The Diptera of Lancashire and Cheshire: Craneflies and Winter Gnats

by Phil Brighton

32, Wadeson Way, Croft, Warrington WA3 7JS

Version 1.1

26 November 2017

Summary This document provides a new checklist for the craneflies and winter gnats (Tipuloidea, Ptychopteridae and Trichoceridae) to extend the lists of the diptera of Lancashire and Cheshire first published by Kidd and Bindle in 1959. Overall statistics on recording activity are given by decade and hectad. Checklists are presented for each of the three Watsonian vice-counties 58, 59, and 60 detailing for each species the number of records, year of earliest and most recent record, and the number of hectads with records. A combined checklist showing distribution by the three vice-counties is also included, covering a total of 264 species, amounting to 75% of the current British checklist.

Introduction This report is the third in a series to update and extend the partial checklist of the diptera of Lancashire and Cheshire published in 1959 by Leonard Kidd and Alan Brindle1. There were two previous updates, in 19642 and 19713.

The previous reports in this series cover the soldierflies and allies4 and the Sepsidae5, the latter family not having been covered in Ref 1. The reader is referred to the first two reports for the background and rationale of these checklists, as well as the history of diptera recording and available data sources. The description of methodology is also kept to a minimum in the present report: only significant differences from the previous publications will be outlined. The previous format of the tables and maps is continued.

As before, the geographical scope is limited to the Watsonian vice-counties of Cheshire (VC58), South Lancashire (VC59), and West Lancashire (VC60). However to avoid confusion with the present political area of West Lancashire which lies within VC59, VC60 will be referred to as North Lancashire below. VC60 here is shorn of parts of south Cumbria which were covered erroneously in Ref 1. The Forest of Bowland largely remains in VC64, mid-west Yorkshire, and is also excluded.

Taxonomic scope The UK Cranefly Recording Scheme (CRS) was set up by Alan Stubbs in 1973. This was followed by other Diptera recording schemes and then the formation of the Dipterists Forum (DF) in 1995. The scope of the CRS covered the following families:  Tipulidae (long-palped craneflies): 87 British species  Cylindrotomidae (damsel craneflies): 4 British species  Pediciidae (hairy-eyed craneflies): 20 British species  Limoniidae (short-palped craneflies): 221 British species in 4 subfamilies  Ptychopteridae (phantom craneflies): 7 British species  Trichoceridae (winter gnats): 10 British species The above numbers are taken from the January 2017 update of the British checklist on the DF website. The first four families are in the infra-order Tipulomorpha but the other two are more distantly related. The above listing follows the taxonomic order but in the tables below alphabetic order is followed. Draft keys were provided by Alan Stubbs around 1990 and have been revised recently by John Kramer in anticipation of publication of a long-promised book on British Craneflies. These keys also include notes on habitat in many cases. The Ptychopteridae are covered in a published atlas with keys6. An alternative method of keying has been used by Pete Boardman in his Shropshire Craneflies7 which covers 245 species recorded in that county: this also contains habitat notes.

These keys have superseded the relevant RES handbooks8, though these are still useful from time to time. A further invaluable source of information is the on-line Cranefly Catalogue of the World (CCW) which can be searched by species9. Sources of data and methodology The approach to collecting and analysing data follows that established for the soldierflies and allies in Ref 4. In addition to the data sources used there, records have been obtained from iRecord10 for the last ten years up to October 2017. Data has also been obtained from a survey of Astley Moss in 2010 by World Museum Liverpool11: these data do not appear either on the LRC or on NBN. The LRC data used was received in late 2016 or early 2017, and the NBN data was also downloaded during this period. My own data extend from 2012 to October 2017 and the duplicates thereof have been removed from the LRC data. The Harry Britten cards have been transcribed and checked against Ref 1 as done previously for the soldierflies and allies. This does create a certain amount of duplication with LRC and NBN data, but also adds much extra data particularly for common species. The numbers of records are as follows, amounting to a total of 14,961.

Data Source VC58 VC59 VC60 Greater Manchester LRC 59 544 0 Harry Britten cards 1126 869 66 iRecord 24 0 99 LERN (Lancashire LRC) 0 71 125 Merseyside Biobank 64 489 1 NBN Gateway 1569 2093 1227 P Brighton 901 1441 34 RECORD (Cheshire LRC) 3824 261 29 WML 0 43 0 TOTALS 7567 5811 1581

Only limited validation has been carried out. A number of records of rare and implausible species have been omitted, primarily where the recorder was anonymous or a non-specialist. A number of other records were found with incorrect grid references and a few others had dates incompatible with the active dates of the named recorder. Such records have also been omitted. Uncertainties in other records are discussed in the species status notes in the Appendix. Overview of combined dataset The combined data have been analysed to provide details of recording frequency by decade and vice-county in Tables 1-4. The overall pattern is similar to that already found in Refs 4 and 5, though the records are more evenly split between VC58 and VC59. Table 1 shows the influence of Harry Britten during the 20s, 30s and 40s, with Cheshire visited rather more often than Lancashire. Alan Brindle’s records start in 1937 but were interrupted by war service. His contributions then extend from the 1950s through to 1982 when he retired from Manchester Museum. His records are strongly concentrated in areas of both the Lancashire vice- counties. It is also worth noting that he had a particular interest in cranefly larvae, and also other aquatic larvae. There was a lull in cranefly recording in the 1980s but during the 1990s and 2000s, the Cheshire numbers were greatly increased by Bill Hardwick. In the present decade, my own records have contributed at a similar level of effort in Cheshire, and rather more so in South Lancashire.

The maps in Tables 2a-c also show the strong influence of these recorders. In Cheshire the top four hectads are as follows: Hectad Description No. of records No. of species SJ57 Frodsham and Delamere Forest 1090 139 SJ66 Winsford and the Weaver Valley 1056 127 SJ88 South Manchester and Wilmslow 819 142 SJ98 Stockport, Marple and Poynton 776 109

The tally for SJ57 was significantly boosted by an invertebrate survey in 2003 for the Lost Meres and Mosses project12, and I have been carrying out further surveying there in the last few years13. SJ66 is the home square of Bill Hardwick and as well as the Weaver Valley contains the classic dipterising sites of Pettypool and Newchurch Common. SJ88 includes the Bollin Valley and Cotterill Clough: the latter was much frequented by Harry Britten and appears to have retained much of its diverse cranefly fauna despite its proximity to Manchester Airport14. SJ98 also owes its prominence largely to historic records by Harry Britten and others.

Turning to South Lancashire, my home square SJ69 has become the most worked of all in the region but is relatively poor in species, as it has little extent of woodland and no upland areas. Alan Brindle worked extensively in SD73 and SD84 near to his home town of Nelson. SD61 was covered by entomologists based at Bolton Museum in the 70s and 80s and is the scene of renewed recording effort following the acquisition of the Smithills estate by the Woodland Trust. Hectad Description No. of records No. of species SJ69 NE Warrington and the Manchester 1189 109 Mosses SD73 Whalley and Padiham 559 126 SD61 NW Bolton and Winter Hill 397 107 SD84 Pendle Hill and Barnoldswick 318 96

A result of the much lower overall level of recording only two squares are highlighted in VC60: Hectad Description No. of records No. of species SD47 Silverdale area 573 117 SD63 Longridge area 165 74

There is no simple relation between number of records and the number of species recorded in a hectad. Apart from the intrinsic species numbers, this is affected by the increasing propensity of recorders in recent decades to record common species more thoroughly and at a higher grid resolution. Vice-county and Regional Checklists Tables 3a-c present the summary of the data for each of the three vice-counties in the format previously used for the soldierflies and allies and for the Sepsidae. The families are listed in alphabetical order rather than the taxonomic order presented above. The family Limoniidae has been split into its four British subfamilies. In each family or subfamily, species are listed alphabetically except for genus Tipula where subgenus names have been included. The earliest year of observation may represent the beginning of a range of years where no exact date was given in the historic records. Equally latest dates may represent the end of such a range. Table 4 provides a combined checklist for the whole region, comparing numbers of records in each vice-county. National conservation status classifications have been taken from the PANTHEON software, version 3.7.4, but have been simplified to just “rare” or “scarce”: a revised status review is 4 currently being prepared (see Ref 7). The Appendix following the data tables provides notes on remaining uncertainties in the data for these scarcer species and comments on the distributions in space and time for these and other less common species. Full species accounts have not been included, as there is readily available information for most of our species in Ref 7 and on the CCW. Table 4 also flags up species not recorded since 1970, or recorded only since then. The total number of records is 14,959, compared with a national total of 199,477 on the NBN Atlas (as of 14 Nov 2017). The number of species on the list for each vice-county are 235, 224 and 192 for VC58, VC59 and VC60 respectively, and the overall list has 264 species*, amounting to 75% of the British total of 353. This compares to only 58% for the soldierflies and allies, a group with many species confined to the south, and 69% for the Sepsidae, a relatively poorly recorded family. There are 25 species listed as nationally rare and 55 as nationally scarce. 15 species have not been recorded since 1970, but 33 species have been added to the list. No general conclusion can be drawn from this, but the predominant reason is probably simply the amount of recording effort. For a few species an apparent systematic local or national pattern of expansion of range or change in abundance has been detected, and is discussed in notes in the Appendix. However, that is not to say that more such changes might come to light with closer examination of the data. Acknowledgments Thanks are due to RECORD, Merseyside Biobank, Greater Manchester Local Records Centre, Lancashire Environmental Record Network and the NBN Gateway for the provision of data, to World Museum Liverpool and Manchester Museum for access to their collections and internal records, and of course to all the original recorders.

* These numbers are subject to uncertainty because not all records have been or indeed can be fully verified, as discussed in the notes in the Appendix. 5

Table 1: numbers of records of craneflies and winter gnats by vice-county and decade

Decade VC58 VC59 VC60

Pre-1900 68 94 0 1900s 10 23 0 1910s 89 24 0 1920s 433 273 10 1930s 332 268 7 1940s 899 411 7 1950s 170 897 99 1960s 88 213 107 1970s 392 1102 541 1980s 124 313 141 1990s 1850 359 320 2000s 1828 195 29 2010s 1284 1638 320 TOTALS 7567 5811 1581

Table 2a: number of cranefly and winter gnat records per hectad in VC58 (Cheshire)

SJ2_ SJ3_ SJ4_ SJ_5 SJ_6 SJ_7 SJ_8 S_9_ SK0_ SK1_

S__0 0 8 0

S__9 9 4 28 16 134 18

15 130 48 5 457 74 819 776 319 0

S__7 5 84 171 1090 598 94 115 136 109

S__6 3 28 353 1056 139 243 32 0

SJ_5 13 11 15 93 119 0

SJ_4 0 173 9 18

Table 2b: number of records per hectad in VC59 (South Lancashire)

SD2_ S_3_ S_4_ S_5_ S_6_ S_7_ S_8_ S_9_ SK0_

SD_4 20 318 0

SD_3 59 559 309 162

SD_2 4 5 59 134 32 25 38

SD_1 177 131 24 152 397 145 29 11

SD_0 199 100 32 10 206 86 85 282

SJ_9 34 50 187 1189 87 188 16

SJ_8 1 131 88 49 0

Table 2c: number of records per hectad in VC60 (North Lancashire)

SD2_ SD3_ SD4_ SD5_ SD6_ SD7_ SD8_

SD_7 573 50 51

SD_6 67 91 47

SD_5 0 16 64 28

SD_4 31 62 120 74

SD_3 20 8 98 165 0

SD_2 0 15 0 1

Table 3a: checklist of Craneflies and Winter Gnats for VC58 (Cheshire) VC58 No of No of Earliest Latest (Sub)Family/Species Records Hectads CYLINDROTOMIDAE 65 1905 2017 14 Cylindrotoma distinctissima 27 1920 2015 8 Diogma glabrata 15 1937 2003 4 Phalacrocera replicata 22 1905 2017 7 Triogma trisulcata 1 2016 2016 1 LIMONIIDAE(Chioneinae) 1719 1800 2017 38 Arctoconopa melampodia 17 1927 2008 7 Cheilotrichia cinerascens 205 1921 2017 23 Cheilotrichia imbuta 28 1800 2003 4 Crypteria limnophiloides 3 1922 1995 3 Erioconopa diuturna 20 1973 2015 11 Erioconopa trivialis 150 1921 2017 23 Erioptera divisa 4 1940 2012 3 Erioptera flavata 24 1800 2016 8 Erioptera fuscipennis 92 1921 2017 19 Erioptera fusculenta 6 1951 2016 6 Erioptera griseipennis 6 1940 2017 5

