sign in sign up
<<
Home , Aphidomorpha, Aradidae, Bark beetle, Bittacus, Buchonomyia, Caddisfly

AMBERIF 2018

Jewellery and Gemstones

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM . SCIENCE AND ART

Abstracts

22-23 MARCH 2018 AMBERIF 2018 International Fair of Ambe r, Jewellery and Gemstones

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART

Abstracts

Editors: Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka · Jacek Szwedo · Elżbieta Sontag Anna Sobecka · Janusz Czebreszuk · Mateusz Cwaliński

This International Symposium was organised to celebrate the 25th Anniversary of the AMBERIF International Fair of Amber, Jewellery and Gemstones and the 20th Anniversary of the Museum of Amber Inclusions at the University of Gdansk

GDAŃSK, 22-23 MARCH 2018 ORGANISERS Gdańsk International Fair Co., Gdańsk, Poland Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk, Poland University of Gdańsk, Faculty of , Laboratory of Evolutionary and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Gdańsk, Poland University of Gdańsk, Faculty of History, Gdańsk, Poland Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Institute of Archaeology, Poznań, Poland International Amber Association, Gdańsk, Poland

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Dr Faya Causey, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA Prof. Mitja Guštin, Institute for Mediterranean Heritage, University of Primorska, Slovenia Prof. Sarjit Kaur, Amber Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA Dr Rachel King, Curator of the Burrell Collection, Glasgow Museums, National Museums Scotland, UK Prof. Barbara Kosmowska-Ceranowicz, Museum of the Earth in Warsaw, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Prof. Joseph B. Lambert, Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, USA Prof. Vincent Perrichot, Géosciences, Université de Rennes 1, France Prof. Bo Wang, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Prof. Barbara Kosmowska-Ceranowicz – Honorary Chair Dr hab. inż. Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka – Scientific Director of Symposium Prof. Janusz Czebreszuk Prof. Jacek Szwedo Dr Anna Sobecka

SCIENTIFIC PARTNERS

Palaeoentomological Section of the Polish Entomological Society

The Museum of the Earth in Warsaw, Polish Academy of Sciences

The Malbork Castle Museum

Museum of Gdańsk

ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Ewa Rachoń – Amberif Project Director Dr Elżbieta Sontag, Dr inż. Natalia Łukasik, M.A. Mateusz Cwaliński, Michał Kosior Agnieszka Uklejewska – Secretary of the Organizing Committee

Published by the Gdańsk International Fair Co. (MTG SA), Gdańsk, Poland, 2018

ISBN 978-83-908187-1-9 Foreword

For 25 years, AMBERIF has been gathering people of common passion: Baltic amber (=succinite). Since its first edition, AMBERIF has been accompanied by scientific seminars, which were initiated by Prof. Barbara Kosmowska-Ceranowicz and Wiesław Gierłowski. In its silver jubilee year 2018, the seminar is an International Symposium, organized under the supervision of AMBERIF Project Director Ewa Rachoń. Science and art have been coming together from times immemorial. They are like a good marriage, supporting and complementing each other, providing creativity and inspiration, opening new perspectives and opportunities every day. Baltic amber, but also other of the world, is a perfect example of a link between science and art. It is because succinite in a magical way simply attracts—not only those who just love the secret beauty of amber, but also scientists and artists. During the two days of the Symposium (22-23 March 2018), we would like to present, in light of the latest scientific reports, the dynamic development and progress of the research areas related to amber in the field of natural sciences, exact sciences and humanities. Four thematic sessions, which will be chaired by members of the Scientific Committee of the Symposium, with the honorary Chair of the Symposium, Professor Barbara Kosmowska-Ceranowicz (Museum of the Earth in Warsaw, Polish Academy of Sciences), include lectures and poster sessions. Our invitation as keynote lecturers was accepted by: Prof. Faya Causey (Getty Research Institute, USA), Prof. Sarjit Kaur (Laboratory of Amber Research, Faculty of Chemistry, M. Vassar College, USA), Prof. Joseph B. Lambert (Faculty of Chemistry, University of Trinity, USA), Prof. Vincent Perrichot (Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Rennes 1, France). Session “Life traces in amber” chaired by Prof. Jacek Szwedo and Dr Elżbieta Sontag (Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, University of Gdańsk) is dedicated to the traces of ancient organisms and their activities, preserved in fossil resins. Its main topic is the inclusion of and other , , fungi and other organisms. This session is also a celebration of the 20th Anniversary of the Museum of Amber Inclusions at the University of Gdańsk. Local and supra-regional traditions in the manufacture of amber objects among European societies of the Bronze and Iron Age is the leading topic of the session “Stylistics and processing technology of amber products in 3rd-1st millennium BC: local and interregional perspective” conducted by Prof. Janusz Czebreszuk and Mateusz Cwaliński (Institute of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań). The twelve oral communications presented in this session will be summarized in a special final discussion. The latest achievements in research on amber properties with the use of modern research techniques and applications of these achievements form the main topic of the session “Highlights of amber properties investigations and current aspects of amber mining.” This part of the Symposium is also dedicated to very important current problems—also environmental ones—related to the geology and extraction of amber. This session is under the supervision of Dr Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka and Dr Natalia Łukasik (Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology). The amazing and captivating world of myths, toposes and their representations in amber artefacts is the subject of the session on “Myths, collections and conservation of amber,” led by Dr Anna Sobecka (Faculty of History, University of Gdańsk). Instead of a summary— “Man is unique not because he does science, and he is unique not because he does art, but because science and art equally are expressions of his marvellous plasticity of mind” (Jacob Bronowski)

Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIFE TRACES IN AMBER ORAL PRESENTATIONS PERRICHOT V. From to : an overview of the fossiliferous amber deposits from France KEYNOTE lecture...... 7 SONTAG E., SZWEDO J., SZADZIEWSKI R. 20 years of the Museum of Amber Inclusions at the University of Gdańsk ...... 9 ROSS A.J. The remarkable palaeodiversity in ...... 12 GARROUSTE R., CARBUCCIA B., NEL A. Insight in the Lowermost Eocene Oise amber: the collection of inclusions of the MNHN ...... 17 XING L., MCKELLAR R.C. Recent discoveries of toothed and non-avian theropod remains in Cretaceous amber deposits from Myanmar...... 18 HOFFEINS C., HOFFEINS H.W., KUTZSCHER C., BLANK S.M. Jumping to more knowledge – a new in Baltic amber ...... 19 PIELOWSKA A., SONTAG E., SZADZIEWSKI R. Haematophagous arthropods in Baltic amber...... 20 SIDORCHUK E. A story told by amber inclusions (Acari: Collohmanniidae) ...... 21 WANG B., SZWEDO J. More than expected – disparity of the (Insecta) in the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber ...... 23 JIANG T., WANG B., SZWEDO J. The family Mimarachnidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) in Burmese amber...... 26 BRYSZ A.M. New data on (Hemiptera: Fulgoromopha) from Myanmar amber ...... 28 SZWEDO J., DROHOJOWSKA J., SIMON E., WĘGIEREK P. Sternorrhycha (Insecta: Hemiptera) from Burmese amber...... 29 JARZEMBOWSKI E.A., ZHENG D. in amber from the age of the ...... 31 SOSZYŃSKA-MAJ A., KRZEMIŃSKI W., KOPEĆ K. Scorpionflies () in Burmese amber...... 34 SKIBIŃSKA K., KRZEMIŃSKI W. Diversity of the family in the Myanmar amber ...... 36 ZAKRZEWSKA M., GIŁKA W. The Buchonomyiinae (Diptera: ) from Cretaceous Burmese amber...... 37 BARANOV V., LAURINDO F. Revisiting mouthparts development in modern and fossil Chironomidae (Diptera) ...... 39 ŻYŁA D. Dating with molecules – innovative approach to determine the age of Baltic amber. Introduction to the project...... 40 POSTERS CARBUCCIA B., ROLLARD C., NEL A., GARROUSTE R. The Araneae of the Lowermost Eocene Oise amber: an unexpected palaeodiversity...... 42 JORDAN-STASIŁO W., KRZEMIŃSKI W., KANIA I., MIAZGA N. Skuse, 1980 in Eocene Baltic amber (Diptera: Limoniidae) ...... 43 KANIA I., WOJTOŃ M., KRZEMIŃSKI W., WANG B. Knab, 1912 (Diptera, ) in Cretaceous Burmese amber ...... 44 KASZYCA N., WĘGIEREK P., DEPA Ł., TASZAKOWSKI A. Invertebrates in contemporary, coniferous resins – an insight into the ? ...... 45 KRZEMIŃSKI W., KOPEĆ K., SKIBIŃSKA K., SOSZYŃSKA-MAJ A., KANIA I. Diptera Nematocera from the Myanmar amber in the collection of the Natural History Museum ISEA PAS ...... 47 PIELIŃSKA A. From the research of the Baltic amber flora ...... 48 TISCHER M., BOJARSKI B., GORCZAK M., PAWŁOWSKA J., SZCZEPANIAK K., WRZOSEK M. The diversity of fossil fungi in Baltic amber ...... 49 WOJTOŃ M., KANIA I., KRZEMIŃSKI W. First Mycetobia Meigen, 1818 in Cretaceous Burmese amber (Diptera, Anisopodidae) ...... 49

STYLISTICS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY OF AMBER PRODUCTS IN 3RD-1ST MILLENNIUM BC: LOCAL AND INTERREGIONAL PERSPECTIVE ORAL PRESENTATIONS KAUR S., STOUT E. Elucidation of origin, age and authenticity of through chemical characterization KEYNOTE lecture ...... 51 RAMSTAD M. Neolithic amber in Norway and social dynamics the in 3th millennium BC in Scandinavia...... 52 IRŠĖNAS M. Juodkrantė (Schwarzort) amber figurines: between north and south...... 52 MANASTERSKI D., KWIATKOWSKA K. Late Neolithic amber beads from Supraśl in the light of multi-faceted analysis ...... 57 BUTRIMAS A., KRÓL D., OSTRAUSKIENĖ D. Amber typology of Rzucewo and West Lithuanian Late Neolithic settlements...... 61 GARDIN C Typology and technology: the example of the amber productions in France during the Neolithic and Protohistory ...... 65 DRENTH E. Late prehistoric amber from the Netherlands ...... 65 LJUŠTINA M. Amber finds in the Bronze Age of Serbia: distribution, provenance and social significance ...... 66 CWALIŃSKI M. One step beyond: towards understanding amber consumption during the Bronze and Early Iron Age in Western and Central Balkans...... 67 NEGRONI CATACCHIO N., GALLO V. Analysis of a few amber artifacts as chronological and cultural indicators during pre- and protohistory in Europe...... 67 HOHENSTEIN U.T., BELLINTANI P., PAVAN F. Amber processing at the site of Campestrin (Grignano Polesine, Rovigo, northeastern Italy) ...... 70 DMITROVIĆ K. Typological frame of the amber from Atenica and its relation to the neighboring area ...... 71 STIPANČIĆ P. Amber in first millenium BC from Novo Mesto, Slovenia ...... 72 POSTERS PESKA J., KUCERA L., BEDNAR P. Ancient amber in Moravia...... 75 HIGHLIGHTS OF AMBER PROPERTIES INVESTIGATIONS AND CURRENT ASPECTS OF AMBER MINING ORAL PRESENTATIONS LAMBERT J.B. Molecular analysis of amber and related fossilized materials by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy KEYNOTE lecture ...... 77 VAN DER WERF I.D. Recent developments in amber investigation: succinite vs. simetite...... 78 SHASHOUA Y. Investigating the degradation of Baltic amber ...... 81 ŁYDŻBA-KOPCZYŃSKA B., MENDYS A. Versatile spectroscopic approach in the investigation of cultural heritage objects...... 86 MATUSZEWSKA A. Physicochemical transformations of amber illustrated by changes in the oxygen-groups range of infrared spectra ...... 88 KUCERA L., PESKA J., BEDNAR P. Utilization of mass spectrometry for chemical analysis of amber for distinction of its origin in various Baltic regions...... 92 KACZMARCZYK I. Baltic amber as a potential source of active agents against selected microorganisms ...... 92 KASIŃSKI J.R., SŁODKOWSKA B., KRAMARSKA R. Amber-bearing sediments of the Polish-Ukrainian border zone stratigraphic correlation...... 94 MATSUI V., NAUMENKO U., REMEZOVA O., OKHOLINA T., VASYLENKO S., YAREMENKO O. The prognosis of amber-succinite deposits of different age in and their prospects of development...... 99 REMEZOVA O., MATSUI V., VASYLENKO S., KOMLIEV O. Geoecological aspects of amber mining in Ukraine...... 104 BELICHENKO O., WAGNER-WYSIECKA E. Geological production characteristic of amber deposits and finds in Ukraine. Perspectives of identification by mid-infrared spectroscopy...... 108 POSTERS BELICHENKO O., LADZHUN Y., TATARINTSEVA K. Gemological research of the «treated-color» amber...... 113 CAI Y., BAO T. The prosperity of Tengchong Amber Market and related industries...... 114 CYTRYNIAK A., ŁYDŻBA-KOPCZYŃSKA B. Micro IR and Raman spectroscopy as operative techniques in the various fossilised resins screening...... 115 FRIEDMAN V., LAMBERT J.B., BUGARIN A., KAUR S., STOUT E. Amber in Texas...... 117 KLIKOWICZ-KOSIOR A., KOSIOR M., WAGNER-WYSIECKA E. Amber Laboratory of International Amber Association - current research activity and perspectives...... 118 KOMLIEV O., REMEZOVA O. Lacustrine and paludal complexes of Ukraine as amber-bearing objects ...... 121 KOSMOWSKA-CERANOWICZ B., PIELIŃSKA A. Infrared spectra of amber and other resins – results of research by Vladas Katinas, 1988 ...... 124 KOSTYASHOVA Z. The amber industry in Kaliningrad region (2007-2017): problems and prospects...... 129 KRYNYTSKA M., KOVALEVYCH L. The researches of conditions of productive thickness forming of the southern part of amber-bearing district ...... 134 SKRZYPIEC K., KOMOSA Z., MACIOŁEK U., SOFIŃSKA-CHMIEL W. GAZDA Ł., MENDYK E. Spectral and microscopic study of Lublin amber ...... 138 SKRZYPIEC K., KOMOSA Z., MACIOŁEK U., SOFIŃSKA-CHMIEL W., MENDYK E. The study of natural resins using AFM microscopy...... 140

MYTHS, COLLECTIONS AND CONSERVATION OF AMBER ORAL PRESENTATIONS CAUSEY F. Amber and KEYNOTE lecture ...... 143 GUŠTIN M. Aquileia – the centre of amber production in Roman Times...... 145 POLYAKOVA I.A. Collecting and displaying amber in culture and everyday life of Prussia during 16th century...... 146 KING R. Sisterly Devotion Solidified: Owning the Tears of the Heliades in Renaissance Europe ...... 147 TRUSTED M.H. Baltic Ambers in Britain: a rich and diverse heritage ...... 152 SOBECKA A. A new interpretation of the mythological iconography of the Malbork Casket ...... 153 BAGUŽAITĖ-TALAČKIENĖ S. Amber artefacts of the Palanga Amber Museum Collection. Mythological parallels...... 156 PAWLĘGA E. Amber in myths, legends and folk tales...... 160 KRIEGSEISEN J. Amber in the Sicilian fine arts and crafts...... 161 ATTULA A. Amber. Reflections on the “political myth” of a fossil – The last exhibition in 1943...... 163 JABŁOŃSKI G. The Fall of Phaeton – myth, legend or secret knowledge. An artistic hypothesis ...... 165 POSTERS ADAMOWICZ R. Rebuilding and adaptation of the Great Mill in Gdańsk for the needs of a new premises of the Amber Museum ...... 166 RATUSZNA J. Conservation of the 17th century amber altar from the Malbork Castle Museum collection...... 166 SADO A. Amber myths – today...... 167 Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 7

LIFE TRACES IN AMBER

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

PERRICHOT V. From Cretaceous to Eocene: an overview of the fossiliferous amber deposits from France KEYNOTE lecture

VINCENT PERRICHOT

Géosciences, Université de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu . 15, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France, [email protected]

The presence of amber in France was mentioned as early as in the beginning of the 18th century (Anonymous 1705), and by the early 20th century amber was reported from nearly 70 French localities of to age (Lacroix 1910). Despite these early reports, the French fossil resins remained largely ignored by paleontologists, and it is only in the 1970s that fossil biological inclusions were first documented, with approximately 70 arthropods described from two deposits of the Paris Basin (Schlüter 1975, 1978, 1983). However, these arthropods were found in a turbid, barely translucent amber (Figure 1), making investigation for fossil inclusions excessively difficult (Schlüter and Stürmer 1982). This and the fact that Lacroix (1910) depicted all French fossil resins as brittle retinites, inapt to sizing and polishing, probably explain that no further work was done on French amber until more recently.

Fig. 1. Typical aspect and colours of the Cretaceous (Cenomanian) amber of the Paris Basin. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Two amber-rich, highly fossiliferous deposits were then discovered simultaneously in the late 1990s: the early Eocene (Sparnacian) Oise amber in the Paris Basin (Figure 2A-B), from which more than 20.000 arthropod inclusions have been reported to date (Nel et al. 1999; Nel and Brasero 2010); and the mid- Cretaceous (-Cenomanian) Charentese amber in the Aquitain Basin (Figure 2E-F), that has yielded more than 2.000 arthropods (Néraudeau et al. 2002; Perrichot et al. 2010). Following these discoveries, extensive field investigations have revealed fossiliferous amber in several other historical or new outcrops across France, all restricted to the Cretaceous period. Although less abundant and diverse than in Oise and Charentese ambers, arthropods have been found in a Cenomanian amber from two localities in the Alps (SE France) and the Pyrenees (SW France) (Perrichot et al. 2006; Girard et al. 2013); a small but highly fossiliferous deposit has been found in the Turonian of Vendée (NW France; Figure 2C-D) (Néraudeau et al. 2017); and few arthropods have also been found in the Santonian amber of Provence (SE France) (Choufani et al. 2013; Nel et al. 2017). The chemical analysis of these ambers from various localities and ages indicates a succession of different sources through time (Nohra et al. 2015). All Cretaceous resins originated from conifers, more Page 8 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 specifically the families and during the Albian and Cenomanian, and during the Turonian and Santonian. The Eocene Oise amber was produced by an angiosperm of the family Fabaceae, differing markedly from the slightly younger Baltic amber that has a coniferous origin.

