhecimentos. Entre as metodologias ativas podemos citar: PBL (Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas), Estudos de Caso, Estudo Dirigido, Brainstorming, Demonstrações e Simulações, Organização e Apresentação de Seminários, Sala de Aula Invertida, Pense-Pare- Compartilhe, Word Café, Produção de Blog, Rotação por Estações, entre outras. Em comum todas têm o objetivo de fazer do estudante o protagonista de seu percurso de aprendizagem, pelo comprometimento dele com os estudos. O professor transforma-se no mediador desse processo, ao utilizar essas ferramentas para facilitar o aprendizado. A ideia central é estimular uma maior participação e responsabilidade pela construção do próprio saber dentro e fora da sala de aula. Assim, ele se envolve no processo de aprendizagem de maneira ativa, superando a ideia de aulas expositivas e com pouca interação, em que apenas o professor é o protagonista. Mas, colocar isso em prática em sala de aula não é uma tarefa simples; é preciso quebrar paradigmas, selecionar estratégias adequadas que podem ser adotadas dentro da metodologia ativa, no auxílio do trabalho pedagógico, motivando a construção de conhecimento conforme as necessidades, interesses, preferências e ritmo de cada turma.Destacamos que essas estratégias apresentam potencial para diferentes situações e devem ser consideradas a partir do objetivo que se pretende alcançar e da infraestrutura da unidade escolar. Entre as estratégias mais comuns no contexto da área, descrevemos algumas que podem envolver e, ao mesmo tempo, colocar o estudante no centro do processo de aprendizagem: ▪ Aprendizagem baseada em equipes (ABE): O primeiro passo do planejamento da ABE é decidir os objetivos educacionais que os estudantes devem alcançar, durante o trabalho em grupo. Assim, o professor precisa considerar o que almeja que os estudantes consigam fazer em um contexto real e a forma como eles farão, além das decisões em conjunto que eles terão de tomar. Quando se modifica a estratégia pedagógica de uma aula expositiva, centrada no professor, para uma atividade do tipo ABE, centrada no estudante, quatro mudanças são necessárias: 1. Os objetivos da aula devem ser ampliados: Deixar de trabalhar apenas os conceitos- chave de um tópico, para trabalhar com objetivos de aprendizagem que incluam a compreensão sobre esses conceitos ao serem aplicados em situações-problema reais. 2. O papel e funções do professor: Não mais oferecer informação e conceitos, mas contextualizar o aprendizado e conduzir o processo educacional como um todo, agindo como facilitador da aprendizagem. 3. O papel e função dos estudantes: Sair da posição de receptores passivos da informação, para a condição de responsáveis pela aquisição do conhecimento; além de serem membros integrantes de uma equipe que trabalha de forma colaborativa, para compreender como aplicar o objeto de conhecimento na solução de problemas concretos e contextualizados. 4. A organização das atividades: A formação das equipes deve ser composta por cinco a sete estudantes. O segundo passo é organizar a sequência de atividades, que inclui etapas prévias programadas pelo professor e por ele acompanhadas. O terceiro passo é garantir que o processo de avaliação aconteça de maneira individual e depois em grupos. As atividades desenvolvidas nessa etapa buscam checar e garantir que o estudante esteja preparado e pronto para resolver testes individualmente, bem como para contribuir com sua equipe e aplicar os conhecimentos na etapa seguinte do ABE. E a última etapa, a aplicação dos objetos de conhecimento (conceitos, conteúdos e processos), adquiridos por meio da resolução de situações-problema nas equipes. ▪ Aprendizagem baseada em projetos (PBL): Ganhando espaço especialmente em universidades de ciências aplicadas, devido à necessidade de os estudantes desenvolverem
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