VC58 No of No of Earliest Latest (Sub)Family/Species Records Hectads Erioptera lutea 134 1920 2017 24 Erioptera nielseni 10 1940 2017 3 Erioptera squalida 7 1939 1941 4 Erioptera verralli 6 1939 2017 1 Gnophomyia viridipennis 20 1930 1942 1 Gonempeda flava 13 1939 2007 9 Gonomyia abbreviata 4 1944 1951 2 Gonomyia abscondita 1 2014 2014 1 Gonomyia conoviensis 1 2004 2004 1 Gonomyia dentata 6 1999 2012 4 Gonomyia lucidula 5 1940 2003 4 Gonomyia recta 6 1942 2016 3 Gonomyia simplex 4 1924 1994 3 Gonomyia tenella 5 1800 2017 4 Hoplolabis areolata 13 1922 2008 6 Hoplolabis vicina 14 1940 2008 9 Hoplolabis yezoana 12 2005 2008 4 Ilisia maculata 34 1800 2016 12 Ilisia occoecata 9 1940 2017 4 Molophilus appendiculatus 53 1920 2016 16 Molophilus ater 2 1953 1953 1 Molophilus bifidus 7 1942 2016 6 Molophilus bihamatus 2 2004 2014 2 Molophilus cinereifrons 26 1939 2017 8 Molophilus crassipygus 5 1999 2007 4 Molophilus curvatus 1 2017 2017 1 Molophilus flavus 6 1941 2016 4 Molophilus griseus 136 1920 2017 21 Molophilus medius 44 1922 2016 12 Molophilus niger 13 1900 2016 5 Molophilus obscurus 49 1922 2017 15 Molophilus occultus 7 1997 2016 4 Molophilus ochraceus 15 1920 2015 9 Molophilus pleuralis 2 1999 2001 1 Molophilus propinquus 8 1953 2008 4 Molophilus pusillus 5 1939 2015 4 Molophilus serpentiger 23 1939 2017 10 Molophilus undulatus 5 1940 2016 2 Molophilus variispinus 3 1999 2017 2 Neolimnophila carteri 9 1940 2014 7 Ormosia aciculata 3 1923 1923 1 Ormosia albitibia 4 1952 1998 3

VC58 No of No of Earliest Latest (Sub)Family/Species Records Hectads Ormosia depilata 15 1932 2016 9 Ormosia hederae 41 1921 2017 17 Ormosia lineata 15 1920 2017 3 Ormosia nodulosa 47 1800 2017 11 Ormosia pseudosimilis 3 1924 1940 3 Rhabdomastix edwardsi 4 2007 2007 1 Rhabdomastix japonica 2 2007 2007 1 Rhypholophus bifurcatus 14 1940 2016 6 Rhypholophus haemorrhoidalis 21 1914 1981 4 Rhypholophus varius 61 1800 2016 17 Scleroprocta pentagonalis 4 1973 2016 3 Symplecta hybrida 26 1800 2015 12 Symplecta stictica 150 1920 2017 24 Tasiocera fuscescens 1 1994 1994 1 Tasiocera murina 17 1800 2017 5 Trimicra pilipes 12 1940 1999 6 LIMONIIDAE(Limnophilinae) 1074 1800 2017 32 Austrolimnophila ochracea 160 1859 2017 21 Dicranophragma adjunctum 55 1974 2017 13 Dicranophragma nemorale 49 1924 2016 16 Dicranophragma separatum 5 1941 2013 4 Eloeophila maculata 36 1800 2016 11 Eloeophila mundata 5 1934 2007 3 Eloeophila submarmorata 13 1920 2016 7 Eloeophila trimaculata 2 1920 1925 1 Epiphragma ocellare 30 1939 2016 11 Euphylidorea aperta 15 1924 2017 5 Euphylidorea dispar 11 1916 2015 7 Euphylidorea lineola 48 1920 2016 15 Euphylidorea meigenii 59 1921 2017 14 Euphylidorea phaeostigma 14 1939 2006 3 Idioptera linnei 26 1922 2017 6 Idioptera pulchella 7 1926 2004 5 Limnophila pictipennis 7 1918 2012 4 Limnophila schranki 26 1800 2017 11 Neolimnomyia batava 7 1940 2016 3 Neolimnomyia filata 6 1921 1994 4 Paradelphomyia dalei 3 2015 2016 2 Paradelphomyia nielseni 10 1940 2016 2 Paradelphomyia senilis 53 1929 2017 12 Phylidorea ferruginea 135 1921 2017 21 Phylidorea fulvonervosa 102 1922 2017 13

VC58 No of No of Earliest Latest (Sub)Family/Species Records Hectads Phylidorea heterogyna 2 2004 2004 1 Phylidorea squalens 52 1922 2017 7 Pilaria discicollis 66 1922 2016 19 Pilaria fuscipennis 7 2003 2006 2 Pilaria scutellata 7 1942 2003 5 Pseudolimnophila lucorum 26 1800 2016 10 Pseudolimnophila sepium 30 1943 2016 10 LIMONIIDAE(Limoniinae) 1662 1800 2017 35 Achyrolimonia decemmaculata 9 1958 2014 3 Antocha vitripennis 16 1930 2011 6 Atypophthalmus inustus 8 1939 2015 3 Dicranomyia affinis 7 1921 2001 6 Dicranomyia autumnalis 21 1939 2012 7 Dicranomyia chorea 127 1916 2017 22 Dicranomyia didyma 11 1940 2002 7 Dicranomyia distendens 3 2003 2016 1 Dicranomyia fusca 52 1922 2017 13 Dicranomyia lucida 3 1996 2016 2 Dicranomyia lutea 1 2007 2007 1 Dicranomyia mitis 119 1921 2016 14 Dicranomyia modesta 271 1920 2017 27 Dicranomyia morio 35 1800 2017 13 Dicranomyia ornata 12 1933 2007 7 Dicranomyia sera 6 1933 2012 5 Geranomyia unicolor 2 2003 2003 1 Helius flavus 34 1900 2016 8 Helius longirostris 47 1900 2016 12 Helius pallirostris 6 1994 2003 3 Limonia dilutior 5 1920 2017 4 Limonia flavipes 18 1800 2016 11 Limonia macrostigma 91 1921 2017 20 Limonia nigropunctata 1 1994 1994 1 Limonia nubeculosa 313 1800 2017 28 Limonia phragmitidis 102 1800 2017 23 Limonia stigma 4 1800 1932 2 Limonia trivittata 24 1939 2015 11 Lipsothrix nervosa 8 1940 2012 4 Lipsothrix remota 10 1921 2017 6 Metalimnobia bifasciata 10 1958 1996 4 Metalimnobia quadrinotata 20 1933 2014 4 Neolimonia dumetorum 87 1919 2017 10 Rhipidia maculata 172 1800 2017 26

VC58 No of No of Earliest Latest (Sub)Family/Species Records Hectads Rhipidia uniseriata 2 2011 2011 1 Thaumastoptera calceata 3 2004 2006 3 PEDICIIDAE 347 1800 2017 28 Dicranota bimaculata 37 1921 2016 11 Dicranota claripennis 3 1928 1952 2 Dicranota exclusa 2 1924 1952 2 Dicranota guerini 1 1939 1939 1 Dicranota pavida 11 1922 2014 8 Dicranota robusta 5 1939 1942 5 Dicranota subtilis 19 1922 1997 9 Pedicia littoralis 6 1800 1943 5 Pedicia occulta 3 1923 1996 2 Pedicia rivosa 30 1800 2014 14 Pedicia straminea 8 1919 1981 6 Tricyphona immaculata 178 1800 2017 22 Tricyphona unicolor 1 1947 1947 1 Ula mollissima 9 1994 2017 6 Ula sylvatica 27 1924 2017 10 PTYCHOPTERIDAE 165 1800 2017 28 Ptychoptera albimana 71 1914 2017 23 Ptychoptera contaminata 25 1800 2017 14 Ptychoptera lacustris 13 1900 2017 7 Ptychoptera longicauda 2 1929 1998 2 Ptychoptera minuta 32 1922 2016 10 Ptychoptera paludosa 9 1922 2003 4 Ptychoptera scutellaris 13 1800 2015 7 TIPULIDAE 2275 1800 2017 40 Ctenophora pectinicornis 11 1905 2013 6 Dictenidia bimaculata 4 1960 2014 3 Dolichopeza albipes 40 1800 2016 10 Nephrotoma analis 1 1997 1997 1 Nephrotoma appendiculata 93 1917 2017 20 Nephrotoma cornicina 5 1800 2015 3 Nephrotoma crocata 44 1800 2015 9 Nephrotoma dorsalis 3 2006 2013 2 Nephrotoma flavescens 25 1859 2016 16 Nephrotoma flavipalpis 46 1900 2013 20 Nephrotoma guestfalica 12 1997 2014 7 Nephrotoma lunulicornis 13 1934 2007 5 Nephrotoma quadrifaria 64 1800 2015 16 Nephrotoma quadristriata 1 1859 1879 1 Nephrotoma scurra 46 1800 2014 17

VC58 No of No of Earliest Latest (Sub)Family/Species Records Hectads Nephrotoma submaculosa 1 2004 2004 1 Prionocera pubescens 18 1941 2016 3 Prionocera subserricornis 1 2003 2003 1 Prionocera turcica 80 1921 2017 14 Tanyptera atrata 42 1800 2017 11 Tanyptera nigricornis 3 2007 2011 2 Tipula (Acutipula) fulvipennis 63 1909 2017 19 Tipula (Acutipula) luna 68 1940 2017 17 Tipula (Acutipula) maxima 53 1905 2017 21 Tipula (Acutipula) vittata 42 1919 2017 18 Tipula (Beringotipula) unca 32 1800 2011 12 Tipula (Dendrotipula) flavolineata 11 1859 2005 5 Tipula (Lunatipula) cava 19 1920 2003 8 Tipula (Lunatipula) fascipennis 37 1900 2016 14 Tipula (Lunatipula) helvola 1 1995 1995 1 Tipula (Lunatipula) lunata 60 1800 2013 20 Tipula (Lunatipula) peliostigma 3 1939 1948 2 Tipula (Lunatipula) vernalis 90 1859 2017 19 Tipula (Platytipula) luteipennis 43 1920 2016 15 Tipula (Platytipula) melanoceros 27 1918 2016 12 Tipula (Pterelachisus) irrorata 13 1923 2013 7 Tipula (Pterelachisus) pabulina 4 1899 2002 2 Tipula (Pterelachisus) pseudovariipennis 1 1994 1994 1 Tipula (Pterelachisus) submarmorata 25 1916 2013 11 Tipula (Pterelachisus) truncorum 4 1899 1999 3 Tipula (Pterelachisus) varipennis 9 1955 2004 6 Tipula (Savtshenkia) alpium 14 1921 2015 9 Tipula (Savtshenkia) cheethami 1 1941 1941 1 Tipula (Savtshenkia) confusa 69 1859 2016 20 Tipula (Savtshenkia) grisescens 1 1930 1930 1 Tipula (Savtshenkia) obsoleta 9 1924 2000 6 Tipula (Savtshenkia) pagana 51 1915 2015 16 Tipula (Savtshenkia) rufina 45 1915 2016 17 Tipula (Savtshenkia) signata 21 1916 2015 7 Tipula (Savtshenkia) staegeri 29 1916 2012 15 Tipula (Savtshenkia) subnodicornis 7 1926 2004 5 Tipula (Schummelia) variicornis 71 1800 2017 20 Tipula (Schummelia) yerburyi 5 1985 2016 2 Tipula (Tipula) oleracea 307 1913 2017 29 Tipula (Tipula) paludosa 295 1905 2017 29 Tipula (Tipula) subcunctans 13 1940 1966 3 Tipula (Vestiplex) hortorum 1 1939 1939 1

VC58 No of No of Earliest Latest (Sub)Family/Species Records Hectads Tipula (Vestiplex) nubeculosa 2 1859 1939 2 Tipula (Vestiplex) scripta 41 1916 2008 13 Tipula (Yamatotipula) couckei 16 1921 2007 4 Tipula (Yamatotipula) lateralis 86 1859 2017 23 Tipula (Yamatotipula) montium 12 1919 2017 9 Tipula (Yamatotipula) pierrei 15 1920 2002 4 Tipula (Yamatotipula) pruinosa 6 1920 2015 5 TRICHOCERIDAE 271 1912 2016 21 Trichocera annulata 56 1912 2015 14 Trichocera hiemalis 27 1916 2006 12 Trichocera maculipennis 3 1925 1997 2 Trichocera major 8 1921 2015 3 Trichocera parva 15 1938 2015 6 Trichocera regelationis 97 1916 2016 20 Trichocera rufescens 2 1938 1938 1 Trichocera rufulenta 4 1938 1941 2 Trichocera saltator 59 1920 2015 15

Table 3b: checklist of Craneflies and Winter Gnats for VC59 (South Lancashire) VC59 No of (Sub)Family/Species Earliest Latest No of Hectads Records CYLINDROTOMIDAE Cylindrotoma distinctissima 9 1936 1982 5 Diogma glabrata 8 1940 1960 2 Phalacrocera replicata 16 1921 2011 7 Triogma trisulcata 11 1954 1969 1 LIMONIIDAE(Chioneinae) Arctoconopa melampodia 4 1939 1959 1 Cheilotrichia cinerascens 181 1859 2017 30 Cheilotrichia imbuta 11 1900 1982 6 Crypteria limnophiloides 6 1939 1972 3 Ellipteroides lateralis 3 1800 1944 2 Erioconopa diuturna 11 1923 2016 8 Erioconopa trivialis 119 1800 2017 19 Erioptera divisa 15 1951 1984 6 Erioptera flavata 7 1800 1994 4 Erioptera fuscipennis 29 1800 2014 11 Erioptera fusculenta 7 1968 1981 4 Erioptera griseipennis 1 1940 1940 1