Fig. 2. Representative amber samples and inclusions from France. A-B. Eocene amber of Oise; B. a non-biting (Diptera: Chironomidae). C-D. Turonian amber of Vendée; D. Microphorites magaliae Perrichot et Engel, 2014 (Diptera: ). E-F. Albian-Cenomanian amber of Charentes; F. a scelionid (). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Both Oise and Charentese ambers constitute world deposits in terms of abundance and diversity of inclusions, providing a rare glimpse into two ancient forest of Western Europe. Oise amber was produced by legume growing in a semi-deciduous forest in a lacustrine to palustrine environment of a deltaic region (Nel and Brasero 2010). Charentese amber originated from conifers growing in a marginal marine setting, likely a mosaic of estuarine and mangrove environments (Perrichot et al. 2010).

References Anonymous. 1705. Mémoire sur l’ambre jaune. Hist. Acad. R. Sci. (Paris), 41-44. Choufani J., Perrichot V., Girard V., Garrouste R., Azar D., Nel A. 2013. Two new biting of the modern type from Santonian amber of France (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), in: Azar D., Engel M.S, Jarzembowski E., Krogmann L., Nel A., Santiago-Blay J. (Eds.) Insect in an amberiferous and stone alphabet. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, 71-95. Girard V., Breton G., Perrichot V., Bilotte M., Le Loeuff J., Nel A., Philippe M., Thévenard F. 2013. The Cenomanian amber of Fourtou (Aude, Southern France): Taphonomy and palaeoecological implications. Ann. Paléontol. 99, 301-315. Lacroix A. 1910. Groupe des résines fossiles. Minéral. Fr. 4, 637-645. Nel A., Brasero N. 2010. Oise amber, in: Penney D. (Ed.) of fossils in amber from the major world deposits. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, 137-148. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 9

Nel A., De Ploëg G., Dejax J., Dutheil D., De Franceschi D., Gheerbrant E., Godinot M., Hervet S., Menier J.J., Augé M., Bignot G., Cavagnetto C., Duffaud S., Gaudant J., Hua S., Jossang A., De Lapparent F., Pozzi J.P., Paicheler J.C. Rage J.-C. 1999. Un gisement sparnacien exceptionnel à plantes, arthropodes et vertébrés (Eocène , MP7): Le Quesnoy (Oise, France). C. R. Acad. Sci. (IIa) 329, 65-72. Nel A., Garrouste R., Daugeron C. 2017. Two new long-legged in the Santonian amber of France (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Cret. Res. 69, 1-5. Néraudeau D., Perrichot V., Dejax J., Masure E., Nel A., Philippe M., Moreau P., Guillocheau F., Guyot T. 2002. Un nouveau gisement à ambre insectifère et à végétaux (Albien terminal probable): Archingeay (Charente-Maritime, France). Geobios 35, 233-240. Néraudeau D., Perrichot V., Batten D.J, Boura A., Girard V., Jeanneau L., Nohra Y.A., Polette F., Saint Martin S., Saint Martin J.P., Thomas R. 2017. Upper Cretaceous amber from Vendée, north-western France: age dating and geological, chemical, and palaeontological characteristics. Cret. Res. 70, 77-95. Nohra Y.A., Perrichot V., Jeanneau L., Le Pollès L., Azar D. 2015. Chemical characterization and botanical origin of French ambers. J. Nat. Prod. 78, 1284-1293. Perrichot V, Nel A, Guilbert E, Néraudeau D. 2006. Fossil Tingoidea (: ) from French Cretaceous amber, including Tingidae and a new family, Ebboidae. Zootaxa, 1203, 57-68. Perrichot V., Néraudeau D., Tafforeau P. 2010. Charentese amber, in: Penney D. (Ed.) Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, 192-207. Schlüter T. 1975. Nachweis verschiedener Insecta-Ordines in einem mittelkretazischem Nordwestfrankreichs. Entomol. Ger. 1, 151-161. Schlüter T. 1978. Zur Systematik und Palökologie harzkonservierter Arthropoda einer Taphozönose aus dem Cenomanium von NW-Frankreich. Berliner Geowiss. Abh. (A) 9, 1-150. Schlüter T. 1983. A fossiliferous resin from the Cenomanian of the Paris and Aquitanian Basin of Northwestern France. Cret. Res. 4, 265-269. Schlüter T., Stürmer W. 1982. X-ray examination of fossil insects in Cretaceous amber of N.W. France. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 18, 527-529.

SONTAG E., SZWEDO J., SZADZIEWSKI R. 20 years of the Museum of Amber Inclusions at the University of Gdańsk

ELŻBIETA SONTAG, JACEK SZWEDO, RYSZARD SZADZIEWSKI

Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, 59, Wita Stwosza St., PL80-308 Gdańsk, Poland, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Twenty years ago, on 29 May 1998, the Senate of the University of Gdańsk decided to establish the Museum of Amber Inclusions at the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology. On a single day, a dream came true for two organisations: the Fossil Insects Section (currently the Palaeoentomological Section of the Polish Entomological Society) and the International Amber Association. And so, owing to the joint efforts of researchers and the Gdańsk-based amber community, the pre-WWII tradition of collecting natural amber artefacts returned to Gdańsk, while a scientific centre focused on gathering and studying inclusions preserved in fossil resins began to develop here. The idea to create a collection of inclusions and raw amber at the University of Gdańsk was successfully implemented owing to the kind support of the UG Rector Prof. Marcin Pliński, the Faculty's Dean Prof. Halina Piekarek-Jankowska, the Chairman of the Fossil Insects Section Prof. Jan Koteja and the Gdańsk-based amber artist Wiesław Gierłowski. The collaboration between Gdańsk scientists and the amber industry began in the early 1980s when the then doctor, today Prof. Ryszard Szadziewski of the University of Gdańsk, together with the then doctor and currently Prof. Wiesław Krzemiński (Institute of Systematics and Evolution of , Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków) extended their research on contemporary dipterans to include fossil preserved in Baltic amber, based on the collection of the PAS Museum of the Earth, Warsaw. In 1985, the Fossil Insects Page 10 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Section was established at the Polish Entomological Society, including biologists, collectors, geologists and amber artists who began successful collaboration, with one common denominator—amber (Szadziewski et al. 2015). Despite the collaboration with Gdańsk amber artists and collectors, a researcher from Gdańsk, the capital of amber, still had to travel to Warsaw, to the PAS Museum of the Earth, to study amber inclusions (oftentimes donated by a Gdańsk-based amber artist). But the 1990s changed a lot: 1994 saw Amberif—the first Amber Fair (it was visited by palaeoentomologists already in 1995), in 1996 the Amber Association was established and in 1998 the Museum of Amber Inclusions was opened. Through this collaboration, this particular of science and amber craft, not yet the largest but a certainly unique collection of inclusions preserved in amber was established (Sontag and Szadziewski 2008, Sontag 2008 a, b Sontag 2013, Szadziewski and Sontag 2015, Sontag et al. 2015,).

Fig. New bulilding of Faculy Biology, and part of exhibition "Life in Amber Forest" open in 2013.

Over its first years, the collection grew rapidly owing to a donation of 50 kg of raw Baltic amber from the International Amber Association’s President Wojciech Kalandyk. The number of inclusions and natural pieces of amber increased rapidly; they were mostly prepared only on the surface to preserve the specimens valuable to science, called syninclusions (Sontag 2010). The rate of volume growth decreased year on year, but this did not stop the collection from developing. The expansion of the laboratory and the detailed preparation of the pieces made it possible for the collection to acquire the most valuable specimens each year, known as descriptive types, based on which new species have been described. At present, the Museum has over 15,000 inclusions in its collection. As of 8 March 2018, the collection of the University of Gdańsk Museum of Amber Inclusions has 54 types, out of which 12 were described in the past 3 years. Six more have now been described; we are now waiting for the peer-reviewed papers to be published for these holotypes to be formally included in the collection’s inventory. Not only the collection itself has grown over those 20 years; the availability of the material was the reason why a significant research centre was established at the Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology: Palaeoentomological investigations on non-biting midges started, conducted by Colleagues from the Laboratory of Systematic Zoology – in 2010 by Dr (now Associate Professor) Wojciech Giłka, and since 2013 by Ph.D. student (and now Dr) Marta Zakrzewska. In 2014, to the Laboratory and Museum of Amber Inclusions, after many years of collaboration, both in scientific and trade-show terms, Dr hab. Jacek Szwedo (currently Associate Professor) formally joined the Gdańsk research group. Prof. Jacek Szwedo was the first palaeoentomologist not to have worked on dipterans, with bugs being his favourite group. In 2015, the Museum became part of the Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and the Museum of Amber Inclusions, with Dr Eng. Karol Szawaryn joining the team and taking care of fossil . We might say that the insect orders with the largest numbers of inclusions are now “under control” at the Museum, though we still do not have anyone to handle hymenopterans. The growth of both the collection and the laboratory is also made possible by funding from Poland’s Ministry of Science and Higher Education; in 2014 and 2016-18, the collection of inclusions received a Special Research Facility (SPUB) grant, which made the collection available to researchers worldwide. Professional palaeontological facilities were developed to enable a thorough use of the collection. Pieces received 20 years ago are now prepared, to be sometimes turned into 15-20 microscope tiles which make detailed studies possible. This is owing to the precision equipment and the patience of Mr Błażej Bojarski, who wrote his MSc Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 11 dissertation at the Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology based on amber collected on the beach. The collaboration with the IAA Laboratory makes it possible to professionally review the research material, while species description based on a specimen from the collection is always accompanied with the IR spectrum of the piece in which it is preserved. The twentieth anniversary of the Museum is a very good opportunity to say THANK YOU to all those who have contributed to making this unique collection happen, both to the donors who provided the research material and to the first describers of species, who significantly increased the value of the specimens. Most donors are recorded in documents, but there were also people who came to Amberif and Ambermart, or the Amber Days at the St Dominic’s Fair to donate a piece of amber with an inclusion to the Museum, without even leaving their name. The records of the Museum of Amber Inclusions feature these donors: Dany Azar, Danuta Burczik-Kruczkowska, Andrzej Cholewiński, Janusz Cieszewski, Jerzy Cieszewski, Jerzy Cybulski, Jerzy and Stanisław Cybulski, Piotr Czyż, Jonas Damzen, Ewa Depka, Tomasz Dębowski and Maciej Szulimowicz, Zbigniew Dobrowolski, Jolanta Dobryńczuk-Szeler, Janusz Dudnik, Ludwik Dumin, Jerzy Dutko, Sieghard Ellenberger, Roland Ellwanger, Enzo, Janusz Feręc, Janusz Fudala, Knut, Rudolff Geschäftsführer, Gabriela Gierłowska, Wiesław Gierłowski, Mariusz Gliwiński, Barbara Gronuś-Dutko, Adam Grucelski, Joanna Guz, Marta Gwizdalska, Christel and Hans Hoffeins, Jadwiga and Bohdan Hołub, Stanisław Jacobson, Adam Januszkiewicz, Jerzy Jeske, Mateusz Jóźwiak, Wojciech Kalandyk, Mirosław Kamiński, Friedrich Kerneger, Daniel Kisiel, Jacek Kocieniewski, Tadeusz Kołodziej, Władysław Korzycki, Barbara Kosmowska-Ceranowicz, Jan Koteja, Leszek Krause, Mieczysław Krause, Edward Kruczkowski, Victor E. Krynicki, Waldemar Kulik, Janusz Kupryjanowicz, Krzysztof Lalik, Jacek Leśniak, Doug Lundberg, Sadowski Maciej, Sylwester Maćkowiak, Waldemar Mikołajczyk, Mirosław Mrozik, Przemysław Nacewicz, Jacek Ożdżeński, Mark and Max Pankowski, Roman Pańkowski, Sebastian Pawlak, David Penney, Stefan Plota, Helena and Jan Podżorscy, Paweł Podżorski, Eryk Popkiewicz, Elżbieta and Harald Popkiewicz, Janusz Pytel, Ewa Rachoń, Wiesław Radke, Andrzej Radke, Eugenio Ragazzi, Natalia Romanowa, Andrzej Rynkowski, Jacek Serafin, Edyta Smorawska and Marcin Tomaszewski, Elżbieta Sontag, Krzysztof Sontag, Frauke Stebner, Roman Sujkowski, Ryszard Szadziewski, Mirosław Szulc, Jerzy Tofcik, Marek Trocha, Piotr Twardowski, Ryszard Uliński, Jolanta Walkiewicz, Małgorzata Wąsowska, Piotr Wedekind, Wolfgang Weitschat, Dale Wicks, Elwira and Leszek Widanka, Monika Wilczak, Renata and Andrzej Wiszniewscy, Honorata Wojciechowska, Dariusz Wojtała, Dominika and Marek Wojtkiewicz, Renata Woźnica, Tomasz Zając, Sadowski Zdzisław, Eliasz Żelazowski.

Fig. A. Paleoentomological Gallery on Amberif'2002. Left to right: Janusz Fudala (deep inside), Jacek Serafin, Jonas Damzen, Wolfgang Weitschat, Roland Dobosz. B. Paleoentomological Gallery on Amberif'2003. Left to right: Ryszard Szadziewski, Jacek Szwedo, Hans Hoffeins.

To mark the 25th Anniversary of Amberif, we need to emphasise that, to palaeontologists who study extinct organisms, Amberif has practically become the place to meet where each year researchers and collectors exchange experience and share their passion with the show’s participants. The small back office of the Palaeontology Gallery has seen heated discussions about inclusions and palaeontology, while at Amberif we have had the opportunity to meet celebrated palaeoentomologists and collectors, including: Wolfgang Weitschat, Brigitte and Günter Krumbiegel, Wilfried Wichard, Andrew Ross, Dany Azar, Yuri Popov, Jan Koteja, Wiesław Krzemiński, Ulf Erichson, Ed Jarzembowski, Dan Bickel, Piotr Węgierek, Aleksander Herczek, Page 12 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Jacek Serafin, Jonas Damzen, Janusz Fudala, Doug Lundberg, Christel and Hans Hoffeins, Alexandr Krylov. The discussions were not the only reason for meeting; Amberif also provided an opportunity to see extraordinary, unique specimens. Everyone usually focuses on their own area of interest and were it not for Amberif, probably few of us would ever see an inclusion of a , lizard or solpugid (a unique arachnid), or the only real singing found to date. (And—one more thing: would any of us have an opportunity to see such beautiful amber jewellery?). On behalf of all the members of our Palaeoentomological Section of the Polish Entomological Society, we wish to thank the Amberif Project Director Ewa Rachoń for having seen and found a place for the Palaeo Group at Amberif right from the start, so we can follow and develop our passions in the midst of the friendly amber community.

References Collection of MAIG 2018. Collection of Museum of Amber Inclusions Types of fossil species. http://www.kzbp.biol.ug.edu.pl/pages/pl/zbiory-naukowe/kolekcja-inkluzji-w-bursztynie-collection-of-amber- inclusions.php?lang=EN (accessed 05.06.2017) Sontag E. 2008a. The collection of the Museum of Amber Inclusions at The University of Gdańsk: looking back at 10 years of existence. Bursztynisko, Bilingual Newsletter of the International Amber Association 31, 27-34. Sontag E. 2008b. Typy deskrypcyjne i syninkluzje w Muzeum Inkluzji w Bursztynie Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. In. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B., Gierłowski W. Eds. Bursztyn Poglądy Opinie, 2, 55-60. Sontag E. 2013. The Collection of Inclusions at the University of Gdańsk, Museum of Amber Inclusions. In Kosmowska-Ceranowicz, B., Gierłowski, W. & Sontag, E. eds., 2013. The International Amber Researcher Symposium. Amber. Deposits-Collection-The Market, Gdańsk: Gdańsk International Fair Co. 67-69 Sontag E., Szadziewski R., Szwedo J. 2015. Museum of Amber Inclusion, University of Gdańsk – exibition and science. Bursztynisko. Bilingual Newsletter of the International Amber Association, 37, 38-39. Szadziewski R., Sontag E. 2008. Contribution of Gdańsk to research on animal inclusions in amber. Bursztynisko, Bilingual Newsletter of the International Amber Association 31, 7-16. Szadziewski R., Sontag E. 2015. "Życie w lesie bursztynowym"- Ekspozycja edukacyjna Muzeum Inkluzji w Bursztynie na Uniwersytecie Gdańskim./"Life in the Amber Forest" – An educational exhibition at the University of Gdańsk's Museum of Amber Inclusions. Amber news review 2014/2015, World Amber Council, Gdańsk, Poland, 2015, pp. 96-99. Mayor’s Office for City Promotion, City Hall of Gdańsk. ISBN 978-83-938097-0-8 Szadziewski R., Sontag E., Szwedo J., Krzemiński W. 2015. 30 years with fossil insects (1985-2015). Bursztynisko. Bilingual Newsletter of the International Amber Association, 37, 22-27.