VC59 No of Earliest Latest No of Hectads (Sub)Family/Species Records Erioptera lutea 69 1800 2017 26 Erioptera meijerei 3 1946 1946 2 Erioptera squalida 3 1940 1962 2 Gnophomyia viridipennis 6 1955 1963 2 Gonempeda flava 8 1939 1976 6 Gonomyia conoviensis 3 1975 1982 1 Gonomyia dentata 4 1977 1984 2 Gonomyia lucidula 14 1900 1982 4 Gonomyia simplex 14 1937 1982 6 Gonomyia tenella 13 1973 2017 2 Hoplolabis vicina 8 1951 1975 4 Ilisia maculata 21 1800 2013 10 Ilisia occoecata 8 1924 2014 5 Molophilus appendiculatus 32 1923 2017 13 Molophilus ater 5 1951 1996 3 Molophilus bifidus 4 1975 1982 2 Molophilus cinereifrons 6 1946 2013 3 Molophilus crassipygus 8 1951 1975 2 Molophilus curvatus 13 1924 1984 5 Molophilus flavus 5 1973 1981 2 Molophilus griseus 75 1921 2017 21 Molophilus medius 21 1939 2017 8 Molophilus niger 6 1939 1959 2 Molophilus obscurus 40 1921 2017 8 Molophilus occultus 5 1946 1959 2 Molophilus ochraceus 15 1800 2016 10 Molophilus pleuralis 8 1973 2014 3 Molophilus propinquus 1 1940 1940 1 Molophilus pusillus 31 1975 2017 7 Molophilus serpentiger 11 1973 2017 3 Molophilus undulatus 8 1940 1984 4 Molophilus variispinus 3 1973 2014 3 Neolimnophila carteri 13 1922 1984 7 Ormosia albitibia 9 1920 1977 7 Ormosia depilata 8 1973 2016 6 Ormosia hederae 51 1921 2017 15 Ormosia lineata 8 1800 2017 6 Ormosia nodulosa 29 1800 2015 9 Ormosia pseudosimilis 5 1939 1984 3 Rhypholophus bifurcatus 8 1961 2013 4 Rhypholophus haemorrhoidalis 12 1939 2017 8 Rhypholophus varius 47 1923 2017 12

VC59 No of Earliest Latest No of Hectads (Sub)Family/Species Records Scleroprocta pentagonalis 10 1951 1973 7 Scleroprocta sororcula 9 1946 2006 4 Symplecta hybrida 17 1975 2016 5 Symplecta stictica 68 1800 2017 19 Tasiocera fuscescens 4 1924 1980 3 Tasiocera jenkinsoni 1 1972 1972 1 Tasiocera murina 10 1937 2017 6 Tasiocera robusta 1 1972 1972 1 Trimicra pilipes 22 1924 2000 8 LIMONIIDAE(Dactylolabinae) Dactylolabis transversa 7 1800 1973 5 LIMONIIDAE(Limnophilinae) Austrolimnophila ochracea 72 1935 2017 25 Dicranophragma adjunctum 22 1928 2016 10 Dicranophragma nemorale 45 1939 2017 18 Dicranophragma separatum 1 2017 2017 1 Eloeophila apicata 2 1952 1993 2 Eloeophila maculata 26 1938 2017 11 Eloeophila mundata 1 1926 1926 1 Eloeophila submarmorata 17 1939 2006 5 Eloeophila trimaculata 22 1900 1987 9 Eloeophila verralli 6 1952 1959 1 Epiphragma ocellare 23 1938 2017 4 Euphylidorea aperta 15 1939 2017 5 Euphylidorea dispar 4 1951 2016 3 Euphylidorea lineola 30 1920 2011 16 Euphylidorea meigenii 98 1800 2017 17 Euphylidorea phaeostigma 1 1951 1951 1 Idioptera pulchella 5 1923 1968 4 Limnophila schranki 23 1800 1980 8 Neolimnomyia batava 3 1800 2017 3 Neolimnomyia filata 4 1946 1980 3 Paradelphomyia fuscula 1 2006 2006 1 Paradelphomyia senilis 14 1942 2017 9 Phylidorea ferruginea 46 1800 2016 17 Phylidorea fulvonervosa 51 1938 2017 13 Phylidorea longicornis 1 1800 1880 1 Phylidorea squalens 4 1923 1962 2 Pilaria discicollis 40 1800 2015 13 Pilaria scutellata 2 1973 1975 1 Pseudolimnophila lucorum 3 1956 2017 3 Pseudolimnophila sepium 6 2002 2016 3

VC59 No of (Sub)Family/Species Earliest Latest No of Hectads Records LIMONIIDAE(Limoniinae) Achyrolimonia decemmaculata 4 1963 2016 3 Antocha vitripennis 4 1946 1969 2 Dicranomyia affinis 1 1971 1971 1 Dicranomyia aquosa 1 1973 1973 1 Dicranomyia autumnalis 25 1920 2017 12 Dicranomyia chorea 165 1912 2017 30 Dicranomyia didyma 19 1800 1982 8 Dicranomyia fusca 28 1900 2017 11 Dicranomyia halterella 1 1959 1959 1 Dicranomyia lucida 2 1973 1975 1 Dicranomyia lutea 6 1800 2013 6 Dicranomyia mitis 41 1922 2015 17 Dicranomyia modesta 159 1918 2017 23 Dicranomyia morio 40 1800 2017 14 Dicranomyia ornata 11 1900 1959 2 Dicranomyia quadra 2 2017 2017 1 Dicranomyia sera 3 1939 1950 2 Dicranomyia ventralis 18 1920 1973 3 Helius flavus 16 1940 2017 8 Helius longirostris 21 1940 2016 10 Helius pallirostris 11 1955 2014 3 Limonia dilutior 22 1920 2000 8 Limonia flavipes 20 1952 2015 9 Limonia macrostigma 55 1920 2017 18 Limonia maculipennis 6 1994 1994 1 Limonia nubeculosa 191 1800 2017 31 Limonia phragmitidis 45 1938 2016 14 Limonia trivittata 10 1900 2013 6 Lipsothrix errans 6 1859 2003 4 Lipsothrix nobilis 12 1924 2003 1 Lipsothrix remota 13 1800 2006 9 Metalimnobia bifasciata 13 1950 2017 4 Metalimnobia quadrinotata 12 1950 2016 4 Neolimonia dumetorum 21 1800 2011 12 Orimarga juvenilis 3 1933 1933 2 Rhipidia maculata 118 1800 2017 27 Thaumastoptera calceata 6 1940 1975 2 PEDICIIDAE Dicranota bimaculata 15 1800 2016 9 Dicranota claripennis 2 1973 1982 2 Dicranota exclusa 20 1941 1984 9

VC59 No of Earliest Latest No of Hectads (Sub)Family/Species Records Dicranota guerini 12 1946 1984 4 Dicranota pavida 20 1928 2017 9 Dicranota robusta 12 1952 1987 4 Dicranota subtilis 24 1928 1982 12 Pedicia littoralis 22 1900 2017 12 Pedicia occulta 5 1800 1956 3 Pedicia rivosa 38 1800 1996 11 Pedicia straminea 9 1932 1981 5 Tricyphona immaculata 119 1800 2017 26 Tricyphona unicolor 1 1945 1945 1 Ula mollissima 7 1970 2016 3 Ula sylvatica 26 1924 2015 11 PTYCHOPTERIDAE Ptychoptera albimana 46 1800 2017 17 Ptychoptera contaminata 31 1800 2016 11 Ptychoptera lacustris 5 1946 1955 3 Ptychoptera minuta 6 1955 2012 4 Ptychoptera paludosa 3 1938 1973 3 Ptychoptera scutellaris 13 1800 1987 10 TIPULIDAE Dictenidia bimaculata 3 1800 2011 2 Dolichopeza albipes 54 1800 2017 15 Nephrotoma analis 18 1950 2013 5 Nephrotoma appendiculata 56 1940 2016 21 Nephrotoma cornicina 17 1800 2000 5 Nephrotoma crocata 8 1800 2016 5 Nephrotoma dorsalis 12 2011 2016 4 Nephrotoma flavescens 42 1921 2015 15 Nephrotoma flavipalpis 62 1800 2016 20 Nephrotoma guestfalica 6 1916 1973 4 Nephrotoma lunulicornis 2 1940 1973 2 Nephrotoma quadrifaria 65 1800 2017 19 Nephrotoma quadristriata 14 1923 2017 2 Nephrotoma scurra 38 1800 2016 11 Nephrotoma submaculosa 26 1933 2000 3 Nigrotipula nigra 19 1800 2011 5 Prionocera subserricornis 1 2013 2013 1 Prionocera turcica 49 1921 2017 15 Tanyptera atrata 5 1938 2000 3 Tanyptera nigricornis 6 1962 2013 2 Tipula (Acutipula) fulvipennis 79 1800 2017 19 Tipula (Acutipula) luna 28 1937 2017 8

VC59 No of Earliest Latest No of Hectads (Sub)Family/Species Records Tipula (Acutipula) maxima 84 1800 2017 23 Tipula (Acutipula) vittata 44 1900 2016 17 Tipula (Beringotipula) unca 39 1800 2017 14 Tipula (Dendrotipula) flavolineata 14 1800 1964 5 Tipula (Lunatipula) alpina 1 1999 1999 1 Tipula (Lunatipula) cava 30 1923 2016 8 Tipula (Lunatipula) fascipennis 12 1977 2017 9 Tipula (Lunatipula) helvola 8 2012 2015 3 Tipula (Lunatipula) livida 3 2003 2011 2 Tipula (Lunatipula) lunata 38 1800 2016 16 Tipula (Lunatipula) peliostigma 1 1932 1932 1 Tipula (Lunatipula) vernalis 63 1859 2017 18 Tipula (Platytipula) luteipennis 20 1919 2015 10 Tipula (Platytipula) melanoceros 25 1924 2017 4 Tipula (Pterelachisus) irrorata 34 1923 2011 8 Tipula (Pterelachisus) pabulina 1 2011 2011 1 Tipula (Pterelachisus) pseudovariipennis 6 1939 1964 2 Tipula (Pterelachisus) submarmorata 20 1920 2016 10 Tipula (Pterelachisus) varipennis 70 1800 2016 18 Tipula (Savtshenkia) alpium 38 1900 2017 11 Tipula (Savtshenkia) cheethami 8 1935 1980 4 Tipula (Savtshenkia) confusa 69 1920 2017 20 Tipula (Savtshenkia) grisescens 15 1900 1969 1 Tipula (Savtshenkia) obsoleta 4 1975 2015 2 Tipula (Savtshenkia) pagana 60 1800 2017 17 Tipula (Savtshenkia) rufina 74 1919 2017 17 Tipula (Savtshenkia) signata 20 1900 1994 5 Tipula (Savtshenkia) staegeri 28 1920 2015 9 Tipula (Savtshenkia) subnodicornis 32 1921 2016 9 Tipula (Schummelia) variicornis 42 1800 2013 14 Tipula (Tipula) oleracea 242 1912 2017 32 Tipula (Tipula) paludosa 228 1909 2017 29 Tipula (Tipula) subcunctans 19 1900 2002 7 Tipula (Vestiplex) scripta 75 1920 2016 23 Tipula (Yamatotipula) couckei 18 1952 2016 2 Tipula (Yamatotipula) lateralis 77 1859 2017 21 Tipula (Yamatotipula) montium 11 1920 1959 5 Tipula (Yamatotipula) pierrei 10 1921 2013 6 Tipula (Yamatotipula) pruinosa 13 1800 1996 6 TRICHOCERIDAE Trichocera annulata 51 1921 2017 17 Trichocera hiemalis 33 1921 2017 11

VC59 No of Earliest Latest No of Hectads (Sub)Family/Species Records Trichocera maculipennis 4 1924 1959 4 Trichocera major 3 1951 2015 3 Trichocera parva 1 2013 2013 1 Trichocera regelationis 83 1920 2017 19 Trichocera saltator 26 1922 2017 7

Table 3c: checklist of Craneflies and Winter Gnats for VC60 (North Lancashire) VC60 No of No of Earliest Latest (Sub)Family/Species Records Hectads CYLINDROTOMIDAE Cylindrotoma distinctissima 14 1950 2017 7 Diogma glabrata 14 1954 2017 4 Phalacrocera replicata 2 1937 1999 2 LIMONIIDAE(Chioneinae) Cheilotrichia cinerascens 14 1972 2011 11 Cheilotrichia imbuta 3 1972 1980 2 Crypteria limnophiloides 5 1972 1992 3 Erioconopa diuturna 1 1999 1999 1 Erioconopa trivialis 13 1972 2017 7 Erioptera divisa 1 1973 1973 1 Erioptera flavata 4 2017 2017 3 Erioptera fuscipennis 2 1992 2017 2 Erioptera griseipennis 1 2017 2017 1 Erioptera lutea 33 1972 2016 13 Erioptera squalida 5 1954 1999 1 Gnophomyia viridipennis 2 1965 1965 1 Gonempeda flava 8 1955 1999 4 Gonomyia abbreviata 1 2017 2017 1 Gonomyia dentata 1 1981 1981 1 Gonomyia lucidula 1 1999 1999 1 Gonomyia recta 1 1972 1972 1 Gonomyia simplex 2 1973 1973 1 Gonomyia tenella 1 1973 1973 1 Hoplolabis areolata 1 1999 1999 1 Ilisia maculata 9 1973 2017 5 Ilisia occoecata 1 1999 1999 1 Molophilus appendiculatus 12 1973 2017 7 Molophilus ater 1 1973 1973 1 Molophilus bifidus 1 1973 1973 1 Molophilus bihamatus 1 1977 1977 1 20

VC60 No of No of Earliest Latest (Sub)Family/Species Records Hectads Molophilus cinereifrons 6 1973 1999 4 Molophilus corniger 1 1981 1981 1 Molophilus crassipygus 1 1981 1981 1 Molophilus curvatus 2 1973 1973 2 Molophilus griseus 22 1973 1999 8 Molophilus medius 9 1973 1999 5 Molophilus obscurus 1 2017 2017 1 Molophilus occultus 2 1999 2017 1 Molophilus ochraceus 9 1977 1999 6 Molophilus pleuralis 8 1973 2016 3 Molophilus serpentiger 8 1973 2017 6 Molophilus undulatus 2 1973 1981 1 Molophilus variispinus 3 1973 1999 3 Ormosia albitibia 1 1973 1973 1 Ormosia depilata 1 1973 1973 1 Ormosia lineata 1 1973 1973 1 Ormosia nodulosa 5 1973 2017 2 Rhabdomastix edwardsi 3 1993 2017 2 Rhypholophus bifurcatus 10 1973 1992 4 Rhypholophus haemorrhoidalis 7 1973 2011 4 Rhypholophus varius 10 1973 2011 5 Scleroprocta pentagonalis 1 1973 1973 1 Symplecta hybrida 2 1972 1972 1 Symplecta meigeni 1 1999 1999 1 Symplecta stictica 31 1945 2017 6 Tasiocera murina 1 1999 1999 1 Trimicra pilipes 2 1972 1972 1 LIMONIIDAE(Dactylolabinae) Dactylolabis sexmaculata 2 1956 1958 1 Dactylolabis transversa 1 1979 1979 1 LIMONIIDAE(Limnophilinae) Austrolimnophila ochracea 38 1954 2017 9 Dicranophragma adjunctum 6 1972 1993 3 Dicranophragma nemorale 18 1954 2017 8 Eloeophila apicata 1 1977 1977 1 Eloeophila maculata 13 1923 2013 7 Eloeophila submarmorata 6 1973 1975 5 Eloeophila verralli 2 1973 1975 2 Epiphragma ocellare 29 1957 2016 6 Euphylidorea lineola 4 1992 2016 3 Euphylidorea meigenii 6 1973 2017 5 Hexatoma bicolor 2 1937 1959 1

VC60 No of No of Earliest Latest (Sub)Family/Species Records Hectads Hexatoma fuscipennis 2 1937 1959 1 Idioptera pulchella 5 1973 2017 3 Limnophila pictipennis 2 1972 1995 2 Limnophila schranki 2 1972 1973 2 Neolimnomyia filata 1 1973 1973 1 Paradelphomyia senilis 4 1977 2017 4 Phylidorea ferruginea 17 1958 2017 6 Phylidorea fulvonervosa 6 1954 2017 4 Phylidorea squalens 6 1973 2017 4 Pilaria discicollis 10 1956 2017 5 Pilaria fuscipennis 3 1999 1999 3 Pilaria scutellata 2 1957 1957 1 Pseudolimnophila lucorum 1 1999 1999 1 LIMONIIDAE(Limoniinae) Antocha vitripennis 13 1950 1999 5 Dicranomyia autumnalis 9 1954 2011 5 Dicranomyia chorea 23 1971 2017 13 Dicranomyia didyma 6 1930 1982 5 Dicranomyia distendens 1 2017 2017 1 Dicranomyia fusca 8 1973 1999 8 Dicranomyia mitis 4 1954 2017 4 Dicranomyia modesta 22 1955 2017 11 Dicranomyia morio 1 1956 1956 1 Dicranomyia ornata 3 1979 1979 2 Dicranomyia sera 12 1933 2016 2 Dicranomyia sericata 2 1973 1977 1 Helius flavus 5 1954 2017 2 Helius longirostris 5 1954 2016 1 Helius pallirostris 1 1982 1982 1 Limonia flavipes 19 1953 2011 4 Limonia macrostigma 22 1973 2017 9 Limonia nubeculosa 83 1954 2017 14 Limonia phragmitidis 34 1954 2011 7 Limonia stigma 4 2011 2011 1 Limonia trivittata 11 1955 2013 7 Lipsothrix errans 3 1973 2003 1 Lipsothrix nobilis 4 2003 2003 1 Lipsothrix remota 9 1973 2017 4 Metalimnobia bifasciata 2 2011 2011 1 Metalimnobia quadrinotata 10 1955 2011 1 Neolimonia dumetorum 5 1979 2017 2 Rhipidia maculata 55 1937 2017 13

VC60 No of No of Earliest Latest (Sub)Family/Species Records Hectads PEDICIIDAE Dicranota bimaculata 4 1973 1981 3 Dicranota claripennis 2 1977 1982 2 Dicranota exclusa 3 1973 1973 2 Dicranota guerini 1 1973 1973 1 Dicranota pavida 3 1972 1973 2 Dicranota subtilis 4 1973 1977 4 Pedicia littoralis 2 1981 1993 2 Pedicia occulta 2 1975 1977 2 Pedicia rivosa 5 1973 1999 2 Pedicia straminea 6 1973 1982 4 Tricyphona immaculata 18 1973 2017 10 Tricyphona schummeli 3 1973 2017 3 Tricyphona unicolor 1 2017 2017 1 Ula mollissima 2 1992 1992 1 Ula sylvatica 3 1981 2017 3 PTYCHOPTERIDAE Ptychoptera albimana 5 1925 2017 4 Ptychoptera contaminata 11 1935 2010 4 Ptychoptera lacustris 4 1923 2017 4 Ptychoptera minuta 4 1974 2017 2 Ptychoptera paludosa 2 1935 2016 2 Ptychoptera scutellaris 4 1975 1999 3 TIPULIDAE Ctenophora pectinicornis 3 2016 2017 2 Dolichopeza albipes 11 1960 2013 5 Nephrotoma analis 9 1954 1999 4 Nephrotoma appendiculata 13 1950 2012 7 Nephrotoma cornicina 1 1963 1963 1 Nephrotoma crocata 2 1972 1972 2 Nephrotoma dorsalis 1 1972 1972 1 Nephrotoma flavescens 16 1950 1999 5 Nephrotoma flavipalpis 11 1950 2017 6 Nephrotoma guestfalica 3 1999 1999 1 Nephrotoma quadrifaria 15 1950 2014 6 Nephrotoma quadristriata 1 1962 1962 1 Nephrotoma scurra 2 1949 1972 2 Nephrotoma submaculosa 8 1971 2001 2 Prionocera pubescens 2 1987 1987 1 Prionocera turcica 9 1973 2017 4 Tanyptera nigricornis 2 1940 1960 1 Tipula (Acutipula) fulvipennis 17 1950 2017 8

VC60 No of No of Earliest Latest (Sub)Family/Species Records Hectads Tipula (Acutipula) luna 13 1950 2017 5 Tipula (Acutipula) maxima 6 1959 2017 3 Tipula (Acutipula) vittata 16 1960 1987 7 Tipula (Beringotipula) unca 18 1954 2016 8 Tipula (Dendrotipula) flavolineata 3 1973 2011 2 Tipula (Lunatipula) alpina 7 1957 2011 1 Tipula (Lunatipula) cava 5 1991 1999 2 Tipula (Lunatipula) fascipennis 14 1960 1999 3 Tipula (Lunatipula) livida 1 1999 1999 1 Tipula (Lunatipula) lunata 10 1950 2017 6 Tipula (Lunatipula) vernalis 3 1979 1980 3 Tipula (Platytipula) luteipennis 10 1960 1981 5 Tipula (Pterelachisus) irrorata 10 1955 1999 3 Tipula (Pterelachisus) pabulina 10 1973 2011 1 Tipula (Pterelachisus) pseudovariipennis 5 1958 1975 4 Tipula (Pterelachisus) submarmorata 16 1960 2011 9 Tipula (Pterelachisus) varipennis 16 1955 2011 9 Tipula (Savtshenkia) alpium 17 1960 1987 7 Tipula (Savtshenkia) cheethami 2 1975 1980 1 Tipula (Savtshenkia) confusa 16 1960 2014 8 Tipula (Savtshenkia) obsoleta 4 1973 2011 2 Tipula (Savtshenkia) pagana 16 1925 2014 7 Tipula (Savtshenkia) rufina 10 1937 2017 7 Tipula (Savtshenkia) signata 11 1960 1992 8 Tipula (Savtshenkia) staegeri 12 1960 1992 7 Tipula (Savtshenkia) subnodicornis 3 1950 1973 2 Tipula (Schummelia) variicornis 12 1955 2013 5 Tipula (Tipula) oleracea 51 1950 2016 15 Tipula (Tipula) paludosa 31 1950 2017 10 Tipula (Tipula) subcunctans 21 1960 1979 8 Tipula (Vestiplex) hortorum 5 1961 2016 2 Tipula (Vestiplex) montana 3 1971 2011 2 Tipula (Vestiplex) nubeculosa 1 1961 1961 1 Tipula (Vestiplex) scripta 45 1954 2017 9 Tipula (Yamatotipula) couckei 9 1955 1979 5 Tipula (Yamatotipula) lateralis 28 1930 2017 11 Tipula (Yamatotipula) montium 6 1960 1977 2 Tipula (Yamatotipula) pierrei 8 1956 2016 2 Tipula (Yamatotipula) pruinosa 5 1960 2011 1 TRICHOCERIDAE Trichocera annulata 4 1972 1992 4 Trichocera hiemalis 4 1941 1992 4

VC60 No of No of Earliest Latest (Sub)Family/Species Records Hectads Trichocera major 3 1972 1992 2 Trichocera regelationis 5 1927 1973 4 Trichocera saltator 2 1927 1927 2

Table 4: overall regional checklist X denotes species not recorded after 1970. + indicates species not recorded before 1970. “Rare” and “scarce” designations refer to the conservation status provided by the PANTHEON software (Version 3.7.4). (Sub)Family/Species National Pre/post VC58 VC59 VC60 Total status 1970

CYLINDROTOMIDAE Cylindrotoma distinctissima 27 9 14 50 Diogma glabrata Scarce 15 8 14 37 Phalacrocera replicata Scarce 22 16 2 40 Triogma trisulcata Rare 1 11 12 LIMONIIDAE(Chioneinae) Arctoconopa melampodia Rare 17 4 21 Cheilotrichia cinerascens 205 181 14 400 Cheilotrichia imbuta Scarce 28 11 3 42 Crypteria limnophiloides 3 6 5 14 Ellipteroides lateralis X 3 3 Erioconopa diuturna 20 11 1 32 Erioconopa trivialis 150 119 13 282 Erioptera divisa 4 15 1 20 Erioptera flavata 24 7 4 35 Erioptera fuscipennis 92 29 2 123 Erioptera fusculenta 6 7 13 Erioptera griseipennis 6 1 1 8 Erioptera lutea 134 69 33 236 Erioptera meijerei Rare X 3 3 Erioptera nielseni Scarce 10 10 Erioptera squalida 7 3 5 15 Erioptera verralli Rare 6 6 Gnophomyia viridipennis Scarce X 20 6 2 28 Gonempeda flava 13 8 8 29 Gonomyia abbreviata Rare 4 1 5

Gonomyia abscondita + 1 1 Gonomyia conoviensis Scarce + 1 3 4 Gonomyia dentata + 6 4 1 11 Gonomyia lucidula 5 14 1 20

(Sub)Family/Species National Pre/post VC58 VC59 VC60 Total status 1970

Gonomyia recta 6 1 7 Gonomyia simplex 4 14 2 20 Gonomyia tenella 5 13 1 19 Hoplolabis areolata 13 1 14 Hoplolabis vicina 14 8 22 Hoplolabis yezoana + 12 12 Ilisia maculata 34 21 9 64 Ilisia occoecata 9 8 1 18 Molophilus appendiculatus 53 32 12 97 Molophilus ater 2 5 1 8 Molophilus bifidus 7 4 1 12 Molophilus bihamatus Scarce + 2 1 3 Molophilus cinereifrons 26 6 6 38 Molophilus corniger Scarce + 1 1 Molophilus crassipygus 5 8 1 14 Molophilus curvatus 1 13 2 16 Molophilus flavus 6 5 11 Molophilus griseus 136 75 22 233 Molophilus medius 44 21 9 74 Molophilus niger Scarce 13 6 19 Molophilus obscurus 49 40 1 90 Molophilus occultus 7 5 2 14 Molophilus ochraceus 15 15 9 39 Molophilus pleuralis + 2 8 8 18 Molophilus propinquus Scarce 8 1 9 Molophilus pusillus 5 31 36 Molophilus serpentiger 23 11 8 42 Molophilus undulatus 5 8 2 15 Molophilus variispinus Scarce + 3 3 3 9 Neolimnophila carteri Scarce 9 13 22 Ormosia aciculata Rare X 3 3 Ormosia albitibia 4 9 1 14 Ormosia depilata 15 8 1 24 Ormosia hederae 41 51 92 Ormosia lineata 15 8 1 24 Ormosia nodulosa 47 29 5 81 Ormosia pseudosimilis 3 5 8 Rhabdomastix edwardsi + 4 3 7 Rhabdomastix japonica Rare + 2 2 Rhypholophus bifurcatus 14 8 10 32 Rhypholophus haemorrhoidalis 21 12 7 40 Rhypholophus varius 61 47 10 118