ROSS A.J. The remarkable palaeodiversity in Burmese amber

ANDREW J. ROSS

National Museum of Scotland, Chambers St., Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, UK, [email protected]

The known palaeodiversity of organisms trapped in Burmese amber from Myanmar has increased dramatically over the past few years. Theodore D.A. Cockerell (1916) was the first to record inclusions in Burmese amber and by 1920 had described species of insects, pseudoscorpions, a and a millipede. The first plant was recorded by Dixon (1922). These specimens were in the R.J.C. Swinhoe collection which was deposited at the Natural History Museum in London (NHM) and was the only public collection of Burmese amber for 80 years. I started work as the museum’s Curator of Fossil Insects in 1993 and realized there were some interesting undescribed inclusions in the Burmese amber collection. Subsequent visits by Prof. Alexandr Rasnitsyn and his colleagues from the Paleontological Institute, Moscow (PIN), confirmed this. Rasnitsyn (1996) mentioned the first records of , a scorpion, a snail and reptile skin, and the latter three were figured by Ross (1998). Shortly afterwards a Canadian mining company started exporting Burmese amber and it became available again. New collections were built up by David Grimaldi at the American Museum of Natural History, (AMNH) and George Poinar at Oregon State University (OSU). Grimaldi et al. (2002) Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 13 recorded and figured the first conifers, nematode worms, velvet worm, feather, centipedes and fungi (redescribed as bivalves and their borings by Smith and Ross 2018). Since then the following groups have been added – harvestmen (Giribet and Dunlop, 2005), wood-lice (Ross et al. 2010), ricinuleids (Wunderlich 2012), tail-less whip (Engel and Grimaldi 2014), camel spiders (Dunlop et al. 2015), whip scorpions and short-tailed whip scorpions (Wunderlich 2015), microwhip scorpions (Engel et al. 2016), crabs (Xia et al. 2015), symphylans (Moritz and Wesener 2017), ostracods (Xing et al. 2018), horsehair worms (Poinar and Buckley, 2006), flatworms (Poinar et al. 2017), frogs (Xia et al. 2015), dinosaurs (Xing et al. 2016) and a variety of protists (Poinar and Poinar 2004), fungi (Poinar and Buckley 2007) and plants, including flowers (Poinar and Chambers 2005). With regards to the insects (), the species that Cockerell described originally belonged to 11 orders (refs in Ross and York, 2000). He also mentioned the presence of () (Cockerell 1917). A supposed (Trichoptera) was later identified as a belonging to Hemiptera however a true trichopteran was described by Botosaneau (1981). Rasnitsyn (1996) listed 20 orders in the NHM collection though listed Homoptera and Heteroptera separately and missed the which had been previously recorded by Cockerell. Rasnitsyn and Ross (2000) added the and Grimaldi et al. (2002) added the , and from the AMNH collection. The following extant orders were subsequently added – (Grimaldi et al. 2005a), Mecoptera (Grimaldi et al. 2005b), (Engel and Grimaldi 2008), Diplura (Xia et al. 2015) and Grylloblattodea (Xia et al. 2015). Amazingly three new extinct orders of insects have been described and named from Burmese amber in the past couple of years – Alienoptera Bai et al. 2016, Aethiocarenodea Poinar and Brown 2016; and Tarachoptera Mey et al. 2017; and the extinct was resurrected by Huang et al. (2016). The Isoptera are now considered to reside within Blattodea, and Collembola have been divided into three orders, so currently there are 34 orders of hexapods known from Burmese amber, which is the highest for any amber (compared to 31 orders in Baltic amber – see Weitschat and Wichard (2010) and accounting for 3 orders of Collembola, one order of Hemiptera, Isoptera within Blattodea, plus Phthiraptera). The total number of species described from Burmese amber has risen exponentially over the past few years (Figure 1). The first three species to be described by Cockerell (1916) were Enicocephalus fossilis, Psyllipsocus(?) banksi and Termopsis swinhoei, all of which have subsequently been moved to other genera. Photos of them and of other Cockerell types were published for the first time in Ross and York (2000) and Ross et al. (2010) (note that in the latter Fig. 3D is of P. banksi and not ‘?Psylloneura perantiqua’ as given in the figure caption). By 1922 Cockerell had named or recorded 44 species, however two of these (Trigona ) were later discovered to be in copal (Grimaldi et al. 1995). Nearly 60 years elapsed until another species was described by Botosaneanu (1981), and Dlussky (1996a, b) described two new species of . The re- newed interest in this amber resulted in a thematic set of papers published in the Bulletin of The Natural History Museum, Geology Series in 2000 in which some of Cockerell’s types were redescribed and 15 new species were named, bringing the total up to 60 species. The new collections at the AMNH and OSU, along with further study of the NHM collection led to a steady stream of papers describing new species. By the end of 2004 the total had doubled to 120 species and by the end of 2009 had more than doubled again to 259 species. In the past few years the Chinese have become very interested in Burmese amber (Rippa and Yang 2017). Many new mines have opened up and the market has been flooded meaning that Burmese amber is now easily available and relatively cheap. The number of scientific papers and the number of new species has rocketed. By the end of 2015 the species total had nearly doubled again to 507 and by the end of 2017 the total number of species described or recorded from Burmese amber reached an incredible 867 (incorrectly counted as 870 in Ross 2018). 202 of these were named in 2017 which is the highest number of species named from any amber in any one year in the entire history of amber studies (at the height of Dominican amber studies 80 species were named in 1994 (Arillo and Ortuño 2005)). The number of families recorded has also increased significantly. The arthropod species that Cockerell described (excluding those in copal) belonged to 30 families (Ross and York 2000). The palaeoentomologists at PIN and other colleagues identified a total of 98 families of arthropods in the NHM collection (Rasnitsyn and Ross, 2000), and Grimaldi et al. (2002) identified an additional 28 arthropod families plus 2 non- Page 14 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 arthropod families in the AMNH collection. Poinar and Poinar (2008) listed 149 families of hexapods alone and Ross et al. (2010) listed 216 families of arthropods, including 185 families of hexapods. An additional 21 families of other invertebrates, vertebrates, protists, plants and fungi had also been recorded by then. By the end of 2016 there were a total of 375 families recorded of which 342 were arthropods and 271 were hexapods (Ross 2017), and by the end of 2017 this had shot up to 429 families of which 389 were arthropods and 300 were hexapods (Ross 2018). There was another Chinese book published last year (Zhang 2017), which I have not seen and may contain additional records. The proliferation of the description of new species in Burmese amber is leading to a problem. There are so many people around the world describing new species that there is a high probability that different people are working on the same potential new species. It is also likely that there are already species described that will in the future become synonyms. A possible example of this is in the extinct family Archipsyllidae. Two new species in two new genera were named in 2016 by different authors – Mydiognathus eviohlhoffae Yoshizawa and Lienhard 2016 and Psocorrhyncha burmitica Huang et al. 2016. These papers were published very close to each other – the first on 11 February and second on 10 March and neither referred to each other’s paper, thus they had been working in isolation. The two species certainly appear very similar so may be conspecific, but require re-examination to confirm this. Another situation has arisen several times where authors have claimed the ‘first’ of something but which isn’t because another has already been published, e.g. Cai et al. 2017 (published on-line 16 June) and Qui et al. 2017 (accepted 14 July), both claimed to describe the first lucanid stag . Different journals publishing at different speeds can also lead to problems. An interesting new amphiesmenopteran insect was described recently as Tarachocelis microlepidopterella in the new family Tarachocelidae. The first description was provided in a paper submitted in June 2016 and accepted November 2016, but was not published until January 2018 (Mey et al. 2018). After the first paper was written similar but new species were discovered and a second paper was written but with different junior authorship and a new order Tarachoptera was erected (Mey et al. 2017). This second paper was submitted in October 2016 and accepted February 2017 but was due to be published before the first paper. To validate the species name a brief description was included in the second paper to avoid it becoming a nomen nudum. Once the second paper had been published the first one had to be amended to correct the authorship of the family, and species names to avoid them being named twice with different authorship. The risk of potential synonyms led me to decide to make my checklist of Burmese amber species freely available on-line (Ross 2017) rather than wait for opportunities to publish it. The list has subsequently been extensively utilized by other authors (Guo et al. 2017) and on-line but as long as it is duly acknowledged I do not mind as it is better that the data is disseminated to avoid mistakes being made in the future. From doing this I have been informed that the list has prevented two new species being described that were already published. So far there have been four versions, and version 4, up to the end of 2017, was made available on-line on 10 January via my own webpage (Ross 2018) and Research Gate. I am also including references to papers in press, but not including the data from them in the main list. This list is not only of use to taxonomists describing new species but also useful for reviewers of submitted papers. It would be nice to think that in the future researchers will collaborate more closely to avoid publishing potential synonyms though while there is the culture of competition between rival research groups and the pressure to publish papers quickly, then this is unlikely. There has been much discussion on the age of Burmese amber (see Ross et al. 2010). Ross (2015) argued it was Albian because the presence of pholadid bivalve borings suggested that the amber was already hard before being deposited. However recent research has shown that some of the bivalves were boring into the resin while it was still soft, thus not long after it was exuded from the (Smith and Ross 2018). This demonstrates that the amber is contemporaneous with the age of the bed, which was dated as 98.8 +/- 0.6Ma using radioactive zircons (Shi et al. 2012) and is thus early Cenomanian in age. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 15

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 No. species 300 200 100 0 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 Total Cumulative

Fig. 1. Graph showing the number of species described from Burmese amber from 1916 to 2017.

References Arillo A., Ortuño V.M. 2005. Catalogue of fossil insect species described from Dominican amber (Miocene). Beitr. Nat., Ser. B, No. 352, 68pp. Bai M., Beutel R.G., Klass K.-D., Zhang W., Yang X., Wipfler B. 2016. †Alienoptera — A new insect order in the roach- mantodean twilight zone. Gond. Res. 39, 317-326. Botosaneanu L. 1981. On a false and a genuine caddis- from Burmese amber (Insecta: Trichoptera, Homoptera). Bull. Zoo. Mus. Univ. Amst. 8(10), 73-78. Cai C., Yin Z., Liu Y., Huang D. 2017. Protonicagus tani gen. et sp. nov., the first stag beetles from Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Aesalinae: Nicagini). Cret. Res. 78, 109-112. Cockerell T.D.A. 1916. Insects in Burmese amber. Am. J. Sci., Ser. 4, 42, 135-138. Cockerell T.D.A. 1917. Arthropods in Burmese amber. Psyche 24(2), 40-45. Dixon H.N. 1920. Note on a in amber. J. Bot. Brit. & For. 60, 149-151. Dlussky G.M. 1996a. Murav’i (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) birmanskogo yantar’a. Pal. Zh., 1996(3), 83-89. Dlussky G.M. 1996b. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Burmese amber. Pal. J. 30(4): 449-454. Dunlop, J.A., Bird, T.L., Brookhart, J.O., Bechly, G. 2015. A camel from Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cret. Res. 56, 265-273. Engel M.S., Breitkreuz, L.C.V., Cai, C., Alvarado, M., Azar, D., Huang, D. 2016. The first microwhip scorpion (Palpigradi): a new genus and species in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Sci. Nat. 103(19), 1-7. Engel M.S., Grimaldi D.A. 2008. Diverse in Cretaceous amber, with particular reference to the paleofauna of Myanmar (Insecta). Nova Suppl. Ent. 20, 1-86. Engel M.S., Grimaldi D.A. 2014. Whipspiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi) in amber from the Early Eocene and mid- Cretaceous, including maternal care. Novit. Paleoent., No. 9, 17pp. Giribet G., Dunlop J.A. 2005. First identifiable Mesozoic harvestman (: Dyspnoi) from Cretaceous Burmese amber. Proc. R. Soc., B, 272, 1007-1013. Grimaldi D.A., Engel M.S., Nascimbene P.C. 2002. Fossiliferous Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma): Its rediscovery, biotic diversity, and paleontological significance. Am. Mus. Novit., No.3361, 71pp. Grimaldi D.A., Kathirithamby J., Schawaroch V. 2005. Strepsiptera and triungula in Cretaceous amber. Ins. Syst. & Evol., 36, 1-20. Grimaldi D.A., Shedrinsky A., Ross A., Baer N. S. 1995. Forgeries of fossils in “amber”: history, identification and case studies. Curator 37(4), 1994, 251-274. Grimaldi D.A., Zhang J., Fraser N.C., Rasnitsyn A.P. 2005. Revision of the bizarre Mesozoic scorpionflies in the (Mecopteroidea). Ins. Syst. & Evol. 36, 443-458. Guo M., Xing L., Wang B., Zhang W., Wang S., Shi W., Bai W. 2017. A catalogue of Burmite inclusions. Zoo. Syst. 42(3), 249-379. Huang D., Bechly G., Nel P., Engel M.S., Prokop J., Azar D., Cai C.-Y., van de Kamp T., Staniczek A.H., Garrouste R., Krogmann L., dos Santos Rolo T., Baumbach T., Ohlhoff R., Shmakov A.S., Bourgoin T., Nel A. 2016. New fossil Page 16 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

insect order Permopsocida elucidates major radiation and evolution of suction feeding in hemimetabolous insects (Hexapoda: Acercaria). Sci. Rep. 6(23004), 1-9. Mey W., Wichard W., Müller P., Wang B. 2017. The blueprint of the – Tarachoptera, a new order of insects from Burmese amber (Insecta, Amphiesmenoptera). Foss. Rec. 20, 129-145. Mey W., Wichard W., Ross E., Ross A. 2018. On the systematic position of a highly derived amphiesmenopteran insect from Burmese amber (Insecta, Amphiesmenoptera). Earth & Env. Sci. Trans. R. Soc. Edin., doi:10.1017/S1755691017000330. Moritz L., Wesener T. 2017 (on-line). Symphylella patrickmuelleri sp. nov. (Myriapoda: Symphyla): The oldest known Symphyla and first fossil record of Scolopendrellidae from Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cret. Res. 84, 258-263. Poinar G.O.Jr., Brown A.E. 2016 (on-line). An exotic insect Aethiocarenus burmanicus gen. et sp. nov. (Aethiocarenodea ord. nov., Aethiocarenidae fam. nov.) from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Cret. Res. 72, 100- 104. Poinar G.O.Jr., Buckley R. 2006. Nematode (Nematoda: Mermithidae) and hairworm (Nematomorpha: Chordodidae) parasites in amber. J. Invert. Path. 93(1), 36-41. Poinar G.O.Jr., Buckley R. 2007. Evidence of mycoparasitism and hypermycoparasitism in Early Cretaceous amber. Mycol. Res. 111(4), 503-506. Poinar G.O.Jr., Chambers K.L. 2005. Palaeoanthella huangii gen. and sp. nov., an Early Cretaceous flower (Angiospermae) in Burmese amber. Sida 21(4), 2087-2092. Poinar G.O.Jr., Philbrick K.A., Cohn M.J., Turner R.T., Iwaniec U.T., Wunderlich J. 2017. X-ray microcomputed tomography reveals putative trematode metacercaria in a 100 million year-old lizard (Squamata: Agamidae). Cret. Res. 80, 27-30. Poinar G.O.Jr., Poinar R. 2004. Paleoleishmania proterus n. gen., n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae: Kinetoplastida) from Cretaceous Burmese amber. Protist 155(3), 305-310. Poinar G.O.Jr., Poinar R. 2008. What bugged the dinosaurs? Princeton University Press, Princeton. 264pp. Qui T., Lu Y., Zhang W., Wang S., Yang Y., Bai M. 2017. Electraesalopsis beuteli gen. & sp. nov., the first lucanid beetle from the Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: ). Zoo. Syst. 42 (3), 390-394. Rasnitsyn A.P. 1996. Burmese amber at the Natural History Museum. Inclusion Wrostek 23, 19-21. Rasnitsyn A.P., Ross A.J. 2000. A preliminary list of arthropod families present in the Burmese amber collection at The Natural History Museum, London. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus., Geol. Ser., 56(1), 21-24. Rippa A., Yang Y. 2017. The Amber Road: cross-border trade and the regulation of the Burmite market in Tengchong, Yunnan. TRaNS: Trans –Reg. & –Nat. Stud. 5(2), 243-267. Ross A.J. 1998. Amber: the natural time capsule. Natural History Museum, London. 73pp. Ros A.J. 2015. Insects in Burmese amber. Entomologentagung 02.-05.03.2015 Frankfurt/M. Programm und Abstracts, p. 72. Ross A.J. 2017. Burmese (Myanmar) amber taxa, on-line checklist v.2017.1. 67pp. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315208533_Burmese_Myanmar_amber_taxa_on- line_checklist_v20171) Ross A.J. 2018. Burmese (Myanmar) amber taxa, on-line checklist v.2017.4. 87pp. (http://www.nms.ac.uk/explore/stories/natural-world/burmese-amber/) Ross A.J., Mellish C., York P., Crighton B. 2010. Chapter 12 Burmese amber, in: Penney D. (Ed) Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits. Siri Scientific Press, 208-235. Ross A.J., York P.V. 2000. A list of type and figured specimens of insects and other inclusions in Burmese amber. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus., Geol. Ser., 56(1), 11-20. Shi G., Grimaldi D.A., Harlow G.E., Wang J., Wang J., Yang M, Lei W., Li Q., Li X. 2012. Age constraint on Burmese amber based on U-Pb dating of zircons. Cret. Res. 37, 155-163. Smith R.D.A., Ross A.J. 2018. Amberground pholadid bivalve borings and inclusions in Burmese amber: Implications for proximity of resin-producing forests to brackish waters, and the age of the amber. Earth & Env. Sci. Trans. R. Soc. Edin., doi:10.1017/S1755691017000287. Weitschat W., Wichard W. 2010. Chapter 6 Baltic amber, in: Penney D. (Ed) Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits. Siri Scientific Press, 80-115. Wunderlich J. 2012. Description of the first fossil Ricinulei in amber from Burma (Myanmar), the first report of this arachnid order from the Mesozoic and from Asia, with notes on the related extinct Order Trigonotarbida, in: Wunderlich J. (Ed.) Fifteen papers on extant and fossil spiders (Araneae). Beitr. Aran. 7, 233-244. Wunderlich J. 2015. New and rare Arachnida in Cretaceous Burmese amber (Amblypygi, Ricinulei and Uropygi: Thelephonida), in: Wunderlich J. (Ed.) Mesozoic Spiders (Araneae). Beitr. Aran. 9, 409-436. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 17

Xia F., Yang G., Zhang Q., Shi G., Wang B. 2015. Amber: Lives through Time and Space. Science Press. 197pp. [in Chinese] Xing L., McKellar R.C., Xu X., Li G., Bai M., Scott Persons IV W., Miyashita T., Benton M.J., Zhang J., Wolfe A.P, Yi Q., Tseng K., Ran H., Currie P.J. 2016. A feathered tail with primitive plumage trapped in mid-Cretaceous amber. Curr. Biol. 26(24), 3352-3360. Xing L., Sames B., McKellar R.C., Xi D., Bai M., Wan X. 2018. A gigantic marine ostracod (Crustacea: Myodocopa) trapped in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Sci. Rep. 8(1365), 109. Yoshizawa K., Lienhard C. 2010. In search of the of the true lice: A systematic review of booklice and their relatives, with an updated checklist of (Insecta: ). Arth. Syst. & Phyl. 68(2), 181-195. Zhang W.W., 2017. Frozen dimensions of the fossil insects and other invertebrates in amber. Chongqing University Press. 400pp. (in Chinese).

GARROUSTE R., CARBUCCIA B., NEL A. Insight in the Lowermost Eocene Oise amber: the collection of arthropod inclusions of the MNHN

ROMAIN GARROUSTE, BENJAMIN CARBUCCIA, ANDRÉ NEL

ISYEB, Department Origins and Evolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) & Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France, [email protected]

The MNHN's amber collection includes a large group of inclusions from the (Early Eocene, MP7 mammalian level, lowermost Eocene, 55-53 Ma) sands of Oise. These have been studied since their discovery in the early 1990’s (Nel et al. 1999). Currently more than 24,000 inclusions have been identified and continue to be found in the raw amber harvested during several campaigns in recent years, carried out with the support of the Lafarge-Granulat company, operating fossiliferous sand pits. For the insects, this deposit is very valuable because it is among the rare oldest inclusion amber deposit of the post-crisis KT Conozoic period (together with one in Canada and one in India). Its great palaeodiversity allows to position the first representatives of many modern lineages (families). Coleoptera (with 45 families), Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera are the dominant orders in the inclusion collection. Recently a review and study of the arachnid specimens allowed to bring to more than 350 samples of Aranae (2% of total inclusions) with a large number of new families, bringing to more than 26 families the diversity of this deposit. This arthropod palaeobiocenosis confirms a biogeographical proximity with that of the Baltic amber deposits, nevertheless with a rather marked tropical tendency, confirmed by the Aranae for example and by several insect taxa. A citizen science program is underway with the SAGA association (geologist amators associated to MNHN), which is helping to sort inclusions, and field campaigns are planned in the future with the help of volunteers from this association to increase the sampling.