(Sub)Family/Species National Pre/post VC58 VC59 VC60 Total status 1970

Scleroprocta pentagonalis Rare 4 10 1 15 Scleroprocta sororcula Scarce 9 9 Symplecta hybrida 26 17 2 45 Symplecta meigeni Rare + 1 1 Symplecta stictica 150 68 31 249 Tasiocera fuscescens Rare 1 4 5 Tasiocera jenkinsoni Rare + 1 1 Tasiocera murina 17 10 1 28 Tasiocera robusta Scarce + 1 1 Trimicra pilipes 12 22 2 36 LIMONIIDAE(Dactylolabinae) Dactylolabis sexmaculata Scarce X 2 2 Dactylolabis transversa Scarce 7 1 8 LIMONIIDAE(Limnophilinae) Austrolimnophila ochracea 160 72 38 270 Dicranophragma adjunctum 55 22 6 83 Dicranophragma nemorale 49 45 18 112 Dicranophragma separatum 5 1 6 Eloeophila apicata Scarce 2 1 3 Eloeophila maculata 36 26 13 75 Eloeophila mundata Scarce 5 1 6 Eloeophila submarmorata 13 17 6 36 Eloeophila trimaculata Scarce 2 22 24 Eloeophila verralli Scarce 6 2 8 Epiphragma ocellare 30 23 29 82 Euphylidorea aperta 15 15 30 Euphylidorea dispar 11 4 15 Euphylidorea lineola 48 30 4 82 Euphylidorea meigenii 59 98 6 163 Euphylidorea phaeostigma 14 1 15 Hexatoma bicolor X 2 2 Hexatoma fuscipennis X 2 2 Idioptera linnei Rare 26 26 Idioptera pulchella Scarce 7 5 5 17 Limnophila pictipennis Rare 7 2 9 Limnophila schranki 26 23 2 51 Neolimnomyia batava 7 3 10 Neolimnomyia filata 6 4 1 11 Paradelphomyia dalei + 3 3 Paradelphomyia ecalcarata Rare + 1 1 Paradelphomyia fuscula Scarce + 1 1 Paradelphomyia nielseni Scarce 10 10

(Sub)Family/Species National Pre/post VC58 VC59 VC60 Total status 1970

Paradelphomyia senilis 53 14 4 71 Phylidorea ferruginea 135 46 17 198 Phylidorea fulvonervosa 102 51 6 159 Phylidorea heterogyna Rare + 2 2 Phylidorea squalens 52 4 6 62 Pilaria discicollis 66 40 10 116 Pilaria fuscipennis Scarce + 7 3 10 Pilaria scutellata Scarce 7 2 2 11 Pseudolimnophila lucorum 26 3 1 30 Pseudolimnophila sepium 30 6 36 LIMONIIDAE(Limoniinae) Achyrolimonia decemmaculata 9 4 13 Antocha vitripennis 16 4 13 33 Atypophthalmus inustus Scarce 8 8 Dicranomyia affinis 7 1 8 Dicranomyia aquosa Scarce + 1 1 Dicranomyia autumnalis 21 25 9 55 Dicranomyia chorea 127 165 23 315 Dicranomyia didyma 11 19 6 36 Dicranomyia distendens Scarce + 3 1 4 Dicranomyia fusca 52 28 8 88 Dicranomyia halterella Scarce X 1 1 Dicranomyia lucida Scarce + 3 2 5 Dicranomyia lutea 1 6 7 Dicranomyia mitis 119 41 4 164 Dicranomyia modesta 271 159 22 452 Dicranomyia morio 35 40 1 76 Dicranomyia ornata Scarce 12 11 3 26 Dicranomyia quadra + 2 2 Dicranomyia sera 6 3 12 21 Dicranomyia sericata + 2 2 Dicranomyia ventralis Scarce 18 18 Geranomyia unicolor + 2 2 Helius flavus 34 16 5 55 Helius longirostris 47 21 5 73 Helius pallirostris Scarce 6 11 1 18 Limonia dilutior 5 22 27 Limonia flavipes 18 20 19 57 Limonia macrostigma 91 55 22 168 Limonia maculipennis + 6 6 Limonia nigropunctata + 1 1 Limonia nubeculosa 313 191 83 587

(Sub)Family/Species National Pre/post VC58 VC59 VC60 Total status 1970

Limonia phragmitidis 102 45 34 181 Limonia stigma 4 4 8 Limonia trivittata Scarce 24 10 11 45 Lipsothrix errans Scarce 6 3 9 Lipsothrix nervosa Scarce 8 8 Lipsothrix nobilis Rare 12 4 16 Lipsothrix remota 10 13 9 32 Metalimnobia bifasciata 10 13 2 25 Metalimnobia quadrinotata 20 12 10 42 Neolimonia dumetorum 87 21 5 113 Orimarga juvenilis Scarce X 3 3 Rhipidia maculata 172 118 55 345 Rhipidia uniseriata Rare + 2 2 Thaumastoptera calceata Scarce 3 6 9 PEDICIIDAE Dicranota bimaculata 37 15 4 56 Dicranota claripennis 3 2 2 7 Dicranota exclusa 2 20 3 25 Dicranota guerini Scarce 1 12 1 14 Dicranota pavida 11 20 3 34 Dicranota robusta Scarce 5 12 17 Dicranota subtilis 19 24 4 47 Pedicia littoralis 6 22 2 30 Pedicia occulta 3 5 2 10 Pedicia rivosa 30 38 5 73 Pedicia straminea 8 9 6 23 Tricyphona immaculata 178 119 18 315 Tricyphona schummeli + 3 3 Tricyphona unicolor Scarce 1 1 1 3 Ula mollissima 8 7 2 17 Ula sylvatica 26 26 3 55 PTYCHOPTERIDAE Ptychoptera albimana 71 46 5 122 Ptychoptera contaminata 25 31 11 67 Ptychoptera lacustris 13 5 4 22 Ptychoptera longicauda Scarce X 2 2 Ptychoptera minuta 32 6 4 42 Ptychoptera paludosa 9 3 2 14 Ptychoptera scutellaris 13 13 4 30 TIPULIDAE Ctenophora pectinicornis Scarce 11 3 14 Dictenidia bimaculata 4 3 7

(Sub)Family/Species National Pre/post VC58 VC59 VC60 Total status 1970

Dolichopeza albipes 40 54 11 105 Nephrotoma analis 1 18 9 28 Nephrotoma appendiculata 93 56 13 162 Nephrotoma cornicina 5 17 1 23 Nephrotoma crocata Rare 44 8 2 54 Nephrotoma dorsalis Scarce + 3 12 1 16 Nephrotoma flavescens 25 42 16 83 Nephrotoma flavipalpis 46 62 11 119 Nephrotoma guestfalica 12 6 3 21 Nephrotoma lunulicornis Scarce 13 2 15 Nephrotoma quadrifaria 64 65 15 144 Nephrotoma quadristriata Rare 1 14 1 16 Nephrotoma scurra 46 38 2 86 Nephrotoma submaculosa 1 26 8 35 Nigrotipula nigra 19 19 Prionocera pubescens Rare 18 2 20 Prionocera subserricornis Rare + 1 1 2 Prionocera turcica 80 49 9 138 Tanyptera atrata Scarce 42 5 47 Tanyptera nigricornis Rare 3 6 2 11 Tipula (Acutipula) fulvipennis 63 79 17 159 Tipula (Acutipula) luna 68 28 13 109 Tipula (Acutipula) maxima 53 84 6 143 Tipula (Acutipula) vittata 42 44 16 102 Tipula (Beringotipula) unca 32 39 18 89 Tipula (Dendrotipula) flavolineata 11 14 3 28 Tipula (Lunatipula) alpina Rare 1 7 8 Tipula (Lunatipula) cava 19 30 5 54 Tipula (Lunatipula) fascipennis 37 12 14 63 Tipula (Lunatipula) helvola Scarce + 1 8 9 Tipula (Lunatipula) livida Scarce + 3 1 4 Tipula (Lunatipula) lunata 60 38 10 108 Tipula (Lunatipula) peliostigma Scarce X 3 1 4 Tipula (Lunatipula) vernalis 90 63 3 156 Tipula (Platytipula) luteipennis 43 20 10 73 Tipula (Platytipula) melanoceros 27 25 52 Tipula (Pterelachisus) irrorata 13 34 10 57 Tipula (Pterelachisus) pabulina 4 1 10 15 Tipula (Pterelachisus) pseudovariipennis Scarce 1 6 5 12 Tipula (Pterelachisus) submarmorata 25 20 16 61 Tipula (Pterelachisus) truncorum Scarce 4 4 Tipula (Pterelachisus) varipennis 9 70 16 95

(Sub)Family/Species National Pre/post VC58 VC59 VC60 Total status 1970

Tipula (Savtshenkia) alpium 14 38 17 69 Tipula (Savtshenkia) cheethami Scarce 1 8 2 11 Tipula (Savtshenkia) confusa 69 69 16 154 Tipula (Savtshenkia) grisescens Rare X 1 15 16 Tipula (Savtshenkia) obsoleta 9 4 4 17 Tipula (Savtshenkia) pagana 51 60 16 127 Tipula (Savtshenkia) rufina 45 74 10 129 Tipula (Savtshenkia) signata 21 20 11 52 Tipula (Savtshenkia) staegeri 29 28 12 69 Tipula (Savtshenkia) subnodicornis 7 32 3 42 Tipula (Schummelia) variicornis 71 42 12 125 Tipula (Schummelia) yerburyi Scarce + 5 5 Tipula (Tipula) oleracea 307 242 51 600 Tipula (Tipula) paludosa 295 228 31 554 Tipula (Tipula) subcunctans 13 19 21 53 Tipula (Vestiplex) hortorum Rare 1 5 6 Tipula (Vestiplex) montana + 3 3 Tipula (Vestiplex) nubeculosa Scarce X 2 1 3 Tipula (Vestiplex) scripta 41 75 45 161 Tipula (Yamatotipula) couckei 16 18 9 43 Tipula (Yamatotipula) lateralis 86 77 28 191 Tipula (Yamatotipula) montium 12 11 6 29 Tipula (Yamatotipula) pierrei 15 10 8 33 Tipula (Yamatotipula) pruinosa 6 13 5 24 TRICHOCERIDAE Trichocera annulata 56 51 4 111 Trichocera hiemalis 27 33 4 64 Trichocera maculipennis Scarce 3 4 7 Trichocera major 8 3 3 14 Trichocera parva 15 1 16 Trichocera regelationis 97 83 5 185 Trichocera rufescens X 2 2 Trichocera rufulenta X 4 4 Trichocera saltator 59 26 2 87 No of Records 7567 5811 1581 14959 No of Species 235 224 192 264

Appendix: notes on regional status of species Family Cylindrotomidae

All four British species of this family have been recorded in the area. Cylindrotoma distinctissima and Diogma glabrata are woodland species and well represented in favoured woodland areas in all three vice-counties. The scarce D. glabrata was found in numerous locations in the Delamere Forest in Martin Drake’s 2003 survey12, but has not turned up in my visits there over the last 5 years13. The other two are specialists of sphagnum pools in acid mires. Phalacrocera replicata has been found in several areas of such habitat in VCs 58 and 59, but neither of the VC60 records fit this pattern and they may be difficult to verify. The rare Triogma sulcata was found at Wybunbury Moss in VC58 by Peter Boardman in early May 2016. In VC59, there are virtually annual records of this species between 1954 and 1962, mainly by Alan Brindle, at a single location by Pendle Hill near Twiston. Family Limoniidae Subfamily Chioneinae Arctoconopa melampodia The habitat of this species is described by Boardman7 as “saturated sands with herbage”: he also highlights Lancashire and Cheshire as among its national strongholds. The flurry of recent Cheshire records come from an unpublished survey near Northwich by Drake in 2002, and from the river surveys of Hewitt and Parker later in the same decade15. It was also recorded from the Bollin Valley by Harry Britten in 1927 and by Leonard Kidd in 1952. Thus there seems to be good evidence of a long-term population in this environment. The VC59 records are all from Holden Clough in the 1950s. Genus Cheilotrichia Cheilotrichia cinerascens is one of the most ubiquitous species in any well-vegetated habitat. The scarce C. imbuta is associated with the margins of rivers and streams and with reed-beds. The regional records are heavily skewed to the pre-1970 period, with the only 21st-century records coming from a single location in the Delamere Forest12. This may indicate a decline of this species in the region. Crypteria limnophiloides This is described by Boardman as a woodland species of the autumn, around early October. The late appearance may partly account for the low number of records, with the most recent being in VC58 in 1995 but it does seem to be genuinely scarce in the region. The national map on the NBN Atlas shows numerous records in Cumbria and North-east Wales and a sprinkling along the Pennines. Ellipteroides lateralis This is a distinctive shining black species of swamps, reedbeds and other wet places7. The only records in the region are from Manchester, in the 19th century and in 1944, the latter a Harry Britten record appearing only in the MBB data. The NBN Atlas shows this to be a predominantly southern species though with an outlying belt of records from Cumbria across to North Yorkshire. Genus Erioconopa Erioconopa trivialis is one of the generalist species, in a wide range of habitats including small gardens. E. diuturna is mainly an autumn species, and the dates of records are heavily skewed to the post-1970 period. The NBN Atlas shows most of the local region as a gap in the wider national distribution, so this may represent an actual extension of range to occupy this gap.

Genus Erioptera This is one of the larger genera, characterised by hairs along the wing veins. The pattern of records is patchy across the region except for the commonest species E. lutea. The paucity of records of E. fuscipennis is particularly striking as there is a dense coverage in the adjacent regions on the NBN Atlas. Both E. fuscipennis and E. griseipennis were recorded in VC60 during 2017, and most of the other species have a good proportion of recent records. The only post-1970 record of E. squalida was in 1999 at Leighton Moss. Turning to the rarer species, E. nielseni has been found locally only in the Delamere and Abbots Moss area, fitting Boardman’s description7 of the typical habitat as poor fen on bogs and the like. E. verralli has been found only in and around Cotterill Clough, by Harry Britten in the 1940s and then again in 2017: this matches Boardman’s characterisation of this as a species of dingle woodlands. The NBN Atlas shows E. meijerei mainly in East Anglia with very sparse records elsewhere in the southern half of Britain. The VC59 records are down to Alan Brindle in 1946 in the Harry Britten cards and were published by Kidd and Brindle (Ref 1)*. It is curious that they do not appear in any of the other data sources. Gnophomyia viridipennis This scarce species is associated with poplar trees. The Cheshire records seem to include a high degree of duplication and are all from Harry Britten at Rostherne. The VC59 records are rather surprisingly from the Sefton coast, but are ascribed to Alan Brindle. All the records are over 50 years old. Gonempeda flava The records for this species of wooded places close to streams are well scattered across the region and over the period from 1939 to 2007. Genus Gonomyia This genus of dainty yellowish species is distinctive. As the data show, none of the species can be said to be common in the area. They are rather difficult to separate, but there is a good diversity of recorders involved in most cases. There seems little overall pattern to the distributions, though G. tenella has been repeatedly recorded on the Sefton coast. The rare G. abbreviata was found in Tatton Park in 1944, but recent surveys there have failed to detect it. In 2017, it was discovered in woods on the Ribble near Preston, a first for the region since 1951. Boardman16 states that G. lucidula is now regarded as a rare species of calcareous conditions, as a former synonym G. abscondita has now been recognised as a separate species. Most, if not all, of the records of G. lucidula should probably now refer to G. abscondita. The single record of the latter, by myself, was from Dane’s Moss and the identity was confirmed by reference to the diagrams of the male genitalia for both species by Starý which are reproduced on the CCW website9. However, the older name has been retained in the records in consistency with the current NBN data and other sources. Genus Hoplolabis All three British species are found close to rivers. The majority of the Cheshire records came from the 2007 Buglife river survey15 and do not suggest any differentiation between lowland and upland species, as suggested by Boardman7. H. yezoana was first recorded in Britain from Cumbria in 200417 but it may well have been mistaken for one of the other species in older records. The NBN Atlas currently shows 47 records all in Cumberland and Westmoreland.

* Ref 1 also includes a VC58 record from the Goyt Valley, but in the card index this has been crossed out and revised to E. divisa. 33

Genus Ilisia The two British species in this genus have rather similar strong wing markings. The relative frequency of records in the region mirrors the national figures. Genus Molophilus This is the largest genus of the Limoniidae. All the species are rather small with hairy but unmarked wing veins. Identification is mainly from the male genitalia which can be inspected without dissection. M. ater is black and flightless with reduced wings. It is associated with moorland, raised bog, and wet rushy grassland in the uplands. It is surprising that it has not been recorded more often in the region. The most recent record is down to Keith Alexander in 1996, though the grid reference on NBN is suspect, being in the built-up area of Bury with no site name given. M. bihamatus is one of the few species with a dark body, but distinguished from others by pale legs. It has been recorded only from some of the prime diptera sites, Hatchmere and Pettypool in VC58, and Gait Barrows in VC60. The sole record of the scarce M. corniger is by Alan Brindle in 1981 from Dutton Clough on the southern slopes of Longridge Fell. It is said to be a species of wet and shaded calcareous soils. M. niger is another distinctive species in being dark all over. In Shropshire it is associated with dingle woodlands7: in 2016 I repeated Harry Britten’s find of the species in the similar habitat of Cotterill Clough. The VC59 records are pre-1970, from Holden Clough and around Sabden. M. occultus is a species of lowland bogs and acid moorland, though the regional records are from lowland sites only, including the Sefton coast. The number of records in the region seems surprisingly small in comparison with the national total on the NBN Atlas. M. pleuralis is an interesting addition to the regional list with the first records at several locations on the Lancashire coast in 1973. It is particularly associated with brackish marsh so it is not surprising that the only VC58 locations are in the Northwich “saltscape”. Stubbs states that the scarce M. propinquus favours sandy habitats, but this not an obvious feature of the locations of most of the regional records. The NBN Atlas shows a concentration of records in Yorkshire close to VC60, so it might be expected to turn up there. M. undulatus is another species found mainly in dingle or clough woodlands. In VC60 it was recorded at the same location as M. corniger. The nationally scarce M. variispinus was first recorded from Britain in 1977 in South Wales, having been described as a separate species only in 1971. The NBN Atlas shows 75 records in a band stretching from there through to Midlothian with a gap in VCs 58 and 59 which is neatly filled by the additional data reported here. It is distinguished from the fairly common M. serpentiger only by the shape of a small projection on the male genitalia and so seems likely to have been overlooked before the Stubbs key became available. The Cranefly Recording Scheme has several records from Alan Brindle in 1973, presumably reflecting a re-identification of museum specimens. In 2017, among a sample of 13 M. serpentiger from Cotterill Clough, I had a single specimen which seemed clearly quite different and fitting M. variispinus. Nevertheless, Pete Boardman7 describes this separation as “incredibly difficult”. Neolimnophila carteri There is a good geographical scatter of records across VCs 58 and 59, though only 3 of the records date from the 21st century, all in Cheshire. The NBN data shows a decidedly northern bias. Boardman7 remarks on the paucity of Shropshire records of this woodland species. Genus Ormosia 34

The 4 records of O. aciculata in fact relate to a single record by Harry Britten in Cotterill Clough in 1923. I have seen the specimen in Manchester Museum which was determined by F. W. Edwards who described the species in 1921. All the other 10 records (including obvious duplicates) on the NBN Atlas are in northern England. The only UK record since 1932 was in 1985 on Thorne Moors in Yorkshire. Pete Boardman7 describes O. albitibia as a rarely encountered woodland species in Shrophire, and the same holds true here with no records in the last 20 years. O. pseudosimilis is a bog and moorland species. Given the extent of this habitat in the region and the NBN total of 404 records it is surprising that it has not been recorded more often in our region. Harry Britten recorded it in 1941 on one of his few visits to Chat Moss but it has not featured in the extensive surveys carried out there over the last decade11,18. Genus Rhabdomastix This is a genus with aquatic larvae found by rivers. The current British checklist contains just three species, but the draft Stubbs/Kramer keys cover six species and also indicates that a revised key is to be provided. So there may be uncertainty in the records as reported here. All the Cheshire records come from the 2007 river survey. Genus Rhypholophus R. bifurcatus and R. varius can be abundant in woods in the early autumn. The former is associated with calcareous soils and the latter with neutral and acid conditions. This is reflected in the data here (though the two can occur together). These associations may explain the different rates of recording in the region, as the national totals are quite similar. Genus Scleroprocta The two British species are both denizens of wet woodland and of the dingles or cloughs which are abundant in the area. My find of S. pentagonalis at Cotterill Clough was the first for the site, suggesting that the species is rather elusive. Genus Symplecta The record of the rare S. meigeni comes from Winmarleigh Moss and is in the dataset from the 1999 Dipterists Forum field meeting, but no recorder or determiner is named on NBN. The Stubbs/Kramer key states that the habitat is margins of large sandy rivers and oxbow lakes. Although the NBN Atlas has only 12 other records spread widely across the country, two of them (also from the 1999 DF meeting) are from Duddon Moss and Fish House Moss in Cumbria which appear to be similar environments. So overall, there seems no strong reason to doubt this record. S. hybrida is surprisingly little recorded in Lancashire, considering that of the 17 VC59 records, 13 are from my home hectad of SJ69 during the last five years. S. stictica is frequently referred to as particularly characteristic of salt-marsh, but it is also one of the commonest Limoniids inland. Genus Tasiocera These are minute craneflies only a few millimetres in length and so may often go unnoticed in the net. Identification requires a slide preparation of the genitalia and a high-power microscope, erecting a further barrier to recording. The records of scarce and rare species are all attributed to recognised dipterists. Trimicra pilipes This species has the reputation of having the widest global distribution amongst the craneflies and at the same time being very elusive. Both Boardman7 and CCW state that Trimicra has become a subgenus of Symplecta but in the British List it retains its status of genus. The NBN Atlas still gives Erioptera as the genus, as it was in Kidd and Brindle. The most recent regional record is from the 35

Sefton coast in 2000, where there were several earlier records. Boardman states that the species requires winter inundation followed by some moisture in the summer – this is not an obvious feature of other locations of our records. Subfamily Dactylolabinae Genus Dactylolabis D. sexmaculata is found on limestone outcrops, so it is not surprising that the two regional records come from the Silverdale area of VC60. They are by Peter Skidmore in 1956 and 1958; they were extracted from the Harry Britten card index and do not seem to have been published previously. D. transversa is also scarce, but is associated with a wider range of rocks. The most recent record is 1979 but it is impossible to say whether this is evidence of a decline. Subfamily Limnophilinae Austrolimnophila ochracea This a deadwood species which should be common in any woodland. Genus Dicranophragma This genus seems subject to continuing uncertainty. The three species recorded for the region are the only three in the current British checklist but Boardman7 discusses two others in Shropshire. D. adjunctum is reasonably distinct and the records should be reliable. The other two belong in a species complex, with D. separatum being said to be characteristic of wet upland peat: our records of the latter do not all fit that habitat and may not be reliable. Genus Eloeophila This is another genus for which the regional list contains all the British species. The scarce species are all associated with streams or small rivers. Of the scarce species, E. mundata was the only one recorded in the 2007 Cheshire rivers survey; a large proportion of the V59 records were gathered by Alan Brindle in the Nelson and Colne area. He also contributed the records of E. apicata and E. verralli in VC60. Epiphagma ocellare With its wing pattern reminiscent of leopard-skin, this is one of the most easily recognisable limoniids. Boardman calls it a “bobby dazzler”! (The rare Discobola annulata is similar, but with a British distribution confined to Scotland.) As a result, the numbers of records may overestimate its abundance compared to other species. Genus Euphylidorea The region harbours all five species from the British list with a good number of records for each. E. meigenii is an acid bog species which can be very abundant: E. phaeostigma is similar in appearance and habitat but seems to be much more elusive, most of the records being from Drake’s 2003 survey of Delamere Forest. Genus Hexatoma The two British species are both denizens of rivers with aquatic larvae. Both have a national distribution confined to upland districts of Wales, northern England and Scotland. Our only records come near the river Hodder which joins the Ribble near Stonyhurst College. I have some doubts about these records as they are found only on the Harry Britten cards, are attributed to two different recorders (A. Brindle and D. Bryce), and lack exact dates, as well as representing a remarkable coincidence. Specimens or a published account need to be found to corroborate the records.