References Nel A., de Plöeg G., Dejax J., Duthiel D., Franceschi D., Gheerbrant E., Godinot M., Hervet S., Menier J.J., Augé M., Bignot G., Cavagnetto C., Duffaud S., Gaudant J., Hua S., Jossang A., Lapparent Broin F., Pozzi J.P., Paicheler J.C., Beuchet F., and Rage J.C. 1999. Un gisement sparnacien exceptionnel à plantes, arthropodes et vertébrés (Éocène basal, MP7): Le Quesnoy (Oise, France), Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences – Series IIA – Earth and Planetary Science, 329(1), 65-72. Page 18 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

XING L., MCKELLAR R.C. Recent discoveries of toothed birds and non-avian theropod remains in Cretaceous amber deposits from Myanmar

LIDA XING1,2, RYAN C. MCKELLAR3,4

1State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China, [email protected] 2School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 3Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Regina, Saskatchewan S4P 4W7, Canada 4Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada

Burmese amber has been mined from the Kachin State of Myanmar for more than two millennia, and over the last two decades, it has become one of the best sources for information on fossil insects in the mid- Cretaceous (99 million years ago). More recently, this deposit had become a new source for vertebrate fossils. Although these specimens are fragmentary in nature, they offer a valuable supplement to our understanding based on compression fossils found in sedimentary rocks. Amber preserves microscopic structures and labile tissues in a new level of detail, retaining chemical signals and three-dimensional arrangements that are seldom available from other types of fossils. This material allows us to explore new aspects of “Mid” Cretaceous ecosystems, but it also presents its own limitations and biases (particularly related to the size of the inclusions preserved). As part of this talk, we will explore the recent discoveries of toothed birds (the wings of Enantiornithes, and hatchling) and dinosaur material (Coelurosauria tail) that have been reported from Burmese amber, and prospects for this line of research. New technologies, such as synchrotron-based CT scanning and chemical mapping, are reshaping the way that amber inclusions are studied. Meanwhile, standard biological techniques like stable isotope analyses are taking hold in amber research. These developments have combined to turn amber into a valuable resource for vertebrate palaeontological studies, and they provide a new source of palaeoecological data for bonebed research. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was supported by National Geographic Society, USA (No. EC0768-15); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41772008), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2652017215), and National Sciences Engineering Research Council, Canada (2015-00681).

References McKellar R.C., Chatterton B.D.E., Wolfe A.P. Currie P.J. 2011. A diverse assemblage of dinosaur and bird feathers from Canadian amber. Science 333, 1619-1622. Xing L.D., McKellar R.C., Wang M., Bai M., O’Connor J.K., Benton M.J., Zhang J.P., Wang Y., Tseng K.W., Lockley M.G., Li G., Zhang W.W., Xu X. 2016. Mummified precocial bird wings in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Nat. Commun. 7, 12089, 1-7. Xing L.D., McKellar R.C., Xu X., Li G., Bai M., Persons W.S.IV., Miyashita T., Benton M.J., Zhang J.P., Wolfe A.P., Yi Q.R., Tseng K.W., Ran H., Currie P.J. 2016. A feathered dinosaur tail with primitive plumage trapped in mid-Cretaceous amber. Curr. Biol. 26, 3352-3360. Xing L.D., O'Connor J.K., McKellar R.C., Chiappe L.M., Tseng K.W., Li G., Ba, M. 2017. A mid-Cretaceous enantiornithine (Aves) hatchling preserved in Burmese amber with unusual plumage. Gondwana Res. 49, 264-277. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 19

HOFFEINS C., HOFFEINS H.W., KUTZSCHER C., BLANK S.M. Jumping to more knowledge – a new flea in Baltic amber

CHRISTEL HOFFEINS1, HANS WERNER HOFFEINS1, CHRISTIAN KUTZSCHER2, STEPHAN M. BLANK2

1, 2 Liseistieg 10, D-22149 Hamburg, Germany, [email protected] 3, 4 Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Strasse 90, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany, [email protected], [email protected]

The fossil record of Siphonaptera in Baltic amber is very rare. Four species were described and placed in the extant genus Palaeopsylla (Ctenophthalmidae). Up-to-date six specimens were reported from amber. These include the type specimens of Palaeopsylla klebsiana Dampf, 1911, P. (Peusianapsylla) dissimilis Peus, 1968, P. (Peusianapsylla) baltica Beaucournu and Wunderlich, 2001 and P. groehni Beaucournu, 2003. Urban (2004) reported a flea from the Bitterfeldian (Saxonian) amber which was identified as a male of P. dissimilis by Perrichot et al. (2012), deposited in the collection of the Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz, Germany. Here, we report a new Palaeopsylla specimen from Baltic amber, increasing the number of known individuals to six. This is housed in the senior authors' collection (CCHH), which is destinated for later repository at the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut (SDEI), Müncheberg. This amber piece including a flea comes from a well-known and reliable amber company in Jantarnyj (Kaliningrad region), Russia, certificated by International Amber Association report no. 6711_25032017. The flea is embedded in a multi-layered, concave-shaped „Schlaube“ of 52 mm × 29 mm × 12 mm dimension. Syninclusions comprise several Diptera as a keroplatid female, a psychodid male, four sciarids, a chironomid female, a cecidomyiid (all Diptera), two cicad nymphs (Cicadina), two female scale insects (Coccina), four collembolans, a coleopteran , two oribatid (Acari), an opilionid juvenil, an isolated chelicere of a pseudoscorpion and two fragments of juvenil spiders (all Arachnida). Several fragments of plant trichomes (stellate hairs) are included as well. The flea with a body length of 1.16mm is positioned immediately below the surface of a resin flow exposing the complete right body side which allows investigation of the main features. Preservation is excellent although micro fissures obscure its silhouette particularly in case of the frontal and dorsal part of the body. Under transmitted light, some appendages and the clasper of the male terminalia are visible. The genital complex of the males of P. dissimilis and P. groehni is retracted inside the body cavity. In case of the present amber specimen, the male genital of a fossil flea, bearing long setae, is visible for the first time.

Fig. 1. Palaeopsylla sp. (Ctenophthalmidae), CCHH 1187-1. Habitus, right side. 1.16mm. Page 20 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Distribution of the extant Palaeopsylla species is Palearctic with a few exceptions in the Oriental. All species are parasites of insectivores (moles and shrews, Talpidae and Soricidae). A key for the identification of fossil species does not exist and assignment to species level of this new record still is under progress. Comparison with main characters of amber Palaeopsylla reveals that it is more similar to P. dissimilis rather than to P. baltica and P. groehni. Amber with P. baltica was treated in autoclave (Hoffeins 2012), chaetotaxy of is not well preserved and it is a female. The striking feature of P. groehni, a group of spatulate setae on posterior margin of sternite IX, cannot be detected in previously documented images and drawing (JANZEN 2002 figs. 71, 341; www.ambertop.de). Thus, the question arises if the abdominal setae were misinterpreted as "spatulate" caused by a cover of micro air film as it occasionally occurs in amber inclusions and if the author had got into the "amber trap" as exposed by Szwedo and Sontag (2009). Furthermore, the genal ctenidia in P. dissimilis and P. groehni seem to be identical. Study of the previously described specimens and identification of the new inclusion is matter of a forthcoming project.

References Dampf A. 1911. Palaeopsylla klebsiana n. sp., ein fossiler Floh aus dem baltischen Bernstein. Schriften Phys.-Ökon. Ges. Königsberg. 51, 248-259. Beaucournu J.C., Wunderlich J. 2001. A third species of Palaeopsylla Wagner, 1903, from Baltic amber (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae). Entomol. Z. 111, 296-298. Beaucournu J.C. 2003. Palaeopsylla groehni n. sp., quatrième espèce de puce connue de l'ambre de la Baltique (Siphonaptera, Ctenophthalmidae). Bull. soc. ent. Fr. 108, 217-220. Hoffeins C. 2012. On Baltic amber inclusions treated in an autoclave. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne. 81, 165-181. Janzen J.W. 2002. Arthropods in Baltic amber. Ampyx Verlag Halle. Peus F. 1968. Über die beiden Bernstein-Flöhe (Insecta, Siphonaptera). Paläontol. Z. 42, 62-72. Perrichot V., Beaucournu J.-C., Velten, J. 2012. First extinct genus of a flea (Siphonaptera: ) in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic. Zootaxa 3438: 54-61. Szwedo J., Sontag, E. 2009. The traps of the 'amber trap'. How inclusions could trap scientists with enigmas. Denisia, zugleich Kataloge der oberösterreichischen Landesmuseen 26: Neue Serie 86.155-169 Urban J. 2004. Spektakulärer Erstfund eines Flohs (Siphonaptera) im Bitterfelder Bernstein. Veröff. Mus. Naturkd. Chemnitz 27, 125-126. http://www.ambertop.de/be_raritaeten.html (accessed 15. 01. 2018)

PIELOWSKA A., SONTAG E., SZADZIEWSKI R. Haematophagous arthropods in Baltic amber

AGATA PIELOWSKA, ELŻBIETA SONTAG, RYSZARD SZADZIEWSKI

Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, 59, Wita Stwosza St., PL80-308 Gdańsk, Poland, [email protected]

Among terrestrial arthropods feeding on blood of vertebrates called haematophagy concerns about 1% of all extant species. Blood feeding arthropods on mammals and birds, rarely on reptiles and amphibians are reported as inclusions in fossil resins dated back to Lower Cretaceous. Eocene Baltic amber from deposits of Gulf of Gdańsk, Rovno and Bitterfeld, dated from 35 to 50 million years ago, contains 48 fossil species of blood feeding arthropods placed in extant and extinct genera. In Baltic amber haematophagous fossil arthropods are reported among Acari (1 species), Phthiraptera (+), Siphonaptera (4), and Diptera (43 species.). Blood sucking flies are represented by six families: Ceratopogonidae (11), Corethrellidae (5), Culicidae (5), (5), Simuliidae (9), and Tabanidae (8 species). In the Baltic amber forest the number of species of blood sucking dipterans was similar to that in the extant fauna of Poland (3.4%, and 3.2% respectively). A catalogue of named haematophagous arthropods reported from Baltic amber is also provided. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 21

SIDORCHUK E. A family story told by amber inclusions (Acari: Collohmanniidae)

EKATERINA SIDORCHUK

Arthropoda Laboratory, Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya ulitsa 123, Moscow, Russia, [email protected]

Collohmanniidae is a small family within a large, ubiquitous arachnid group – moss, or armored, mites (Oribatida). Collohmanniidae are unusual oribatids (Norton and Sidorchuk 2014): they are large (0.8-2.2 mm) compared to the ordinary oribatid size (about 0.5 mm), their geographic distribution is highly disjunct (see below), and they have pronounced and distinct sexual behavior, including transfer of male-produced nuptial food to female during a courtship dance (Schuster 1962, Alberti and Schuster 2005). The latter is unique among moss mites, the majority of which transfer sperm non-associatively, with free- standing spermatophores, while about 10% of Recent species are parthenogenetic (Norton et al. 1993). The general objectives of my ongoing study are to describe newly discovered but yet-unnamed collohmanniids, fossil and Recent, and to understand the evolution and of the family.

Fig. 1. Distribution of Recent and Baltic amber fossil Collohmanniidae, both named and undescribed. Body lengths of mites, from left to right: 1.14 mm, 1.14 mm, 1.77 mm, 1.17 mm. The underlying map is a portion from Eurasian_mass.jpg by Koba-chan, 2009 (CC-BY-SA-3.0)

There are five described Collohmannidae species. Two are Eocene Baltic amber fossils: Embolacarus pergratus Sellnick, 1918 and Collohmannia schusteri Norton, 2006. The holotype and only specimen of E. pergratus was lost during World War II along with other materials from the Königsberg University collection (see Norton 2006). Three described species are Recent: C. gigantea Sellnick, 1922 known from Austria, Romania and (unconfirmed record) Ukraine, C. asiatica Krivolutsky et Christov, 1970 (in Christov 1970) from Tadzhikistan (see Sidorchuk and Norton 2016) and C. johnstoni Norton and Sidorchuk, 2014 from West Virginia, USA. Collohmanniids inhabit leaf litter in warm-temperate forests and feed on decaying leaves of deciduous trees (Alberti and Schuster 2005; Norton and Sidorchuk 2014). Apart from these, there are at least seven undescribed Collohmannia species. Three are Recent, each known from an isolated mountain forest area in the Palaearctic region: one from the Caucasus, the second from Asia Minor, and the third from the Balkan Peninsula (Figure 1). Four other undescribed Collohmannia species have been found in Baltic amber, Page 22 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 each as a single specimen and all originally in private collections. Like the holotype of C. schusteri, all four were found in attempts to discover a specimen of Embolacarus pergratus that could reveal unknown traits and be designated neotype: one by Roy A. Norton, and the other three by myself. Thus, representatives of at least a dozen species of Collohmanniidae, Recent and fossil, are available for study. When the geographic distribution of extant Collohmanniidae is considered, a palaeo – biogeographic hypothesis of fragmentation—probably -driven—seems self-evident. I.e., a previously large, probably sylvatic, area occupied by a parental species was subdivided, with subsequent independent evolution of the isolated populations resulting in the emergence of several separate species. Morphological analysis of the Recent species, which reveals a mosaic distribution of character states (Sidorchuk and Norton 2016), does not contradict this hypothesis. But a completely different scenario emerges when the fossils are considered (see Figure 1). Recovery of six different species of Collohmannia in Baltic amber clearly shows that the source forest was an arena of sympatric speciation for this mite group. The driving force of this speciation or at least its major enabling feature, might have been selection by females, achieved during the unique courtship ritual of Collohmannia. This hypothesis is supported by the existence of a male-only specialization that is unique among oribatid mites. While other character states that vary among species are distributed in a mosaic manner, Collohmannia males have a modified genu and tibia of leg IV—particularly a specialized seta v” of the genu—that are uniquely shaped in each fossil or Recent species. In Recent species these organs come into direct contact with the female during nuptial food transfer. The shape of this area seems to have a mate- recognition function, which would have been of utmost importance in sympatric speciation.

Fig. 2. Drawing of lost holotype and only specimen of Embolacarus pergratus Sellnick, 1918, copied from original description. Body length is 0.88 mm.

The story of Collohmanniidae shows how easy it is to misinterpret the biogeography and the evolutionary history of a group when judging from its Recent distribution alone. But it also shows how fruitful a collaboration between researchers and private amber collectors can be. Fossils of Collohmanniidae are extremely rare, about one per two thousand amber mites, and no species has been collected more than once. Since its loss during World War II, the type specimen of the first collohmanniid species described, Embolacarus pergratus (Figure 2), has not been replaced with a conspecific specimen. We keep looking for this precious replacement, since a thorough study of this first-named species in Collohmanniidae is crucial to our understanding of this unusual mite family.

References Alberti G., Schuster R. 2005. Behavioural and ultrastructural peculiarities of reproduction in Collohmannia gigantea (Oribatida: Mixonomata), in: Weigmann G., Alberti G., Wohltmann A., Ragusa A. (Eds.) Acarine Biodiversity in the Natural and Human Sphere. Proceedings of the V Symposium of the European Association of Acarologists (Berlin 2004). Phytophaga, Palermo, 129-140. Christov V.V. 1970. New species of the oribatid mites in the soils of Tadzikistan, in: Bulanova-Zakhvatkina E. M., Gilyarov M. S., Krivolutsky D. A., Petrova-Nikitina A. D., Eitminavičiũtė I. S., Aukshtikalnene A. M. (Eds.) Oribatei and their role in the process of the soil formation. Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR, Vilnius, 155-160. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 23

Koba-chan 2009. 'File:Eurasian mass.jpg', Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Eurasian_mass.jpg&oldid=139404878 (accessed 23.01.2018) Norton R.A. 2006. First record of Collohmannia (C. schusteri n. sp.) and Hermannia (H. sellnicki n. sp.) from Baltic amber, with notes on Sellnick’s genera of fossil oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida). Acarologia 46(1-2), 111-125. Norton R.A., Kethley J., Johnston D.E., OConnor B.M. 1993. Phylogenetic perspectives on genetic systems and reproductive modes of mites, in: Wrensch D. L., Ebbert M. A. (Eds.) Evolution and Diversity of Ratio in Insects and Mites. Chapman & Hall, New York and London, 8-99. Norton R.A., Sidorchuk E.A. 2014. Collohmannia johnstoni n. sp. (Acari, Oribatida) from West Virginia (U.S.A.), including description of ontogeny, setal variation, notes on biology and systematics of Collohmanniidae. Acarologia 54(3), 271-334. Schuster R. 1962. Nachweis eines Paarungszeremoniells bei den Hornmilben (Oribatei, Acari). Naturwissenschaften 49(21), 502. Sellnick M. 1918. Die Oribatiden der Bernsteinsammlung der Universität Königsberg i. Pr., in: Schr. Phys.-Ökon. Gesellschaft Königsberg Pr. B.G. Teubner, Leipzig und Berlin, 21-42. Sellnick M. 1922. Milben der Sammlung des Deutschen Entomologischen Instituts. I. Oribatidae. Ent. Mitt. 11(1), 18- 20. Sidorchuk E.A., Norton R.A. 2016. The identity and type specimens of Collohmannia asiatica (Acari, Oribatida, Collohmanniidae). Acarina 24(1), 5-16.