Genus Idioptera Both British species have attractively coloured banded wings and are found in acid boggy locations. It was I. linnei that inspired Pete Boardman to take up the study of craneflies7, and he wrote an MSc dissertation on its biology. It has been found at most of the Cheshire locations with Sphagnum pools, though usually after long intervals: I found it in July 2017 at Abbots Moss where the previous record was in 1969 by Leonard Kidd. In 2004, Pete Boardman did not find this species there but he did record I. pulchella. This species appears to have somewhat less restricted habitat requirements, but the females are flightless with reduced wings. It was rather abundant on Longridge Fell in late August 2017 when separate 100m squares yielded 3 of the 5 VC60 records. Genus Limnophila For Kidd and Brindle1 this was a large genus, but its subgenera have been promoted and split, leaving only two species on the British list. The habitat of the rare L. pictipennis is muddy pond edges and ditch margins, and it is consistent with this that most of our records are in pond-peppered Cheshire. The much commoner L. schranki with its peppered wings is typically found by small streams – outside woodland according to Stubbs/Kramer, though we have plenty of records from wooded places. I found it in Cotterill Clough in 2017, even though it is not amongst the Harry Britten records there. Genus Neolimnomyia This is another genus with only two British species, both rather undistinctive and also confusable with other genera. Both seem rather under-represented in the regional data compared to NBN Atlas results. Genus Paradelphomyia These are rather small craneflies found predominantly in muddy places in woods. The region appears to host all but one of the six British species. The common P. senilis is reasonably distinctive, but the others mostly require high-magnification microscopy on the male genitalia for a certain identification19. The single records of P. ecalcarata and P. fuscula are by Andy Godfrey. The former did not turn up in the data, but was gleaned from an unpublished report kindly supplied by the National Trust. As stated there, this genus is almost certainly under-recorded. Genus Phylidorea This genus includes two of the most frequently recorded middle-sized yellow craneflies. The dark- bodied P. squalens is a bog species with a strong majority of records in the Delamere area. It also occurs at Wybunbury Moss, which is the only site for records of the rare P. heterogyna by Pete Boardman in 2004. Genus Pilaria As in many other cases, records for the scarce P. fuscipennis and P. scutellata are concentrated in the Delamere region but the records also cover locations with rather different habitats. Genus Pseudolimnophila There is a strong bias in the records of these two species towards the 21st century. It is notable that there is only one Lancashire record from Alan Brindle. It seems likely that these two species have actually increased in abundance in Cheshire in recent decades: Kidd and Brindle had no record of P. lucorum since the 19th century and regarded P. sepium as “apparently rare”. Subfamily Limoniinae Achyrolimonia decemmaculata

This is a rather distinctive and dainty medium-sized cranefly with five spots on each wing and a silvery frons. Stubbs describes it as “widespread but generally scarce except [in] some favoured districts”. Our earliest record is as late as 1958 by C N Colyer (co-author of the British Flies book) in the Delamere Forest. It was recorded twice in 1963 by Alan Brindle, but a spate of very recent records suggests it is expanding in range or in numbers. It is a species of dead wood but Boardman7 states it can occur in “the most unlikely locations” suggesting a good capability for dispersal. Antocha vitripennis The larvae of this species live in silken tubes in rivers, so it is not surprising that the number of Cheshire records has been boosted by the 2007 Buglife surveys15. For the two Lancashire vice- counties there are no 21st-century records. Atypophthalmus inustus Half our records of this species refer to the find of this species at Cotterill Clough in 1939 by the noted dipterist F. W. Edwards. So it was particularly pleasing to find it again at the same location in 2015. The only other locations in the region are Murdishaw Wood, Runcorn and the Delamere Forest. Genus Dicranomyia This is one of the largest and most complex limoniid genera and includes two of the most ubiquitous craneflies, D. chorea and D. modesta. It also includes the tricky D. mitis complex. Kidd and Brindle1 recognised varieties affinis and lutea but a clear resolution of this complex into five species has been reached only very recently20,21. The large number of D. mitis records for the region may mask a greater number of the species D. affinis, D. lutea and D. quadra which have been recorded in small numbers: these records should be considered provisional until further evidence based on the new keys becomes available. D. aquosa was recorded by Alan Brindle at Gorpley Reservoir in 1973 and the record comes from the CRS dataset. It is stated by Stubbs to occur on wet rock faces by streams in woodland: I have not visited the site, but the OS certainly indicates that such habitat should occur there. D. distendens is a blackish species of boggy areas stated by Stubbs to be mostly found in upland areas. Our few records are from Delamere and from Winmarleigh Moss. It is curious that all the finds have been made since 2000 in the lowlands, but there is not enough data to claim this as a significant trend. The sole record of D. halterella is attributed by MBB to Ainsdale in 1959 from a Liverpool Museum dataset though no recorder name is given. The habitat described by Stubbs is wooded streams with boggy edges in the Scottish Highlands. There is only one other English record, from Cumbria, which seems likely to be in the same habitat. Further doubt on the accuracy of this record is cast by the existence of a similarly named species D. halterata. The habitat of this is saltmarsh which is more plausible, but it is extremely rare with only 3 records on the NBN Atlas. Hopefully reference to the Liverpool collection can resolve the uncertainty with this record. D. lucida is a distinctive glossy species with strongly marked wings. It has been found at four different sites by four different observers. The NBN Atlas data indicate that we are at the northern limit of its range, unusually for a cranefly. The rather similar D. ornata is strongly associated with butterbur beds, appearing in early June. Our only post-1980 records come from the Buglife river survey in Cheshire15, so this is a good species for a targeted search. D. sera is normally regarded as a salt-marsh species, but in Cheshire it has been found mainly in the inland area along the River Weaver influenced by the salt-mining industry. This is a pattern which has been noted elsewhere for several other mainly coastal species in other diptera groups. 38

The VC60 records of D. sericata fit Stubbs’ statement that this is a species of scrub grassland on limestone and calcareous clay. NBN also contains two records from Drake’s 2003 survey of the Delamere Forest at two small satellite peat basins at Norley Moss. In his report this species was listed with a question mark, and he has advised me that his specimens were females that cannot be confidently identified. The presence of D. ventralis on the Sefton coast is attested by records between 1920 and 1973 though there is considerable duplication or worse. It is described by Stubbs as a very local and scarce species but there is a high proportion of coastal records on the NBN Atlas. Geranomyia unicolor The two records, which are probably a pair of duplicates, are from Tom Mawdsley on the foreshore of the Mersey estuary at Birkenhead. This is a species of rocky seashores with a very distinctive mosquito-like snout. Probably very little search for craneflies has been done in such habitats, limited as they are in the region. Genus Helius This is another genus characterised by a long rostrum, or snout, but it is thick and blunt in contrast to Geranomyia. Three of the four British species are recorded from the region, predominantly from the expected wetland habitats. Genus Limonia In its present reduced scope, this genus contains only nine British species, all present in the regional data. The distinctive L. nubeculosa with three dark rings on its femora and spotted wings is one of the most frequently recorded craneflies and ubiquitous in woodlands; the other species are also primarily associated with this habitat according to Stubbs. However, the uncommon L. dilutior is associated with more open environments such as moorland and heath, which fits many of our records. The records of L. maculipennis are by Andy Godfrey in 1994 from two locations in the St Helens area (SJ59). On the NBN Atlas this is one of three outliers in the northwest from a fairly small range in eastern England. From the small number of NBN Atlas records this species would appear to merit a rare or scarce rating. The find of L. nigropunctata in Cheshire is also attributed to Andy Godfrey, though in combination with Mike and Liz Howe. This species is much more numerous nationally though at the edge of its mainly southern range here. The Cheshire records of L. stigma are from 1932 or earlier, while the VC60 records are from a WML malaise trap survey at Warton Crag in 2011. Genus Lipsothrix The larvae of this genus inhabit saturated dead timber, or “coarse woody debris”, typically trees fallen across the streams in dingles or cloughs. All but one of the British species are represented in the regional data. When Harry Britten first found L. nobilis at Clayton-le-Dale in 1924, it was regarded as a species new to science, only later being synonymised with a European species described in 1873. L. nervosa is very much a southern species and L. errans a northern one, with their ranges hardly overlapping as is neatly illustrated by their distribution between the vice-counties. The majority of the recent Lancashire records of the genus are from a specific survey commissioned from Andy Godfrey in 2003. The three uncommon species were designated under the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act which came into force on 1st Oct 2006. Section 41 (S41) of the Act requires 39 the Secretary of State to publish a list of habitats and species which are of principal importance for the conservation of biodiversity in England. They were formerly the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) priority species. Genus Metalimnobia Both the species in the region are amongst the largest of the Limoniidae with distinctive wing markings. The third British species is rare and confined to ancient forests in the Midlands and southern England. There is some indication in the data that our two species, which are fungi feeders, have colonised ex-mining brownfield sites in VC59 in the last few decades. Neolimonia dumetorum This species of dead wood seems to have become very abundant in the Delamere region since 2000, while in the same period there have been only 3 records in Lancashire. This does not reflect any national distribution as the NBN Atlas shows it to be well represented in all the adjoining regions. Orimarga juvenilis The three records found all relate to a single observation of the species at Freshfield in 1933. The NBN Atlas data suggest a preference for near-coastal locations, but Stubbs states that this is a species of base-rich bare-ground seepages on southern heaths and in upland districts. Genus Rhipidia Even though very common, R. maculata is always a pleasure to find because of the pectinate antennae of the males and the peppered wings. R. uniseriata is a denizen of rotting wood and the only regional records are from Tatton Park in 2011. Thaumastoptera calceata This small and delicate yellow species is near the northern edge of its range in Lancashire and Cheshire. The larvae make flat caddis-like cases out of pieces of dead leaves in moist and seepage carr. Family Pediciidae Genus Dicranota This genus is stated by Boardman7 to be associated with lowland and upland watercourses. There seems to be a distinct fall-off in the numbers of records since the 1980s, which shows up in the lack of VC58 records compared to VC59, against the general trend. The 2007 Buglife survey15 detected only the common D. bimaculata and only two records at that. As seen in Table 3a, none of the scarcer species D. claripennis, exclusa, guerini and robusta have been detected in Cheshire since 1952. The position of these species looks better in VC59 because of the recording in more upland areas by Alan Brindle and others through to the 1980s. Genus Pedicia P. rivosa may appear commoner compared to the others as a result of its large size and distinctive wings which can attract the attention of digital photographers. However, caution is needed with such records as non-specialists have confused the species with Tipula maxima. Like Dicranota, the other species are primarily associated with streams in woodlands and upland areas. There also seems to be a similar pattern of a relative dearth of records since the 1980s. Genus Tricyphona T. immaculata is one of the most frequently recorded of craneflies, virtually certain to turn up on any visit to the mosslands, but also widespread in other damp habitats. T. schummeli had been recorded only once in the region until two records at widely separated upland locations in 2017.

This suggests a possible local expansion into VC60 from Cumbria where it has also been recorded more often in the last decade. The CCW indicates that acid mires are the prime habitat for Tricyphona unicolor, but the NBN Atlas shows numerous coastal locations. The latter fits the 2017 record in VC60 at Burrows Marsh on the Wyre Estuary. The other two records are more problematic: they are Harry Britten records, in 1945 from Reddish and from Cotterill Clough. Though the details were published in Kidd and Brindle1, these records do not appear on the NBN Atlas, possibly indicating doubts on their validity. Genus Ula U. mollissima was recognised as a species separate from U. sylvatica only in 1970. Hence there is uncertainty in records from before then, and also possibly in more recent ones. A third species, U. mixta was added to the British list in 2003, and has been found in Shropshire7. Family Ptychopteridae The regional list contains all seven British species from this family, which has only one British genus, Ptychoptera. The records are well distributed over the time period of the observations and the geographical area, in rough proportion with the national numbers. The two records of the scarce P. longicauda are from Rostherne and from the Winsford area. The NBN Atlas shows this species having a disjunct distribution in North Yorkshire and parts of England from the Midlands southwards. It is not clear why the VC58 records are not on the NBN Atlas. Family Tipulidae Ctenophora pectinicornis This species is one of several Tipulidae which feed on dead wood as larvae and have rather spectacular adults with strong markings and comb-like (pectinate) antennae in the male. Although it is particularly associated with ancient woodland, Boardman7 notes that it can turn up in unlikely spots, as the Cheshire data illustrate. Dictenidia bimaculata This is another noticeable xylophagous species. NBN has scattered records well up into the North of Scotland, but the only Lancashire record since the 19th century is from the WML survey at Astley Moss. Dolichopeza albipes This rather slight tipulid has prominent white tarsi, and it has been reported that it uses this feature to surprise predators as it flies out from under dark banks of streams. It has the memorable name of the white-footed ghost, and so it is appropriate that one of the records is from Gallows Clough in VC60. However, it can also be found by sweeping in woodland. Genus Nephrotoma This genus comprises the tiger craneflies, so named for their yellow and black striped coloration. The regional list includes 13 of the 15 British species, so careful examination of specimens is needed. Many of the species have larvae which inhabit specialised soils, but the commoner species are often found on agricultural land. However, it appears that at least some of this species may be able to disperse far from their breeding grounds and hence found virtually anywhere. N. analis is said by Boardman7 to be recorded mostly in river corridors. Lancashire locations are varied including Ainsdale, Astley Moss and Holden Clough, as well as specific river sites. N. cornicina seems to have no particular habitat but can be found in dry sites at the height of summer.