WANG B., SZWEDO J. More than expected – disparity of the Hemiptera (Insecta) in the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber

BO WANG1, JACEK SZWEDO2

1Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39, East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China, [email protected] 2Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, 59, Wita Stwosza St., PL80-308 Gdańsk, Poalnd, [email protected]

The Hemiptera – this insect order which such different insect groups , scale insects, , psyllids, , singing , , , treehoppers, true bugs, moss bugs and numerous extinct lineages not possessing trivial names. The Hemiptera – the one of Big Five insect orders, the most speciose and the most diversified. The Hemiptera – the insect order covering over 300 extant and extinct families, which is the highest number among all insects (Szwedo 2018). There are 211 recognised families for the richest in species beetles, Coleoptera, with over 400,000 species described (Bouchard et al. 2011), and 160 extant and extinct families for about 125,000 species of flies already described (Thompson and Pape 2013, Michaelsen and Pape 2017). The Hemiptera appeared in the Carboniferous, and since then which is a major component of terrestrial and aquatic biota through geological periods. The Hemiptera – insects from 2 mm to 300 mm of wingspan, with wings sclerotised, membranous, reduced or transformed, the insects presenting the highest morphological disparity than any other insect order, making the major and minor groups distinguishable by particular sets of morphological characters and adaptations. Fossil record, with all its limits, is the only source of information about taxonomic palaeodiversity and morphological palaeodisparity of extinct organisms. Inclusions in amber are invaluable source of information on organisms, which had to live millions years ago, their morphology, taxic diversity, palaeodistributions and palaeoecology. Regarding the Hemiptera, the oldest finding of these insects in amber, come from the early Cretaceous, from amber of Lebanon. Burmese amber, mineralogically named as burmite by Gdańsk pharmacist Otto Helm (Helm 1892, 1893), till end of last century was regarded as rare and weakly known fossil resin. The interest in burmite and its inclusions exploded during the past two decades and resulted in hundreds of descriptions of taxa from this amber. The main amberiferous and fossiliferous deposit is an area near Noije Bum Hill, in Hukawng Valley, Page 24 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Kachin State (Kania et al. 2015; Thu and Zaw 2017). These deposits were investigated and dated in detail by Cruickshank and Ko (2003) and Shi et al. (2012), which currently date the deposit of 98.8 ± 0.63 Ma. However, slightly older, late age of amber was recently postulated (Zheng et al. 2018), due to fact, that the amber shows evidence of redeposition (Grimaldi and Ross 2017; Smith and Ross 2018). Burmite is bringing rich record of almost all hemipteran groups and lineages, presenting diversity and disparity far more expressed and sometimes odd, than in their recent descendants. The first descriptions come from Cockerell (1916, 1917a, b, 1919), covering planthoppers, whiteflies and true bugs. Then burmite inclusions of the Hemiptera were almost forgotten (Štys 1969, Rasnitsyn and Ross 2000, Ross and Yorke 2000). is one of this group which is treated in more details elsewhere (Szwedo et al. this volume). Heteroptera are quite rich, known since Cockerell’s first descriptions, but insufficiently elaborated. One extinct family, Palaeoleptidae was already described (Poinar and Buckley 2009), but several others as , Cimicidae, Coreidae, Cydnidae, , Enicocephalidae, Gelastocoridae, , Leptopodidae, Miridae, , Ochteridae, , , Tingidae and Velocipedidae were already mentioned and with new taxa described (Ross 2018). All these taxa represent not only rich taxonomic record, but also wide morphological disparity, with very unique examples of morphological features. , moss bugs is another group of interest. For the moment only a sole species was reported from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Szwedo et al. 2011), but another representative of Progonocimicidae was identified among inclusions of Burmese amber. Remaining euhemipterans, i.e. planthoppers and leafhoppers are very unevenly recorded and unevenly reported. Fulgoromorpha, planthoppers are very abundant, but their placement in already recognised families is quite challenging. The oldest report on planthoppers from burmite comes from Cockerell (1917b), and now this species is placed in the family Achilidae. The other species also described by Cockerell (1917b) is to be placed in or rather within complex of taxa related to family Cixiidae. Numerous other fossils, representing higher units of classification (families) recognisable due to their morphological characteristics are to be described. Already known extinct families of planthoppers represented among inclusions in Burmese amber are Perforissidae (Shcherbakov 2007; Zhang et al. 2017), and recently found Mimarachnidae (Shcherbakov 2017, Jiang et al. in press), Neazoniidae and just described Dorytocidae (Emeljanov and Shcherbakov 2018). It will not be exaggeration to say that more than dozen family level groups not yet formally described, and presenting wider and more diverse morphological characters than recent planthoppers await formal description. Observing the planthoppers inclusions in burmite, their morphological disparity and resulting taxonomical diversity one can say the Burmese amber inclusions witnessed rapid radiation of Fulgoromorpha, and that recent fauna, with all its high diversity in 20 families is depauperate and that it could result of bottleneck effect due to environmental changes, competition and co- evolution with host plants. Representatives of from burmite are known extremely poor, but their diversity and morphological disparity seems to be high. Not yet formally described taxa representing Hylicellidae – family believed to be ancestral to modern Clypeata (Szwedo 2018) were found and these are under elaboration at the moment. This family was known exclusively from the compression and impression fossils in sedimentary deposits. Then, the first more three-dimensionally preserved fossils give new possibilities for recognition the new morphological characters and their evolution. Inclusions in burmite of another family known so far only from the deposits of Daohugou – Sinoalidae, were found (Chen et al. in press), and quite variable and numerous taxa are identified (work in progress). Burmese amber brought also representatives of modern families. Poinar and Kritsky (2012) reported of , however the placement of this fossil must be re-analysed. The most diverse and rich in species leafhoppers, Cicadellidae inclusion was very recently found among inclusions in Burmese amber (Poinar and Brown 2018). This fossil was subsequently discussed by Dietrich and Thomas (2018), and based on their analysis it could represent subfamily Signoretiinae and tribe Phlogisiini. Then it is the oldest record of this subfamily and tribe, giving new insight to phylogeny and relationships of this enormously rich and diversified group. Also representatives of other subfamilies, namely Ledrinae were found and await formal elaboration. Not surprisingly and similarly to inclusions in Baltic amber, Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 25 the nymphs of Cicadellidae are more numerous than imagines. Inclusions of Cicadellidae in burmite should be of special interest as these could bear answers to many questions concerning the early evolution and radiation of this lineage, its , subdivisions and morphological differentiation. Burmese amber, beautiful, versatile and rich in inclusions, has the unique capacity to preserve traces of ancient life, ancient organisms and traces of their activities. Burmite comes from the times of great biotic re- organization, from times of last glimpse of Mesozoic hemipterans and dawn of the Cenozoic groups, recent winners of evolutionary race. Studies of the Hemiptera inclusions caught in this resin give the unique contribution to understanding range of morphological disparity, taxonomic diversity, ecological relationships and evolutionary processes. Acknowledgements This report result from Chinese Academy of Science President’s Fellowship Initiative Grant No. 2017VBA0024 awarded to JS.

References Bouchard P., Bousquet Y., Davies A.E., Alonso-Zarazaga M.A., Lawrence J.F., Lyal C.H.C., Newton A.F., Reid C.A.M., Schmitt M., Ślipiński S.A., Smith A.B.T. 2011. Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88, 1-972 doi:10.3897/zookeys.88.807 Chen J., Szwedo J., Wang B., Zheng Y., Wang Y., Wang X., Zhang H. 2018. The first Mesozoic in amber from northern Myanmar (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea, Sinoalidae). Cret. Res. 85, 243-249 doi:10.1016/j.cretres. 2017.10.029 Cockerell T.D.A. 1916. Insects in Burmese amber. Am. J. Sci. 42, 135-138. Cockerell T.D.A. 1917a. Arthropods in Burmese amber. Am. J. Sci. (4), 44, 360-368. Cockerell T.D.A. 1917b. Insects in Burmese amber. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 10: 323-329. Cockerell T.D.A. 1919. Insects in Burmese amber. Entomologist 52, 241-243. Cruickshank R.D., Ko K. 2003. Geology of an amber locality in the Hukawng Valley, northern Myanmar. J. Asian Earth Sci. 21, 441-455. Dietrich C.H., Thomas M.J. 2018. New eurymeline leafhoppers (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Eurymelinae) from Eocene Baltic amber with notes on other fossil Cicadellidae. ZooKeys 726, 131-143 doi:10.3897/zookeys.726.21976 Emeljanov A.F., Shcherbakov D.E. 2018. The longest-nosed Mesozoic Fulgoroidea (Homoptera): a new family from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Far East. Ent. 354, 1−14 doi:10.25221/fee.354.1 Grimaldi D.A., Ross A.J. 2017. Extraordinary Lagerstätten in amber, with particular reference to Cretaceous of Burma, in: Fraser N., Sues H.-D. (eds.) Terrestrial Conservation Lagerstätten: Windows into the Evolution of Life on Land. Dunedin Academic Press, Edinburgh, 287-342. Helm O. 1892. On a new, fossil, amber-like resin occurring in Burma. Rec. Geol. Surv. India 25 (4), 180-181. Helm O. 1893. Further note on Burmite, a new amber-like fossil resin from Upper Burma. Rec. Geol. Surv. India 26 (2), 61-64. Jiang T., Szwedo J., Wang B. in press. A giant fossil Mimarachnidae planthopper from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha). Cret. Res. Kania I., Wang B., Szwedo J. 2015. Osten Sacken, 1860 (Diptera, Limoniidae) from the earliest Cenomanian Burmese amber. Cret. Res. 52, 522-530 doi: 10.16/j.cretres.2014.03.002 Liu X., Qiao G., Yao Y., Ren D. 2018. New fossil Juraphididae (Hemiptera: Aphidomorpha) from Burmese amber, with phylogeny of the family. Cret. Res. 84, 420-425 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.009 Michelsen V., Pape T. 2017. Ulurumyiidae – a new family of calyptrate flies (Diptera). Syst. Entomol. 42 (4), 826-836. Poinar Jr. G. 2017. A new family of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) in mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Cret. Res 75, 7-10. Poinar Jr. G.O., Brown A.E. 2005. New Aphidoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) in Burmese amber. Proc. Ent. Soc. Amer. 107, 835-845. Poinar Jr. G., Brown A. 2018. A new genus of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Hist. Biol. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1384472 Poinar Jr. G., Buckley R. 2009. Palaeoleptus burmanicus n. gen., n. sp., an Early Cretaceous shore bug (Hemiptera: Palaeoleptidae n. fam.) in Burmese amber. Cret. Res. 30 (4), 1000-1004 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.03.003 Poinar G.O., Kritsky A.G. 2012. Morphological conservatism in the foreleg structure of cicada hatchlings, Burmacicada protera n. gen., n. sp. in Burmese amber, Dominicicada youngi n. gen., n. sp. in Dominican amber and the extant Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae). Hist. Biol. 24, 461-466 doi:10.1080/08912963. 2011.603421 Page 26 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Rasnitsyn A.P., Ross A.J. 2000. A preliminary list of arthropod families present in the Burmese amber collection at The Natural History Museum, London. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus., Geol. Ser. 56, 21-24. Ross A.J. 2018. Burmese (Myanmar) amber taxa, on-line checklist v. 2017.4. 88 pp. http://www.nms.ac.uk/explore/ stories/natural-world/burmese-amber/ (accessed 09 Feb. 2018) Ross A.J., York P.V. 2000. A list of type and figured specimens of insects and other inclusions in Burmese amber. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus., Geol. Ser. 56, 11-20. Shcherbakov D.E. 2007. An extraordinary new family of Cretaceous planthoppers (Homeoptera: Fulgoroidea). Russ. Entomol. J. 16 (2), 139-154. Shcherbakov D.E. 2017. First record of Cretaceous family Mimarachnidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) in amber. Russian Entomol. J. 26 (4), 389-392. Shi G.-H., Grimaldi D.A., Harlow G.E., Wang J., Wang J., Yang M.-C., Lei W.-Y., Li Q.-L., Li X.-H. 2012. Age constraint on Burmese amber based on U-Pb dating of zircons. Cret. Res. 37, 155-163 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.014 Smith R.D.A., Ross A.J. 2018. Amberground pholadid bivalve borings and inclusions in Burmese amber: implications for proximity of resin-producing forests to brackish waters, and the age of the amber. Earth Env. Sci. T. R. So. doi:10.1017/S1755691017000287 Štys P. 1969. Revision of fossil and pseudofossil Enicocephalidae (Heteroptera). Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov. 66, 352- 365. Szwedo J. 2018. The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time. Earth Env. Sci. T. R. So. doi:10.1017/S175569101700038X Szwedo J., Azar D., Ziadé K. 2011. The first Progonocimicidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coleorrhyncha) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber. Ins. Syst. Evol. 42 (2), 161-177. doi:10.1163/187631211X578415 Thompson F.C., Pape T. 2013. Systema Dipterorum. Biosystematic Database of World Diptera. http://www.diptera.org/index.php (accessed 09 Feb. 2018) Thu Kyaw, Zaw Khin 2017. Gem deposits of Myanmar, in: Barber A.J., Khin Zaw, Crow M.J. (eds.) Myanmar: Geology, Resources and Tectonics. Geol. Soc. London, Mem. 48, 497-529 doi:10.1144/M48.23 Zhang X., Ren D., Yao Y. 2017. A new species of Foveopsis Shcherbakov (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea: Perforissidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cret. Res. 79, 35-42 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.07.002

JIANG T., WANG B., SZWEDO J. The planthopper family Mimarachnidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) in Burmese amber

TIAN JIANG1, BO WANG2, JACEK SZWEDO3

1 China University of Geosciences (Beijing), No. 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100083, China, [email protected] 2 Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China, [email protected] 3Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL80-308 Gdańsk, Poland, [email protected]

The Hemiptera is one of the “Big Five” insect orders presenting the highest taxonomic diversity and morpho-ecological disparity. Planthoppers (Fulgoromorpha) is one of the hemipteran suborders displaying enormous diversity, with 30 extant and extinct families currently recognized and with fossil record reaching the (Szwedo 2018). The extinct family Mimarachnidae Shcherbakov, 2007 is characteristed by its simplified venation, setigerous metatibial pecten, and the spider-like dark silhouette and black eyespots of tegmina (Shcherbakov 2007). For the moment Mimarachnidae were known exclusively from the compression/impression fossils in sedimentary deposits of Buryatia (Russia), Japan and Spain (some not formally described taxa come from Mongolia and probably also from Brazil), which restrict the family distribution to the middle to high latitudes probably with the seasonal alteration (Szwedo and Ansorge 2015). Recently, Shcherbakov (2017) reported the first representative of this group from Burmese amber. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 27

Here, we report more representatives of the family preserved as inclusions in the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, the major fossiliferous deposit of Cretaceous amber in southeastern Asia (Figure 1). These new fossils represent the records from a tropical palaeoequatorial region, indicating that this family can also live in the tropical forest. Surprisingly, the taxonomic and morphological disparity of these fossils exceed far beyond the know richness of fossils already known. Several eco-morphological traits present among modern planthoppers are to be observed also among representatives of Mimarachnidae from Burmese amber. Also taxonomic diversity of these fossils preserved as inclusions allow us to erect a number on new taxa of specific, generic and higher levels (Jiang et al. in press). Mimarchnidae seems to be an endemic family for the Cretaceous period, but their disparity is comparable to modern planthoppers leading to the questions of tempo and mode of eco-evolutionary adaptations on one hand, and reasons for rapid origination and of this group on the other. Also relationships of the Mimarachnidae within the Fulgoromorpha are not fully elaborated, and recent discoveries contest the already proposed relationships of Mimarachnidae with Cixiidae-like lineage of the Fulgoromorpha. The recent discoveries of particular Mimarachnidae with peculiar venation, hardly comparable with modern planthoppers put a set of new questions and possibility of new explanations of the Fulgoromorpha phylogeny and relationships. Inclusions in amber allow also to study in more details elements of genital block of both females and males of Mimarachnidae. It seems that these structures only hardly match the model presented by modern planthoppers.

Fig. 1. Known Cretaceous fossil sites harboring Mimarachnidae. Paleogeographic map for 90Ma (courtesy of Professor Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystems). Climatic belts after Hay and Flegel (2012).

References Hay W.W., Floegel S. 2012. New thoughts about the Cretaceous climate and oceans. Earth Sci. Rev. 115 (4), 262-272. Jiang T., Szwedo J., Wang B. in press. A giant fossil Mimarachnidae planthopper from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha). Cret. Res. Shcherbakov D.E. 2007. Mesozoic spider mimics — Cretaceous Mimarachnidae fam.n. (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Russian Entomol J. 16 (3), 259-264. Shcherbakov D.E. 2017. First record of the Cretaceous family Mimarachnidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) in amber. Russian Entomol. J. 26 (4), 389−392. Szwedo J. 2018. The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time. Earth Env. Sci. T. R. So., doi:10.1017/S175569101700038X [Published online: 18 January 2018]. Szwedo J., Ansorge J. 2015. The first Mimarachnidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from Lower Cretaceous lithographic limestones of the Sierra del Montsec in Spain. Cret. Res. 52, 390-401. Page 28 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

BRYSZ A.M. New data on Achilidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromopha) from Myanmar amber

ALICJA MAGDALENA BRYSZ

Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59, Wita Stwosza St., PL80-308 Gdańsk, Poland, [email protected]

Among the hemipterans, the Fulgoromorpha planthoppers of the family Achilidae is one of the smaller families counted among so-called cixiid-like group (Bourgoin and Szwedo 2008). To this day there are about 160 genera with 510 species (Bourgoin 2018), most of which are monotypic. This, together with the fact, that numerous crucial Achilidae taxa are underrepresented in the collections and/or known solely from the type specimens, hamper the possibility of presentation of molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family. Fortunately nothing, except for access to the specimens and collections, disturb morphological research, when gaining representative material for molecular analysis is not possible. Detailed morphological studies are especially important for analysis of fossil specimens available for investigations. Fossils of Achilidae seem to be relatively common among planthoppers represented in the collections and number of taxa described from different fossil sources is growing every year. While most are known form the mid-Eocene Baltic amber, a few more were reported from the Lowermost Eocene Oise amber of France, terminal Eocene deposits of Florissant, U.S.A., coeval deposits of Isle of Wight, UK and Lower Cretaceous of Brazil (Brysz and Szwedo 2018). With recent renaissance in studies on inclusions in mid- Cretaceous Burmese amber, it is not a surprise, to find high diversity of Achilidae and related forms among inclusions from this resin.

Fig. 1. A representative of one of the modern Achilidae tribes, found in Myanmar amber.

Amber from Myanmar presents specimens with morphological disparity placing them in new, higher (tribal or subfamilial) level with number of new genera and species comprised. Surprisingly, representatives of the tribes not recorded as fossils in younger deposits and believed to be younger offshots of the Achilidae tree were found (Figure 1). These tribes, now with Cretaceous representatives, are not, as previously thought, young and therefore usually not speciose taxa, but relics from ancient Mesozoic times and their ecosystems. On the other hand, Myanmar amber inclusions brought the oldest record of the tribe Plectoderini, which is recently the most differentiated and widespread group. Interestingly, numerous Plectoderini are related to host plants, but wide variety of angiosperms, namely Fagales and Ericales is also used as host plants (Bourgoin 2018).