The rare N. crocata is easily identified in the field as it has an abdomen with three yellow bands on a black background. Boardman finds this species somewhat enigmatic as regards its preferred breeding habitat. It seems to have been rather common in Cheshire from the 19th century up to 1999, but has not been seen there since. In Lancashire there are a couple of coastal records, but there have been several sightings on the Manchester Mosses in the last few years, fitting Boardman’s surmise that peat is a suitable substrate. On one occasion I spotted it on hogweed flowers. Given this flurry of observations, it is surprising that there have been no digital photograph records suggesting that it is indeed very localised. N. dorsalis has been associated with exposed riverine sediments, and the second Cheshire record is indeed from the Buglife river survey of 200715. However, most of the records are from 2011 to 2016 when it turned up on Astley Moss11, in various parts of Warrington, in Wigan, on the fringes of Liverpool and near Northwich. It seems that this must be attributed to strong dispersal or migratory behaviour. The NBN Atlas distribution is curious, with records in the far south of England, south and west Wales, northern England and the highlands of Scotland, leaving a large gap in the middle and east of England. Boardman considers N. guestfalica as common and associated with sandy soils but the Lancashire and Cheshire data do not really support either assertion. The scarce N. lunulicornis is an inhabitant of sandy river margins and was most recently recorded during the 2007 Cheshire rivers survey. In 2017, the rare N. quadristriata was recorded, in some numbers, on the Sefton coast as it had been previously in 2000, 1973 and 1923. Bowdon was given as a 19th century location, perhaps dubiously, and the VC60 record is from Lytham St Annes in 1962. N. submaculosa records are also clustered on the VC59 coast in keeping with its national distribution though it also occurs inland in Northern England and the Scottish Highlands. Nigrotipula nigra This is a dark chocolate-coloured species of grassland. However the VC59 records are all from the Sefton coast, except for one on Astley Moss in 201111. The NBN Atlas shows the distribution mainly in the eastern half of England up to North Yorkshire with outlying populations around the Bristol Channel, around the Solway Firth and in North Wales spilling over into Shropshire. Genus Prionocera P. turcica is predominantly a species of bogs and acid wetlands, as are the two rare species. I have found the larva of P. turcica in March in a small pool on Holcroft Moss. P. pubescens has cropped up on the Cheshire mosses fairly steadily over the years. P. subserricornis is rather curiously confined to a belt from East England through to Shropshire and Cheshire, and all the western records are from the 21st century. A find in Warrington in 2013 represents the furthest known northwards extent of its range. Genus Tanyptera The two British species are colourful insects dependent on dead wood like Ctenophora and Dictenidia, with pectinate antennae in the males. They do however seem elusive, appearing only briefly in late May or early June. T. atrata has been recorded quite widely across Cheshire, especially in Delamere, where it was known in the 19th century. This species is said to be limited to birch, where the females have often been photographed ovipositing on rotten logs or stumps. The rarer T. nigricornis is usually said to be associated with other deciduous trees but the first Lancashire records by Peter Skidmore2 were both associated with birch. There have been three 21st century records from the Manchester Mosses in birch-dominated areas. In Cheshire the first record was claimed at Tatton Park in 2011 by Keith Alexander22, but the NBN Atlas shows that it was preceded by a 2007 record at a Derbyshire Wildlife Trust site in the “pan-handle” of VC58.

Genus Tipula This is the largest of the cranefly genera and the use if the subgenera is helpful in identification, gives a degree of grouping in habitats, and reduces the danger of confusion with such similar species names as luna and lunata, or alpina and alpium. Subgenus Acutipula Subgenus Acutipula contains four British species which are all large and distinctive in the field, and well recorded across the region. For the particularly striking T. maxima the numbers are swelled by non-specialist recorders, and my own experience suggests its relative abundance is overstated by the data. Subgenus Beringotipula The common T. unca is the only British species in this subgenus. Subgenus Dendrotipula T. flavolineata is a dead-wood species. Whilst it is reasonably well represented by recent records in Cheshire, the latest VC59 record is from 1964. It was found in VC60 at Warton Crag in 2011. The NBN Atlas shows it to be well recorded in southern Cumbria. Subgenus Lunatipula Amongst the Lunatipula, regional records of the rare T. alpina are with one exception concentrated in the Silverdale region of North Lancashire. The NBN Atlas data is dominated by Westmoreland records, so the VC60 records will represent part of this local population. The CCW indicates that it is confined to woods on limestone; the larva has been found in a long-dead fallen beech in the Cotswolds23. Coe8 stated that the scarce T. helvola had a disjunct distribution in small areas of Northwest Wales and Hampshire. The years 2012-15 saw a wave of records in Warrington and the Manchester mosslands. Review of the NBN data indicates there has been a steady expansion of this species from its original strongholds, though the NBN Atlas still shows the two populations to be separate. Further evidence of this spread comes from the 1995 Cheshire record and the Shropshire records. There is a single Cumbrian record from 2010. So it will be interesting to see whether further advance into the region can be detected or whether its presence has been temporary. The bulk of the national records of the scarce T. livida come from south of the Severn-Wash line, but there are other outliers in North Wales and in Yorkshire close to the VC60 boundary. CCW suggests a preference for sandy soil in a range of woodland types. The NBN Atlas data for T. peliostigma could be interpreted as indicating a national decline in the last 50 years, as the numbers of records have been static rather than increasing strongly since the start of the CRS. This is reflected in the regional records, the latest being 1948 though it has always been rare. Subgenus Platytipula The two British Platytipula species are primarily associated with bog-like habitats, though T. luteipennis may occupy a slightly larger range of sites. The VC59 records of T. melanoceros are almost exclusively from the Manchester Mosslands. Subgenus Pterelachisus Tipula (Pterelachisus) pabulina is said to be a species of woodland on calcareous soils. Consistent with this, the VC60 records are concentrated around the Silverdale area and the NBN Atlas shows this population extending into Westmoreland. There is no such clear connection between the

Cheshire records, all of which perhaps need to be questioned. The VC59 record is from the WML survey at Astley Moss11. The scarce T. pseudovariipennis is said to occupy similar habitats. All the Lancashire records are due to Alan Brindle and the latest record is from Ribchester in 1975. However Andy Godfrey and the Howes found the species in a Cheshire wood in 1994. T. truncorum has a very patchy and erratic distribution on the NBN Atlas, and the CCW references indicate some association with Sphagnum and swampy ground. Despite the abundance of this habitat in Cheshire, it is quite far from the other known population centres. The latest record is 1999, so it could turn up again. The low number of records of T. varipennis in Cheshire compared to Lancashire is curious. This seems to be a genuine hole in an otherwise continuous English distribution. Boardman7 describes this species as common in Shropshire in woodlands and also often found in open habitats. Subgenus Savtshenkia The species of the subgenus Savtshenkia are rather disparate in the adult features, but have a common larval food of moss. The adult habitats range from Sphagnum bogs to gardens and housing where moss has accumulated in gutters or on roofs. Kidd and Brindle1 describe the larval habitat of T. cheethami as bryophytes on wet vertical rock faces and rapid streams and rivers. Accordingly, our regional records all come from the fringes of the Pennines, including the Goyt valley in Cheshire. The most recent records are from 1980. Most of the records of T. grisescens are from Alan Brindle at Pendle Hill End Bridge on an almost annual basis from 1953 to 1962. It has not been recorded in the region since. Boardman states that this species needs to be sought at seepages in late March. There seem to be no very specific habitat preferences for T. obsoleta and the low number of regional records fits with its national position of infrequent but widespread. T. subnodicornis is particularly associated with upland moors, where quantitative studies of its ecology have been carried out24. It may be important as food for snipe, plovers and other waders. We also have lowland records from the Manchester mosslands and some of the Cheshire mosses. Subgenus Schummelia Both British species of the subgenus Schummelia appear on the regional list. T. yerburyi is a scarce species of wet acid heath and woodland with our only records, appropriately enough, coming from the Delamere area. Subgenus Tipula Subgenus Tipula contains the two of the three most frequently recorded species, T. oleracea and T. paludosa, the second of these coming in not far behind Limonia nubeculosa. In the national NBN statistics, the two Tipula are nearly tied but L. nubeculosa beats both by 70% in the number of records. Possibly this reflects the below-average woodland cover in Lancashire and Cheshire. These two species are the most familiar “daddy-long-legs” and their leatherjacket larvae feed on roots in damp grassland providing food for starlings and other birds. The third species of the subgenus T. subcunctans flies late in October and in November. Boardman7 states that it is confined to moors and high grasslands. It is more elusive than indicated by the number of regional records, having been last recorded in 1977 and possibly has suffered a decline. Subgenus Vestiplex All four of the British Vestiplex species are represented in the data. The Cheshire record of the rare T. hortorum is from near Warrington in 1939, but the VC60 records are all in the limestone area.

Boardman7 states that Stubbs regards this as a limestone species, but that it does not follow this tendency in Shropshire. T. montana has a distinctly northern distribution just coming into the north of VC60. The Cheshire records of T. nubeculosa should probably refer to T. hortorum, as a published misidentification in the British checklist. I assume the VC60 record by Alan Brindle at Silverdale in 1961 is correct as it appears in the Cranefly Recording Scheme data on the NBN Atlas. Subgenus Yamatotipula The final Tipula subgenus Yamatotipula is associated with watercourses and margins and contains several rather similar and drab species requiring careful identification. All five species are well distributed across the region and mostly have been recorded within last twenty years. The main exceptions to the latter are the last records for T. couckei in VC60 (1979) and for T. montium across all Lancashire (1977). Family Trichoceridae Genus Trichocera These are the winter gnats, being recorded mostly in the colder months. The four commonest species seem to be ubiquitous, though recording activity has probably been much more limited in the winter months. T. maculipennis is stated by Stubbs to be found in caves and adits throughout the year. This may account for two of the Cheshire records being from Alderley Edge. As indicated by their names, T. major and T. parva are the largest and smallest British species, and are regarded as denizens of woods and hedgerows. They have quite patchy British distributions according to the NBN Atlas. T. rufescens and T. rufulenta are both poorly represented in the NBN Atlas, but Stubbs states that the former is locally common in woods on calcareous soils. There is a report of the former, yet to be confirmed, of the former from Cheshire in 2017. References

1 L. N. Kidd & A. Brindle, The Diptera of Lancashire and Cheshire, Part 1, Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Committee, 1959. 2 L. N. Kidd, The Diptera of Lancashire and Cheshire, Part 1 (Supplement), Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Committee, Publication No. 46, 1964. 3 L. N. Kidd, The Diptera of Lancashire and Cheshire, Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Society, Publication No. 59, pp18-23, 1971. 4 P. Brighton, The Diptera of Lancashire and Cheshire: Soldierflies and Allies, Tanyptera Publication Series No. XX, 2017 5 P. Brighton, The Diptera of Lancashire and Cheshire: Sepsidae (Acalyptratae: Sciomyzoidea), Tanyptera Publication Series No. XX, 2017 6 A. E. Stubbs, Provisional atlas of the ptychopterid craneflies (Diptera: Ptychopteridae) of Britain and Ireland, Natural Environment Research Council, 1993. 7 P. Boardman, Shropshire Craneflies, Field Studies Council, 2016. 8 R. L. Coe et al, “Diptera 2. Nematocera: families Tipulidae to Chironomidae”, Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol. IX, Part 2, Royal Entomological Society of London, 1950. 9 http://ccw.naturalis.nl/ 10 https://www.brc.ac.uk/irecord/ 11 I. Wallace, The Invertebrates of Astley Moss SSSI, a field and desk-top survey, World Museum Liverpool. 12 C. M. Drake, The Lost Meres & Mosses of Delamere: Terrestrial Invertebrate Appraisal of Stage Two Basins, Delamere Forest, Cheshire, Report for Colin Hayes, Ecology-First, Dec 2003.

13 P. Brighton, Heteroptera and Diptera surveys in the Delamere Forest, 2013-2017, Report for Cheshire Wildlife Trust, Oct 2017. 14 P. Brighton, “In the footsteps of Harry Britten: Cotterill Clough revisited”, Cranefly Newsletter No 31, pp3-4 in Bull. Dipt. Forum, No 82, Autumn 2016. 15 S. Hewitt & J. Parker, Distribution of the stiletto-fly Cliorismia rustica on Cheshire rivers, report for Environment Agency, Buglife, Aug 2008. 16 P. Boardman, A provisional account and atlas of the craneflies of Shropshire, Field Studies Council, 2007. 17 J. Parker, “Hoplolabis (Parilisia) yezoana (Alexander, 1924)(Diptera, Limoniidae) new to Great Britain”, Dipterists Digest, Vol 12(2) (2005) 149-50. 18 P. Brighton, Bug and Fly Recording on the Manchester Mosses, 2015 Update, Report for Lancashire and Cheshire Wildlife Trusts, Jan 2016. 19 J. Kramer, “A review of the genus Paradelphomyia Alexander (Diptera, Limoniidae) in Britain”, Dipterists Digest, Vol 22(1) (2015) 43-57. 20 J. Starý & A. E. Stubbs,” Five species under Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) mitis (Meigen, 1830) (Diptera, Limoniidae)”, Zootaxa 3964(3)(2015)321-334. 21 J. Kramer, “Draft key for Dicranomyia; Group 4 Both sexes”, Cranefly Newsletter No 31, pp7-8 in Bull. Dipt. Forum, No 82, Autumn 2016. 22 K. N. A. Alexander, “Tanyptera nigricornis (Meigen) (Diptera, Tipulidae) in Cheshire”, Dipterists Digest, Vol 20(1) (2013)42. 23 D. J. Gibbs, “Dipterists Day Exhibits 2007”, Dipterists Digest, Vol 15(1) (2008)52. 24 J. C. Coulson, “The biology of Tipula subnodicornis Zetterstedt, with comparative observations on Tipula paludosa Meigen”, J. Animal Ecol. Vol. 31(1)(1962)1-21.