References Bourgoin T. 2018. FLOW (Fulgoromorpha Lists on The Web): a world knowledge base dedicated to Fulgoromorpha. Version 8, updated 2018-02-14. http://hemiptera-databases.org/flow Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 29

Bourgoin T., Szwedo J. 2008. The ‘cixiid-like’ fossil planthopper families. Bull. Insectology 61 (1), 107-108. Brysz A., Szwedo J. 2018. The fossil record of the planthopper family Achilidae with particular reference to those in Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha). Earth Env. Sci. T. R. So., 107(2-3), 279-288 doi:10.1017/S175569101700041X

SZWEDO J., DROHOJOWSKA J., SIMON E., WĘGIEREK P. Sternorrhycha (Insecta: Hemiptera) from Burmese amber

JACEK SZWEDO1, JOWITA DROHOJOWSKA2, EWA SIMON2, PIOTR WĘGIEREK2

1Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL80-308 Gdańsk, Poland, [email protected] 2Department of Zoology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, PL40-007 Katowice, Poland, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Sternorrhyncha bugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) are tiny opophagous (sucking phytophagous) insects, recently distributed worldwide. This group covers several lineages still present as aphids (Aphidomorpha), scale insects (Coccidomorpha), whiteflies (Aleyrodomorpha) and psyllids (Psylliformes), as well as extinct Naibiomorpha and Pincombeomorpha (Szwedo 2018). The geological history of the group could be traced back to Permian, but their records are not so numerous as for euhemipteran lineages (Fulgoromorpha, CIcadomorpha, Coleorrhyncha and Heteroptera). Fossilised resins are perfect preservative for these minute creatures, and since the early Cretaceous, the fossil record of aphids, scale insects and aleyrodids is quite rich, while surprisingly, not so rich for protopsyllidiids and psylloids (Psylliformes). Similar image is to be observed among sternorrhynchan inclusions in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Ross 2018). Up to the end of 20th century, Burmese amber, mineralogically named as burmite by Gdańsk pharmacist Otto Helm (Helm 1892, 1893), was regarded as one of the rare and weakly known fossil resins. Resurgence in the study of this amber and its inclusions over the past two decades resulted in hundreds of papers. The main deposit in which the Burmese amber is exploited is area near Noije Bum Hill, in Hukawng Valley, Kachin State of northern part of Burma (Kania et al. 2015; Thu and Zaw 2017). These deposits were investigated and dated in detail by Cruickshank and Ko (2003) and Shi et al. (2012), which currently date the deposit of 98.8 ± 0.63 Ma. However, slightly older, late Aptian age of amber was recently postulated (Zheng et al. 2018), due to fact, that the amber shows evidence of redeposition (Grimaldi and Ross 2017; Smith and Ross 2018). Scale insects are the best known so far group of insects from Burmese amber. To date 14 species (4 of position) were described from 7 families. The first descriptions of scale insects from families Burmacoccidae and Albicoccidae were presented by Koteja (2004). Families and representatives of other families – Ortheziidae, Coccidae, Kozariidae, Pseudococcidae and Weitschatidae were presented by Vea and Grimaldi (2012, 2015) and Wang et al. (2015), the latter paper with the first report on brood care preserved in Burmese amber. Numerous inclusions representing Ortheziidae are under elaboration, and the first male from the family Monophlebidae. The second group quite well recognised among inclusions in burmite is Aphidomorpha. The first aphids from Burmese amber were presented by Poinar and Brown (2005). Two families Parvaverrucosidae and Burmitaphididae were established, both of them now extinct (Szwedo 2018). Later another family – Isolitaphididae was described by Poinar (2017), but it recently proposed to be synonymised under Juraphididae (Liu et al. 2018). Number of papers with description of new genera and species in families already known were also presented recently (Wegierek et al. 2017, Poinar 2018, Liu et al. 2018). To the date 7 species of 5 extinct families of aphids are reported. The other sternorrhynchan groups entombed as inclusions in burmite, are known extremely weakly. Two species of whiteflies were described, first by Cockerell (1919) and the other one by Shcherbakov (2000). Taxonomically, whiteflies are very difficult group to study, often being not correctly recognised as inclusions, which hampering the studies of these insects from Burmese amber. The group was well represented and Page 30 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 diversified during the Cretaceous (Drohojowska and Szwedo 2015) and number of new species is going to be described from Burmese amber in nearest future. Psylliformes from Burmese amber are represented exclusively by single Protopsyllidiidae species. This group was revealed as sister to all Sternorrhyncha by Grimaldi (2003). Liadopsyllidae were reported from Lebanese and amber (Ouvrard et al. 2010), however, not found yet among Burmese amber inclusions. Recent investigations (Drohojowska 2015) put them as a sister group in relation to Aleyrodomorpha and . This group need more attention and detailed survey, more specimens, well preserved and correctly described, can put a light on the relationships of these insects. The great challenge is to find true Psylloidea in Burmese amber, as they enter the fossil record in the Palaeogene, and nothing is know on early stages of their evolution and morphological disparity, which probably started at the times of Burmese amber formation. One more group, of particular Sternorrhyncha is now under detailed investigation, but their taxonomic and phylogenetic position needs further investigations and will be presented soon. To sum up, Sternorrhyncha inclusions of mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber show wide taxonomic diversity and broad range of morphological disparity, owing to place them at their own groups of familial ranks. These insects, despite of tiny size, are of great interest and of great importance to reconstruct the biota of Burmese amber and evolutionary scenarios for formation and extinction of lineages, formation of modern faunas. Acknowledgements This report result from Chinese Academy of Science President’s Fellowship Initiative Grant No. 2017VBA0024 awarded to JS.

References Cockerell T.D.A. 1919. Insects in Burmese amber. The Entomologist 52, 241-243. Cruickshank R.D., Ko K. 2003. Geology of an amber locality in the Hukawng Valley, northern Myanmar. J. Asian Earth Sci. 21, 441-455. Drohojowska J. 2015. Thorax morphology and its importance in establishing relationships within Psylloidea (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha). University of Silesia Press, Katowice, 171 pp. Drohojowska J., Szwedo J. 2015. Early Cretaceous Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) from the Lebanese amber. Cret. Res. 52, 368-389 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.03.015 Grimaldi D.A. 2003. First amber fossils of the extinct family Protopsyllidiidae, and their phylogenetic significance among Hemiptera. Ins. Syst. Evol. 34 (3), 329-344 doi:10.1163/187631203788964746 Grimaldi D.A., Ross A.J. 2017. Extraordinary Lagerstätten in amber, with particular reference to Cretaceous of Burma, in: Fraser N., Sues H.-D. (eds.) Terrestrial Conservation Lagerstätten: Windows into the Evolution of Life on Land. Dunedin Academic Press, Edinburgh, 287-342. Helm O. 1892. On a new, fossil, amber-like resin occurring in Burma. Rec. Geol. Surv. India 25 (4), 180-181. Helm O. 1893. Further note on Burmite, a new amber-like fossil resin from Upper Burma. Rec. Geol. Surv. India 26 (2), 61-64. Kania I., Wang B., Szwedo J. 2015. Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken, 1860 (Diptera, Limoniidae) from the earliest Cenomanian Burmese amber. Cret. Res. 52, 522-530 doi: 10.16/j.cretres.2014.03.002 Koteja J. 2004. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccinea) from Cretaceous Myanmar (Burmese) amber. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 2, 109-114. Liu X., Qiao G., Yao Y., Ren D. 2018. New fossil Juraphididae (Hemiptera: Aphidomorpha) from Burmese amber, with phylogeny of the family. Cret. Res. 84, 420-425 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.009 Ouvrard D., Burckhardt D., Azar D., Grimaldi D.A. 2010. Non‐jumping plant‐lice in Cretaceous amber (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea). Syst. Entomol. 35 (1), 172-180 doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00499.x Poinar Jr. G.O. 2017. A new family of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) in mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Cret. Res. 75, 7-10 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.03.013 Poinar Jr. G.O. 2018. A new genus and species of aphids, Tanyaulus caudisetula gen. et sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Burmitaphidae) in mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Cret. Res. 82, 36-39 doi:10.1016/ j.cretres.2017.10.025. Poinar Jr. G.O., Brown A.E. 2005. New Aphidoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) in Burmese amber. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Am. 107, 835-845. Ross A.J. 2018. Burmese (Myanmar) amber taxa, on-line checklist v. 2017.4. 88 pp. http://www.nms.ac.uk/explore/stories/natural-world/burmese-amber/ (accessed 09 Feb. 2018) Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 31

Shcherbakov D.E. 2000. The most primitive whiteflies (Hemiptera; Aleyrodidae; Bernaeinae subfam. n.) from the Mesozoic of Asia and Burmese amber, with an overview of Burmese amber hemipterans. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus., Geol. Ser. 56, 29-37. Shi G.-H., Grimaldi D.A., Harlow G.E., Wang J., Wang J., Yang M.-C., Lei W.-Y., Li Q.-L., Li X.-H. 2012. Age constraint on Burmese amber based on U-Pb dating of zircons. Cret. Res. 37, 155-163 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.014 Smith R.D.A., Ross A.J. 2018. Amberground pholadid bivalve borings and inclusions in Burmese amber: implications for proximity of resin-producing forests to brackish waters, and the age of the amber. Earth Env. Sci. T. R. So. doi:10.1017/S1755691017000287 Szwedo J. 2018. The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time. Earth Env. Sci. T. R. So., 107(2- 3), 109-128 doi:10.1017/S175569101700038X Thu Kyaw, Zaw Khin 2017. Gem deposits of Myanmar, in: Barber A.J., Khin Zaw, Crow M.J. (eds) Myanmar: Geology, Resources and Tectonics. Geol. Soc. London, Mem. 48, 497-529 doi:10.1144/M48.23 Vea I.M., Grimaldi D.A. 2012. Phylogeny of ensign scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Ortheziidae) basedon the morphology of Recent and fossil females. Syst. Entomol. 37, 758-783. Vea I.M., Grimaldi D.A. 2015. Diverse new scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a phylogenetic framework for fossil Coccoidea. Am. Mus. Novit. 3823, 1-15 doi:10.1206/3823.1 Wang B., Xia F., Wappler T., Simon E., Zhang H.C., Jarzembowski E.A., Szwedo J. 2015. Brood care in a 100-million- year-old . eLife 4, e05447, 1-8 doi: 10.7554/eLife.05447.001 Wegierek P., Żyła D., Homan A., Cai C., Huang D. 2017. New genus and species of the extinct family Szelegiewicziidae and their implications for aphid evolution. Sci. Nat. 104 (11-12), 95, 1-10 doi: 10.1007/s00114- 017-1517-x

JARZEMBOWSKI E.A., ZHENG D. Dragonflies in amber from the age of the dinosaurs

EDMUND A. JARZEMBOWSKI1, DARAN ZHENG2

1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China and Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, [email protected] 2State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China and Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, [email protected]

Odonatans (dragonflies and ; dragonflies in the broad sense) are rare as amber inclusions, but quite diverse in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (circa 100 million years old) with 27 species in 22 genera (Figure 1) representing 13 families: this is the most abundant assemblage so far discovered as amber inclusions.

Fig. 1. Histogram chart showing number of odonatan specimens vs. genus in Burmese amber. Page 32 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Fig. 2. A. Burmese amber market, Tengchong, western China. B. Burmese amber mines in Hukawng Valley, Kachin Province, Myanmar.

In the past two years, over 20 new species have been found by the authors after examining over 300 odonatans (from over a quarter of a million amber inclusions, Figure 2A). Most of the species have now been published and here we provide a brief review; more new species will be described in the future, especially rare ones. They were collected in the Hukawng Valley of Kachin Province, Myanmar (Figure 2B) and the age of Burmese amber is considered to be Late Albian (Zheng et al. in press).

Fig. 3. Typical odonatans (dragonflies sensu stricto and damselflies) from Burmese amber. A. Burmagomphides electronica (Burmagomphidae); B. Burmaphlebia sp. nov. (Burmaphlebiidae); C. Burmahemiphlebia zhangi (); D. Mesomegaloprepus magnificus (Mesomegaloprepidae); E. Mesosticta electronica (). Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 33

The amber containing the dragonflies is normally yellow or red and transparent. Photographs were taken using a Zeiss Stereo Discovery V16 microscope system and Zen software. All the specimens are housed in the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NIGPAS). Three suborders of crown Odonata have been recorded, including the (zygopteran) families or superfamilies , Platystictidae, , Hemiphlebiidae, , Pseudostigmatoidea, Mesomegaloprepidae and Dysagrionidae, plus the dragonfly (anisopteran) families , Gomphaeschnidae and Burmaeshnidae, and the damsel-dragonfly (anisozygopteran) family Burmaphlebiidae (Figs 3, 4).

Fig. 4. Typical odonatans (damselflies) from Burmese amber. A. Yijenplatycnemis huangi (Platycnemididae); B. Mesosticta burmatica (Platystictidae); C. Burmadysagrion zhangi (Dysagrionidae); D. Burmacoenagrion preciosus (Coenagrionoidea); E. Paracoryphagrion deltoides (Pseudostigmatoidea).

All these taxa are based on the adult stage, but there are still many immature insect inclusions (nymphs/larvae) which need to be studied. The inclusions, especially true damselflies (zygopterans), were entrapped in a resinous, coniferous woodland amidst the burgeoning angiospermous flowering plants along the north-eastern fringe of the Page 34 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Tethyan ocean. They can help us evaluate the origin, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of the modern families of Odonata. Questions remain, however, such as what the forest palaeoecology was really like. This research was supported (grant nos in parentheses) by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41572010, 41622201, 41688103), Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDPB05), Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2011224), and the HKU Seed Funding Program for Basic Research (201210159058). EAJ gratefully acknowledges a Leverhulme Emeritus Fellowship and the support of the 25th Amberif Symposium “Amber, Science and Art” organisers.

Fig. 5. Courtship reconstruction of Yijenplatycnemis huangi (Platycnemididae).

References Zheng, D., Nel, A., Chang, S.-C., Jarzembowski, E. A., Zhang, H., Wang, B. in press. A well-preserved true dragonfly (Anisoptera: Gomphides: Burmagomphidae fam. nov.) from Cretaceous Burmese amber. J. Syst. Palaeontol. doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1365100.

SOSZYŃSKA-MAJ A., KRZEMIŃSKI W., KOPEĆ K. Scorpionflies (Mecoptera) in Burmese amber

AGNIESZKA SOSZYŃSKA-MAJ1*, WIESŁAW KRZEMIŃSKI2, KATARZYNA KOPEĆ2

1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland, *corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland, [email protected]

Recently, scorpionflies are a small and relictous order divided into nine families (Bicha 2010), while more than 40 families of fossil families are described (Mitchell 2015). It proofs their great past diversity in Middle Mesozoic (~200-150 Ma), when they reached their higher level of radiation (e.g. Grimaldi and Engel 2005; Ren et al. 2009). Quite recently the palaeoentomologists got access to new fossils preserved in Burmese amber, fossil resin mid-Cretaceous, the final stage of its highest diversity (Grimaldi et al. 2005). Such inclusions with entire bodies aged ~100 Ma and older are preserved three dimensionally, offered a fascinating chance of seeing the entire bodies of insects with the accuracy of living forms, while to date Mesozoic scorpionflies were known only from compressions or impressions mostly of wings in rocks (e.g. Ren et al. 2009). Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 35

In much younger Cenozoic Baltic amber only species belonging to modern fauna were described (Pictet 1854, Hagen 1856, Carpenter 1954, Krzemiński 2007, Krzemiński and Soszyńska-Maj 2011, Soszyńska-Maj and Krzemiński 2013, 2015). To date from Burmese amber were described only five species of Mecoptera belonging to three families; recently diverse Bittacidae (Zhao et al. 2017), recently relic (Grimaldi and Engel 2013, Zhao et al. 2016, Soszyńska-Maj et al. 2017) and extinct Pseudopolycentropodidae (Grimaldi et al. 2005, Grimaldi and Johnston 2014). However, the abundant Cretaceous inclusions will bring new species both from above mentioned families as well as new taxa of yet unknown taxonomical status (Soszyńska et al. unpublished data) enriching our knowledge about its past diversity and evolution.

Fig. 1. Burmomerope clara Zhao et Wang, 2016, Meropeidae, Burmese amber, ~100 Ma, Photo by A. Soszyńska- Maj.

References Bicha W. 2010. A review of the scorpionflies (Mecoptera) of Indochina with the description of a new species of from northern Thailand. Zootaxa 2480, 61-67. Carpenter F.M. 1954. The Baltic amber Mecoptera. Psyche 61, 31-40. Carpenter F.M. 1955. An Eocene (Mecoptera). Psyche 62, 39-41. Carpenter F.M. 1976. Note on Bittacus validus in Baltic amber. Psyche 82, 303. Grimaldi D.A., Engel M.S. 2013. The relict scorpionfly family Meropeidae (Mecoptera) in Cretaceous amber. J. Kan. Ent. Soc. 86, 253-263. Grimaldi D., Johnston A. 2014. The long-tongued Cretaceous scorpionfly Parapolycentropus Grimaldi and Rasnitsyn (Mecoptera: Pseudopolycentropodidae): new data and interpretations. Am. Mus. Novit. 3793, 1-24. Grimaldi D.A., Zhang J., Fraser N.C., Rasnitsyn A. 2005. Revision of the bizarre Mesozoic scorpionflies in the Pseudopolycentropodidae (Mecopteroidea). Insect. Sys. Evol. 36, 443-458. Hagen H. 1856. Die im Bernstein befindlichen Neuropteren der Vorwelt bearbeitet, in: Berendt, G.C. (ed.), Die im Bernstein Befindlichen Organischen Reste der Vorwelt Gesammelt in Verbindung mit Mehreren Bearbeitet und Herausgegeben, Bd. 2. Berlin. Krzemiński W. 2007. A revision of Eocene Bittacidae (Mecoptera) from Baltic amber with the description of a new species. Afr. Invertebr. 48, 153-162. Krzemiński W., Soszyńska-Maj A. 2012. A new genus and species of scorpionfly (Mecoptera) from Baltic amber, with an unusually developed postnotal . Syst. Entomol. 37, 223-228. Mitchell A.A. 2015. EDNA, the fossil insect database. http//edna.palass-hosting.org, (accessed 18.11.2017) Page 36 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Pictet-Baraban F.J., Hagen H. 1856. Die im Bernstein befindlichen Neuropteran der Vorwelt, in: Berendt, G.C. (ed.), Die im Bernstein befindlichen organischen Reste der Vorwelt, vol. 2. Nicolaischen Buchhandlung, Berlin. Ren D., Labandeira C., Santiago-Blay J.A., Rasnitsyn A., Shih C.K., Bashkuev A., Logan M.A., Hotton C.L., Dilcher D. 2009. A probable pollination mode before angiosperms: Eurasian, long-proboscid scorpionflies, Science 326 (5954), 840- 847. Soszyńska-Maj A., Krzemiński W. 2013. Family (Insecta, Mecoptera) from Baltic amber (upper Eocene): new species, redescription and palaeogeographic remarks of relict scorpionflies. Zootaxa 3636, 489-499. Soszyńska-Maj A., Krzemiński W. 2015. New representative of the family Panorpodidae (Insecta, Mecoptera) from Eocene Baltic amber with a key to fossil species of genus Panorpodes. Palaeont. Electro.18.2.33A: 1-7. Zhao X., Bashkuev A., Chen L., Wang B. 2017. The first from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). Cret. Res. 70, 147-151. Zhao X., Zhang Q., Jarzembowski E.A., Chen L., Wang B. 2016. A new earwingfly from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Mecoptera: Meropeidae). Cret. Res. 66, 136-140.

SKIBIŃSKA K., KRZEMIŃSKI W. Diversity of the family Tanyderidae in the Myanmar amber

KORNELIA SKIBIŃSKA, WIESŁAW KRZEMIŃSKI

Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Krakow, Poland, [email protected]

Tanyderidae is a very diverse, plesiomorphic group of the order Diptera, whose members are known already from the Lower Jurassic (Ansorge 1994, Ansorge and Krzemiński 2002; Skibińska et al. 2014). This is a group of significant importance to our understanding the evolution and phylogeny of the Diptera, due to the fact that its representatives (both fossil and recent) are characterized by a greatest number of plesiomorphic features among the entire Diptera order (Alexander 1932, Exner and Craig 1976, Krzemiński 1992; Krzemiński and Krzemińska 2003). Therefore the family plays the crucial role in studying the evolution and phylogeny of the Diptera, and offers the basis for the inference of evolutionary trends in related groups (Skibińska 2016). Unfortunately, the rare occurrence of the family members, in both, the sediments of the fossil and current, caused that this is one of the least-known families of flies (Madriz and Courtney 2016). Currently the Myanmar amber is very popular in a fossil market. It has a great meaning in analyses of fossil insects and provides us a lot of new data. The estimated age of this amber is established an age of the earliest Cenomanian (98.79 ± 0.62 Ma) for the burmite (Cruickshank and Ko 2003, Shi et al. 2012). Up till now there are only two species of Tanyderidae known from the Myanmar amber Dacochile microsoma Poinar et Brown, 2004 and Similinannotanyderus lii Dong, Shih et Ren, 2015. In new materials from Myanmar amber 7 specimens have been found. They are representing three different species and two of them are species new for the science. This finding proves that Tanyderidae fauna was very diverse during creation of the Myanmar amber. The really important fact is that representatives of both subfamilies were present during this period.

References Alexander C.P. 1932. The Dipterous family Tanyderidae in Japan (Insecta). Annot. Zool. Jpn. 13, 273-281. Ansorge J. 1994. Tanyderidae and Psychodidae (Insecta: Diptera) from the Lower Jurassic of north-eastern Germany. Paläont. Z. 68, 199-209. Ansorge J., Krzemiński W. 2002. Lower Jurassic tanyderids (Diptera: Tanyderidae) from Germany. Studia Dipterologica 9: 21-29. Cruickshank R.D., Ko K. 2003. Geology of an amber locality in the Hukawng Valley, northern Myanmar. J. Asian Earth Sci. 21, 441e445. Dong F., Shih C.K., Ren D. 2015. A new genus of Tanyderidae (Insecta: Diptera) from Myanmar amber, Upper Cretaceous. Cret. Res. 54, 260-265. Exner K., Craig D.A. 1976. Larvae of Tanyderidae Diptera: Nematocera. Quaest. Entomol. 12, 219-237. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 37

Krzemiński W. 1992. and Lower Jurassic stage of Diptera evolution. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 65, 39-59. Krzemiński W., Krzemińska E. 2003. Triassic Diptera: descriptions, revisions and phylogenetic relations. Acta Zool. Cracov. 46 (suppl. – Fossil Insects), 153-184. Madriz R.I., Courtney G.W. 2016. The Neotropical tanyderid Araucoderus gloriosus (Alexander) (Diptera, Tanyderidae), with description of the , larva and , redescription of adults, and notes on natural history. Zootaxa 4158 (3), 325-351. Poinar G.O., Brown A.E. 2004. A new genus of primitive crane flies (Diptera: Tanyderidae) in Cretaceous Myanmar amber, with a summary of fossil tanyderids. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 106 (2), 339-345. Skibińska K. 2016. Nannotanyderinae: A new subfamily of Tanyderidae (Diptera). Palaeontologia Electronica 19.3.56A, 1-16. Skibińska K., Krzemiński W., Coram, R. 2014. Discovery of the most ancient member of the family Tanyderidae (Diptera: Nematocera) from the Lower Jurassic () of England. Zootaxa 3857 (1), 125-130.

ZAKRZEWSKA M., GIŁKA W. The Buchonomyiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Cretaceous Burmese amber

MARTA ZAKRZEWSKA, WOJCIECH GIŁKA

University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Biology, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Systematic Zoology, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland [email protected], wojciech.gił[email protected]

Non-biting midges (Chironomidae) are frequently found in ambers of diverse age and origin: from Cretaceous ambers from Lebanon, Great Britain and Myanmar, through Eocene ambers from India, China, France and undoubtedly the best studied amber of the Baltic region, to various Miocene deposits. Some chironomids found in ambers belong to extant tribes, genera or species groups, being a valuable tool for the assessment of past environmental conditions and analyses of the community structure (Stebner et al. 2017). Both extant and extinct Chironomidae taxa reported from ambers are unique in term of diagnostic characters, their combinations, as well as geographical distribution patterns which allow to understand evolutionary trends in these nematocerans (Giłka et al. 2013, 2016; Zakrzewska and Giłka 2014, Baranov et al. 2017). Within 12 chironomid subfamilies the Buchonomyiinae Brundin et Sæther, 1978 is one of the smallest, known from 6 species. For nearly 40 years it was monotypic, with the only genus Buchonomyia Fittkau, 1955 including 3 extant species recorded from the Palaearctic region (B. thienemanni Fittkau, 1955), Myanmar (B. burmanica Brundin et Sæther, 1978) and Costa Rica (B. brundini Andersen et Sæther, 1995), and the single fossil representative found in Eocene Baltic amber – B. succinea Seredszus et Wichard, 2002. Most recently, the subfamily was enriched by another genus, Furcobuchonomyia Baranov, Góral et Ross, 2017 and two species: F. saetheri Baranov, Góral et Ross, 2017 and F. pankowskii Giłka et Zakrzewska, 2017, found in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. The most characteristic features of Buchonomyiinae adults are the antennal flagellum with the penultimate flagellomere several times longer than that ultimate, the scale-like setae of the wing, the MCu cross-vein reaching M far before RM and the hypopygium bearing only one pair of volsellae, with the gonostylus split into lobes. While the last character is found in both extant and fossil species, the gonostylus with the dorsal lobe additionally divided into two branches is a character exclusive for the Cretaceous genus Furcobuchonomyia (Baranov et al. 2017, Giłka and Zakrzewska 2017). A unique morphology of the larva of Buchonomyia thienemanni, found in a characteristically constructed case most likely built by caddisfly larvae of the family, suggests a probable adaptation to ectoparasitism, what is presumed to be an explanation for the rarity of Buchonomyiinae species at present Page 38 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

(Ashe et al. 2015). Interestingly, a substantial number of Buchonomyiinae species from Cretaceous Burmese amber remains undescribed (authors’ forthcoming data, Figure 1), moreover, preliminary inventories indicate that whole the family is abundant in this resin (Grimaldi et al. 2002). The two Furcobuchonomyia species, however, are the only chironomids described from Burmese amber so far.

Fig. 1. Adult males of two Buchonomyiinae species – inclusions in Cretaceous Burmese amber.

References Andersen T., Sæther O.A. 1995. The first record of Buchonomyia Fittkau and the subfamily Buchonomyiinae from the New World (Diptera: Chironomidae), in: Cranston P.S. (Ed.) Chironomids: From genes to ecosystems. CSIRO, East Melbourne, Victoria, 363-367. Ashe P., O'Connor J.P., Murray D.A. 2015. A Review of the distribution and ecology of Buchonomyia thienemanni (Diptera: Chironomidae) including a first record for Russia. Eur. J. Environ. Sci. 5(1), 5e11. Baranov V., Góral T., Ross A. 2017. A new genus of Buchonomyiinae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber, with the phylogeny of the subfamily revisited. Cret. Res. 79, 146-152. Brundin L., Sæther O.A. 1978. Buchonomyia burmanica sp. n. and Buchonomyiinae, a new subfamily among the Chironomidae (Diptera). Zoologica Scripta 7, 269-275. Fittkau E.J. 1955. Buchonomyia thienemanni n. gen. n. sp. Chironomidenstudien IV (Diptera: Chironomidae). Beitr. Entomol. 5, 403-414. Giłka W., Zakrzewska M., Dominiak P., Urbanek A. 2013. Non-biting midges of the tribe Tanytarsini in Eocene amber from the Rovno region (Ukraine): a pioneer systematic study with notes on the phylogeny (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 3736, 569-586. Giłka W., Zakrzewska M., Baranov V., Wang B., Stebner F. 2016. The first fossil record of Nandeva Wiedenbrug, Reiss et Fittkau (Diptera: Chironomidae) in early Eocene Fushun amber from China. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 40(3), 390-397. Giłka W., Zakrzewska M. 2017. A new species of the subfamily Buchonomyiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Cretaceous Burmese amber. Dipteron, Bulletin of the Dipterological Section of the Polish Entomological Society 33, 26-33. Grimaldi D.A., Engel M.S., Nascimbene P.C. 2002. Fossiliferous Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma): its rediscovery, biotic diversity, and paleontological significance. Am. Mus. Novit. 3361, 1-72. Seredszus F., Wichard W. 2002. Buchonomyiinae (Diptera, Chironomidae) in Baltic amber. Studia Dipterologica 9, 393- 402. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 39

Stebner F., Baranov V., Zakrzewska M., Singh H., Giłka W. 2017. The Chironomidae diversity based on records from early Eocene Cambay amber, India, with implications on habitats of fossil Diptera. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 475, 154-161. Zakrzewska M., Giłka W. 2014. The oldest known chironomids of the tribe Tanytarsini (Diptera: Chironomidae) indicate plesiomorphic character states. Geobios 47, 335-343.

BARANOV V., LAURINDO F. Revisiting mouthparts development in modern and fossil Chironomidae (Diptera)

VIKTOR BARANOV1, FABIO LAURINDO2

1Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany, [email protected] 2Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, [email protected]

One of the particularly intriguing topics in the deep-time history of the Chironomidae is an evolution of the mouthparts and in particular mandibles. Most of the modern Chironomidae are lacking functional mandibles (save for three genera: Archeochlus, Austrochlus and Afrochlus, native for the Southern Africa and ) (Cranston et al. 1987, Cranston and Edward 1998). Previous researchers have found several fossil genera possessing a functional mandibulae in females or both . These genera were scattered throughout the rich geological history of the family from Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous (Azar et al. 2008, Lukashevich and Przhiboro 2011). Presence of mandibles in Chironomidae was considered to be a plesiomorphic trait, shared with a sister group of Ceratopogonidae (Cranston et al. 1987). Our current researches are, however starting to contradict this notion. Our studies of Chironomidae species complexes from Lebanese (early Cretaceous), Burmese (mid-Cretaceous), Indian, Baltic and Rovno ambers (early to mid- Eocene) amber deposits have revealed high diversity and disparity of “mandibulate” Chironomidae taxa, scattered in the subfamilies Aenninae, Tanypodinae and Podonominae, within both crown and stem , possessing the complex functional mandibulae and laciniae.

Fig. 1. Head of mandibulate specimen of undescribed Tanypodinae female from Eocene amber. LCSM scan by Dr Tomasz Goral, NHM London.

What’s more, we have found functional mandibles in some highly derived Tanypodinae midges, as it confirmed by the geological records and dated phylogeny (Figure 1). A sum of evidence is seems to be pointing, towards multiple independent loss and reacquisitions of the mandibles by non-biting midges, in violation of the Dollo’s law, via re-evolution of complex, once lost character. Such case was only currently confirmed for the single clade’s evolution – the case of loss and re-acquisitions of the mandibular teeth by Page 40 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Gastrotheca frog (Wiens 2011). Thus detailed examination of the mandible evolution in Chironomidae will be not only a curious point in the clade’s evolution, but also would have a wider evolutionary relevance.

References Azar D., Veltz I., Nel, A. 2008. Mandibulate chironomids: primitive or derived? (Diptera: Chironomidae). Syst. Entomol. 33, 688-699. Cranston P.S., Edward D.H. 1998. Afrochlus Freeman: an African gondwanan midge and the phylogeny of the Podonominae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Syst. Entomol. 23, 77-90. Cranston P.S., Edward D.H., Colless D.H. 1987. Archaeochlus Brundin: a midge out of time (Diptera: Chironomidae). Syst. Entomol. 12, 313-334. Lukashevich E.D., Przhiboro A.A. 2011. New Chironomidae (Diptera) with elongate from the of Mongolia. ZooKeys 130, 307-322. Wiens J.J., 2011. Re‐evolution of lost mandibular teeth in frogs after more than 200 million years, and re‐evaluating Dollo's law. Evolution 65, 1283-1296.

ŻYŁA D. Dating fossils with molecules – innovative approach to determine the age of Baltic amber. Introduction to the project

DAGMARA ŻYŁA

Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, [email protected]

The Planetary Tree of Life with its magnificent canopy of all living species stemming from a common ancestor needs a time scale. For centuries, fossils from reliably dated geological layers were the only source for such scale. The main drawback of palaeontology though, was the extreme scarcity of fossils and often their fragmentary preservation. In this respect smaller-sized extinct species trapped in ancient resins (amber) stand out for the excellent degree of their preservation. In particular, Baltic amber from Northern Europe is an outstanding deposit due to the great numbers and diversity of preserved organisms. Although it is the richest source of fossils ever, science has consistently failed to define the geological age of Baltic amber. The proposed age ranges from Early to Late Eocene (50 to 30 or even 25 mya), which limits the utility of all Baltic amber fossils in evolutionary divergence time estimation. The core idea of this project is to apply an innovative approach of precise dating for this problematic but highly important fossil deposit by using temporal genetic information of their recent descendants, phenotypes shared by extinct and extant species, and powerful statistical methods. I propose to time-calibrate Baltic amber fossils using a robust molecular- driven phylogeny of the taxonomic group those fossils belong to. I will use the molecular and morphological dataset from my previous project and expand it on morphological data of Baltic amber and other, but well- dated Cenozoic fossils to use them in a phylogenetic context. With these data, I will apply an existing method for divergence time estimation, the so-called total-evidence dating (TED) under the fossilized birth-death (FBD) process with its extension, to jointly estimate divergence times and phylogenetic relationships within my study group. The extension of the method will allow for phylogenetic estimation of the age of fossils from Baltic amber, and thus the amber itself. Among insect inclusions of Baltic amber rove beetles (Staphylinidae) form a considerable but very poorly explored fraction (Alekseev and Alekseev 2016). This is natural since they are the largest family of beetles (Coleoptera) that is extremely diverse (ca. 62000 described species) and abundant in different habitats (Thayer 2016). Among them, members of the subfamily Paederinae are especially common in Baltic amber (Bogri et al. in press, pers. obs.). They are one of the most diverse subfamilies, comprising more than 220 genera and about 6300 species worldwide, adapted to various forest microhabitats where, as predators, they Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 41 hunt for their prey. They have a substantial fossil record that spans more than 100 million years, and represents all major lineages, with almost all of them present in Baltic amber. It is probably because the climate of the Baltic amber forest was presumably subtropical and wet, which perfectly matches their recent requirements. The project will be mostly based on the data resulting from my previous project on phylogeny of recent Paederinae (Żyła and Solodovnikov in prep.), which consists of morphological data and genetic data of 6 genes (5 nuclear: CAD, Wg, ArgK, TP, 28S and 1 mitochondrial: COI). During the proposed project, this dataset will be complemented with fossils from different types of Baltic amber and extinct species from other, well- dated deposits, especially of the Eocene age. The project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 program within the framework of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, Individual Fellowship – Global Fellowship. It will be conducted between Iowa State University of Science and Technology and University of Gdańsk.

References Alekseev V. & Alekseev P. 2016. New approaches for reconstruction of the ecosystem of an Eocene amber forest. Biology Bulletin 43 (1), 75-86. Bogri A., Solodovnikov A., Żyła D. Baltic amber impact on historical biogeography and palaeoclimate research: Oriental Dysanabatium found in the Eocene Europe. Pap. Palaeontol. (in press) Thayer M. 2016. Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802. in: Handbook of Zoology. Walter De Gruyter Berlin/Boston, 394-442. Żyła D., Solodovnikov A. Towards the natural classification of Paederinae rove beetles using total-evidence approach (in prep.) Page 42 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

POSTERS

CARBUCCIA B., ROLLARD C., NEL A., GARROUSTE R. The Araneae of the Lowermost Eocene Oise amber: an unexpected palaeodiversity

BENJAMIN CARBUCCIA, CHRISTINE ROLLARD, ANDRÉ NEL, ROMAIN GARROUSTE

ISYEB, Department Origins and Evolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) & Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France, [email protected]

Family-level and, when possible, lower rank , has been led on 154 specimens, representing all well-preserved enough spider inclusions from Oise amber (Lower Ypresian, MP7 mammalian level, lowermost Eocene, 55-53 Ma B.P.), stored in the MNHN (Paris, France) collections. The 154 samples have been selected among the 350 arachnid-containing amber fragments for the completeness of their inclusions (the whole collection has been examined and sorted). 23 families have been identified, that is, 14 more than what was previously known (Penney, 2006, 2007a, b). In addition to that, 3 specimens have been considered particular enough to be regarded as unidentified, distinct families. Statistical estimators predicted a diversity about thirty families, which currently allow us to consider Oise spider fauna as fairly well-known. Furthermore, several adult specimens have been identified to a lower taxonomic level, including a new species in the genus Segestria, a new myrmecomorphic Archaeidae (the first adult male for the genus Myrmecarchaea and the first occurrence of this genus outside of Baltic amber), and the oldest known Theridiidae Argyrodinae. This diversity was regarded as high enough to allow multivariate comparative analyses, in order to confront this fauna with some other fossil and extant assemblages, and extract information on paleoecology and spider macroevolution. 19 extant and 10 fossil faunal assemblages were included in the analyses. Because of the high number of absences (notably in fossil sites), non-symmetrical correspondence analysis was chosen as preferred method. Ypresian Oise ecosystem was reconstructed as a hot intertropical palaeoenvironment, with marked seasonality, including a very wet season; besides this, a strong affinity with Palaeotropical and Australasian extant faunas has been highlighted. All these results match with statistically untested inferences based on other Oise ypresian fossils, Insects in particular. The habitat sampled by Oise amber seems to be the arboreal strata of an open, evergreen forest. Furthermore, the multivariate analyses highlight a marked difference between Mesozoic and Cenozoic faunas, which have been attributed to a major diversification of some spider groups, Dionycha in particular, between terminal and lowermost Eocene. Besides, the middle Eocene Central European spider assemblages seem fairly distinct from Oise fauna, which could be caused by lower Eocene major climate change. However, these conclusions need to be put in perspective with the incompleteness of the amber fossil record, and the poorly known taphonomic sampling bias, which influence amber faunal assemblages.

References Penney D. 2006. The oldest fossil pholcid and selenopid spiders (Araneae) in Lowermost Eocene amber from the Paris Basin, France. J. Arachnol. 34 (3). 592-598. Penney D. 2007. A new fossil oonopid spider in lowermost Eocene amber from the Paris Basin, with comments on the fossil spider assemblage. Afr. Invertebr. 48 (1). 71-75. Penney D., Dierick M., Cnudde V., Masschaele B., Vlassenbroeck J., Van Hoorebeke L. and Jacobs P. 2007. First fossil Micropholcommatidae (Araneae), imaged in Eocene Paris amber using X-Ray Computed Tomography. Zootaxa, 1623: 47-53. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 43

JORDAN-STASIŁO W., KRZEMIŃSKI W., KANIA I., MIAZGA N. Rhabdomastix Skuse, 1980 in Eocene Baltic amber (Diptera: Limoniidae)

WIKTORIA JORDAN-STASIŁO1, WIESŁAW KRZEMIŃSKI2, IWONA KANIA1, NATALIA MIAZGA1

1 Department of Ecology and Environmental Biology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, PL35-601 Rzeszów, Poland, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Natural History Museum, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Sebastiana 9, PL31-049 Kraków, Poland, [email protected]

The genus Rhabdomastix Skuse, 1980 belongs to family Limoniidae and subfamily . Family Limoniidae is subdivided into two extinct subfamilies are Architipulinae Handlirsh 1906 and Eotipulinae Kalugina and Kovalev 1985 (Starý 1992, Oosterbroek 2018) and four extant subfamilies: Chioneinae Rondani, 1841, with 60 genera and 81 subgenera (= Eriopterinae Van Der Wulp 1877; see Starý 1992), Bigot, 1854 (52 genera, 57 subgenera), Speiser, 1909 comprises 34 genera with 73 subgenera and Dactylolabinae Alexander, 1920 with single genus subdivided into four subgenera. The representatives of the genus Rhabdomastix, like other Limoniidae, characterize by slender body with long, easily breaking legs. The antennae of representatives of this genus are composed usually of cylindrical flagellomeres. Wings of these insects are elongate, with subcostal vein (Sc) reaching costal vein (C) and with transverse vein sc-r, with closed discal cell and two anal veins presented (Alexander and Byers 1981, Savchenko et al. 1992, Brown et al. 2009). The abdomen is ended by hypopygium with two pairs of gonostyles, or elongated composed of two pairs of blade-like valves and a pair of cerci. The oldest representatives of genus Rhabdomastix are known from Cretaceous of Burma – Rhabdomastix jarzembowskii Krzemiński, 2004. In Eocene Baltic amber the representatives of the genus Rhabdomastix are comparatively numerous and not very differentiated. To that day less than twenty species have been described from Baltic amber. A few species are known from of USA and Miocene of Germany (Evenhuis 1994, 2017). New materials of Rhabdomastix in Eocene Baltic amber give us more information about morphology of these insects existed in Eocene and let us to say more about systematic position of particular species among the genus.

Fig. 1. The representative of the genus Rhabdomastix Skuse, 1980 in Eocene Baltic amber. A. Photograph of habitus, lateral view; Coll. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences (ISEA PAS); B. photograph of habitus, fronto-ventral view; Coll. C. and H.-W. Hoffeins.

References Alexander C.P. 1920. The crane-flies of New York. Part II. Biology and phylogeny. Mem., Corn. Univ. Agricult. Exp. Stat. 38, 691-1133. Alexander C.P., Byers G.W. 1981. Tipulidae, in: McAlpine J. F. et al. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Biosyst. Res. Cent., Monograph 27, Ottawa, Ontario, 153-190. Brown B.V. 2009. A new species of Xenotriphleba Buck (Diptera: Phoridae) from Baltic amber. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 111 (1), 33-37. Evenhuis N.L. 1994. Catalogue of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Backhuys, Leiden. Page 44 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Evenhuis N. L. 2017. Catalog of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera) website. Version. 2.0. Last update 18 January 2017 Available at: http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fossilcat/ Handlirsch A. 1906-1908. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Ein Handbuch für Paläontologen und Zoologen. Engelmann, Leipzig. Kalugina N.S., Kovalev V.G. 1985. Dipterous insects of Jurassic . Nauka, Moscow 198 pp. [In Russian.] Krzemiński W. 2004. Fossil Limoniidae (Diptera, ) from Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber of Myanmar. Journ. Syst. Palaeont. 2 (2) 123-125. Ooosterbroek P. 2018. Catalogue of the Crane-flies of the World. (Diptera, : Pediciidae, Limoniidae, Cylindrotomidae, Tipulidae). http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/ccw/index. php. Last updated 23 January 2018. Rondani C. 1841. Progetto di una classificazione in famiglie degli insetti ditteri Europei. Mem. terza per servir alla ditter. it. 1-28. Savchenko E. N., Oosterbroek P., Stary J. 1992. Family Limoniidae, in: Soos A., Papp L., Oosterbroek P. (eds.), Catalogue of Palearctic Diptera. Vol. I. – Nymphomyidae. Hung. Nat. Hist. Mus., 183-369. Speiser P. 1909. 4 Orthorapha. Orthorapha Nematocera. Wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der Schwedischen zoologischen expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Mass. Deut.-Ost. 1905– 1906, unter leitung von prof. dr. Yngve Sjostedt. (Diptera) 10, 31-65. Starý J. 1992. Phylogeny and classification of Tipulomorpha, with special emphasis on the family Limoniidae. Acta zool. crac. 35, 11-36. van der Wulp F.M. 1877. Diptera Neerlandica. I. Nijhoffs Gravenhage.

KANIA I., WOJTOŃ M., KRZEMIŃSKI W., WANG B. Anisopodidae Knab, 1912 (Diptera, Nematocera) in Cretaceous Burmese amber

IWONA KANIA1, MACIEJ WOJTOŃ1, WIESŁAW KRZEMIŃSKI2, BO WANG3,4

1Department of Ecology and Environmental Biology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, PL35-601 Rzeszów, Poland, [email protected] 2 Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sławkowska 17, PL31-016 Kraków, Poland, [email protected] 3State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 39, East East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China, [email protected] 4Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.

Anisopodidae Knab, 1912 (Diptera, Nematocera) are comparatively small and relatively primitive flies, but cosmopolitan, found on all continents except , on most major islands like Indonesia or Madagascar and they are rather rare on small, “oceanic” islands, were recorded e.g. on Canaries, Lord Howe, Madeira, New Caledonia, Seychelles and Fiji (Thompson 2006). These feed on and other liquids insects whose saprophagous larva occur under of decaying organic matter, associated with fungi or rotting vegetation, fermenting sap and mammal manure (Grimaldi and Amorim 1995, Scudder and Cannings 2006) are known from fossil record of Jurassic, Cretaceous and other periods like Eocene. The study material of Anisopodidae are inclusions in the amber from the Hukawng Valley in Burma named ‘burmite’ (Helm 1892, 1893). The amber from northern Myanmar (Burmese amber) is establishing an earliest Cenomanian age for the fossilized inclusions (Figure 1). Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 45

Fig. 1. The representative of Anisopodidae Knab, 1912 in Cretaceous Burmese amber; Coll. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China. A. photograph of habitus, latero-dorsal view; B. photograph of head, frontal view.

References Grimaldi D.A., Amorim D.S. 1995. A basal new species of Olbiogaster (Diptera: Anisopodidae) in Dominican amber, and its systematic placement. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 97, 561-568. Knab F. 1912. New species of Anisopodidae (Rhyphidae) from tropical America (Diptera: Nemocera) [sic!]. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 25, 111-113. Helm O. 1892. On a new, fossil, amber-like resin occurring in Burma. Rec. Geol. Surv. India 25, 180-181. Helm O. 1893. Further note on Burmite, a new amber-like fossil resin from Upper Burma. Rec. of Geol. Surv. of Ind. 26, 61-64. Scudder G.G.E., Cannings R.A. 2006. The Diptera families of British Columbia. University of British Columbia. 1-158. Thompson C. 2006. New Mesochria species (Diptera: Anisopodidae) from Fiji, with notes on the classification of the family. Evenhuis N.L., Bickel D.J. (eds.), Fiji Arthropods IV. Bish. Mus. Occas. Pap. 86, 11-21.

KASZYCA N., WĘGIEREK P., DEPA Ł., TASZAKOWSKI A. Invertebrates in contemporary, coniferous resins – an insight into the ecosystem?

NATALIA KASZYCA, PIOTR WĘGIEREK, ŁUKASZ DEPA, ARTUR TASZAKOWSKI

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland, [email protected]

Amber is considered as one of the best media for the fossilization of organic soft tissues such as arthropods, plant remains, and microorganisms (Grimaldi and Agosti 2000, Wier et al. 2002, Schmidt et al. 2006, Poinar and Poinar 2008) and thus, it represents an original opportunity to document past ecosystems (Antoine et al. 2006; Schmidt et al. 2006; Girard et al. 2009) and palaeoenvironmental conditions (Azar et al. 2003, Aquilina et al. 2013). However, such inclusions cannot be considered a representative sampling of the environment in which they originated (Poinar and Poinar 2008). First losses of information occur during the process of fossilization, when specimens trapped in resin may be removed from it by other animals or by atmospheric phaenomena (Zherikhin 2002, Martinez-Delclós et al. 2004). What is preserved, not always is an outright representation of the ecosystem. Winged species may be blown with wind even from distant Page 46 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 habitats and thus, may give insight into the ecosystems of areas surrounding the amber forest, but their presence may also disrupt proper recognition of the amber fauna and their ecosystem. It is thus crucial to know, to what extent the taphofauna of amber/resin represents the zoocoenosis of the forest ecosystem in which it originated (Zherikhin and Sukatsheva 1989, Schmidt and Dilcher 2007). Such studies were previously conducted by Zherikhin and Sukatcheva (1989) in various areas of eastern Europe and far east of Asia. The aim of the presented study was to examine the composition of the taphofauna of inclusions in recent coniferous resins, collected in forests of Central Europe. The research was carried out in the south-eastern Poland, in the Low Beskid Mts. This geographic consists of a drainage dividing montane range arranged from east to west and it is divided by a few low mountain passes. The forests are of foothill and montane altitudinal zone, but there occur spots with relic forests from earlier periods of other climatic conditions (Kondracki 2013). Among the deciduous trees the most abundant is beech (Fagus sylvatica). Among the conifers, the dominant tree species is fir (Abies alba), but also (Picea abies), pine (Pinus sylvestris) and larch (Larix decidua) are very often. Apart from the forests, there are also pastures, barren fields and shrublands. In Bartne, the total number of 199 specimens was extracted from 591 g of resin. Among the remains, a cadaver of single was identified, 40 cadavers of chelicerates and a predominant number of 158 specimens of various groups of insects (mainly hymenopterans and dipterans). At Wysowa- Zdrój, the total number of 195 specimens were extracted from 675 g of resin. Among the remains, cadavers of 6 were identified, 32 cadavers of chelicerates and a predominant number of 156 specimens of various groups of insects. Also, single remain of a mollusk (gastropod) was detected. Among insects, trapped in resins, we recorded representatives of 10 orders, from 15 living in Poland, but they were very unevenly represented in the collected material (Figure 1). Some specimens were significantly fragmented, due to various processes of necrolysis after entrapment in resin (Martinez-Delclòs et al. 2004) but many were in very good condition, allowing determination not only to the taxonomic order, but even to species. Presented results indicate, that even a small quantity of resin may contain quite diverse and complex fragment of the ecosystem. The mean quantity of resin required to trap a single invertebrate was in this study 2.77 g (SD 1.33), ranging from 1.17 g to 4.36 g, being the number comparable to mean quantity of amber/per inclusion in the Museum of Amber Inclusions at the University of Gdansk (Perkovsky et al. 2007). This also means that contemporary resins have high efficiency of trapping insects, but it may also depend on its type and place of origin (Zherikhin 1978).

References Antoine P.O., De Franceschi D., Flynn J.J., Nel A., Baby P., Benammi M., Calderón Y., Espurt N., Goswami A., Salas- Gismondi R. 2006. Amber from western Amazonia reveals Neotropical diversity during the middle Miocene. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 103, 13595-13600. Aquilina L., Girard V., Henin O., Bouhnik-Le Coz M., Vilbert D., Perrichot V., Néraudeau D. 2013. Amber. inorganic geochemistry: New insights into the environmental. processes in a Cretaceous forest of France. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 69, 220-227. Azar D Nel A Gèze R. 2003. Use of Lebanese amber inclusions in paleoenvironmental reconstruction, dating and paleobiogeography. Acta zool. cracov. 46 (suppl. – Fossil Insects), 393-398. Girard V., Schmidt A.R., Struwe S., Perrichot V., Breton G., Néraudeau D. 2009. Taphonomy and palaeoecology of mid- Cretaceous amber-preserved microorganisms from southwestern France. Geodiversitas 31, 153-162. Grimaldi D., Agosti D. 2000. A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 97, 13678-13683. Kondracki J. 2013. Geografia regionalna Polski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Warszawa. Martínez-Delclòs X., Briggs D.E.G., Peñalver E. 2004. Taphonomy of insects in carbonates and amber. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 203, 19-64. Perkovsky E.E., Rasnitsyn A.P., Vlaskin A.P., Taraschuk M.V. 2007. A comparative analysis of the Baltic and arthropod faunas: representative samples. Afr. Invertebr. 48 (1), 229-245. Poinar G.O. Jr., Poinar R. 2008. The Amber Forest. A Reconstruction of a Vanished World. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 47

Schmidt A.R., Dilcher D.L. 2007. Aquatic organisms as amber inclusions and examples from a modern swamp forest. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 104, 16581-16585. Schmidt A.R., Ragazzi E., Coppellotti O., Roghi G. 2006. A microworld in Triassic amber. Nature 444, 835. Wier A., Dolan M., Grimaldi D., Guerrero R., Wagensberg J., Margulis L. 2002. Spirochete and protist symbionts of a (Mastotermes electrodominicus) in Miocene amber. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 99, 1410-1413. Zherikhin V.V., Sukatsheva I.D. 1989. [Patterns of the insects burial in resins], in: Sokolov B.S. (Ed.) [Sedimentary cover of the Earth in space and time. Stratigraphy and paleontology]. Nauka, Moskva, 84-92. [in Russian] Zherikhin V.V. 2002. Patterns of insect burial and conservation, in: Rasnitsyn A.P., Quicke D.L.J. (Eds). History of insects. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 17-63.

KRZEMIŃSKI W., KOPEĆ K., SKIBIŃSKA K., SOSZYŃSKA-MAJ A., KANIA I. Diptera Nematocera from the Myanmar amber in the collection of the Natural History Museum ISEA PAS

WIESŁAW KRZEMIŃSKI1, KATARZYNA KOPEĆ1, KORNELIA SKIBIŃSKA1, AGNIESZKA SOSZYŃSKA-MAJ2, IWONA KANIA3

1 Natural History Museum, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Sebastiana 9, 31-049 Kraków, Poland, [email protected] 2 Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland, [email protected] 3 Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland, [email protected]

Inclusions from the Myanmar amber (100 my) have a great meaning in elucidation of the evolution and phylogeny of Diptera Nematocera. Even though new materials were obtained from small area and short geological period, they are surprisingly abundant and very diverse. Thanks to the grant from the National Science Center in Poland for pursue the project entitled: “Mesozoic stage of evolution of the nematocerous Diptera in context of contemporary biogeographical changes; importance of this group to the evolution of the order” the Natural History Museum ISEA PAS bought about 70 specimens from the Myanmar amber to its collection (Figure 1). In this new material following families of Diptera Nematocera are present: Anisopodidae, , Cecidomyiidae, Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, Corethrellidae, Culicidae, , Limoniidae, , Psychodidae, , Tanyderidae. Initial analysis showed a number of interesting and new for the science taxa (genera and species).

Fig. 1. Examples of the inclusions of Diptera Nematocera in the Myanmar amber. Page 48 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

PIELIŃSKA A. From the research of the Baltic amber flora

ALICJA PIELIŃSKA

Polish Academy of Sciences Museum of the Earth in Warsaw, Al. Na Skarpie 20/27, 00-488 Warsaw, Poland, [email protected]

In 1961 were published two important works about Baltic amber flora (Czeczott 1961) and Baltic amber parent tree (Schubert 1961). Professor Hanna Czeczott compiled a list of 216 Latin names of the plants of Paleogene amber forests, which resulted in a Polish-English publication “The composition and age of the flora of the Baltic amber. Part One” (Czeczott 1961; see also Pielińska 2008). On this basis, Prof. Czeczott continued the study of amber forest working on parts the 2nd, the 3rd and 4th (Garbowska 2002). On the basis of Professor Czeczott work, and subsequent publications by other authors (Kosmowska- Ceranowicz 1996, Pielińska 1990, 1997, Poinar 1992), Dr. Aleksandra Kohlman-Adamska from the Department of Palaeobotany of the PAS Museum of the Earth in Warsaw developed a reconstruction of Paleogene amber forests (Kohlman-Adamska 1997, 2001). List of 21st century publications about Baltic amber flora is not to short (for example by Frahm 2010, Grolle, Meister 2004, Langenheim 2003, Penney 2010, Pielińska 2001, Scheven 2004, Wichard, Weitschat 2005), so the list of Baltic amber plants is over 100 richer than at the moment of the first scientific reconstruction by A. Kohlman-Adamska.

References Czeczott H. 1961. The flora of the Baltic amber and its age. First part. Prace Muz. Ziemi 4, 119-145. Frahm J.-P. 2010. Die Laubmossflora des Baltischen Bernsteinwaldes. Weissdorn Verlag, Jena. Garbowska J. 2002. Materiały Hanny Czeczott (1888-1982). Muzeum Ziemi. Opracowania Dokumentacyjne 19, 24-62. Grolle R., Meister K. 2004. The Liverworts in Baltic and Bitterfeld Amber. Weissdorn Verlag, Jena. Kohlman-Adamska A. 1997. Reconstructing an amber forest on the basis of plant inclusions in Baltic amber, in: Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B. (Ed.) Baltic amber and other fossil resins. 997 Urbs Gyddanyzc – 1997 Gdańsk. International Interdisciplinary Symposium. Gdańsk, 2-6 September 1997. Museum of the Earth/Scientific conferences/Abstracts 9, 26-27. Kohlman-Adamska A. 2001. Reconstructing an amber forest on the basis of plant inclusions in Baltic amber, in: Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B. (Ed.) The Amber Treasure Trove. Part I. The Tadeusz Giecewicz`s Collection at the Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. Museum of the Earth. Documentary studies 18, 15-18. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B. 1996. Flora bursztynu, in: Malinowska L., Piwocki M. (Eds.) Budowa geologiczna Polski. III. Atlas skamieniałości przewodnich I charakterystycznych. 3a. Kenozoik. Trzeciorzęd. Paleogen. Warszawa, 433-435, 471-483. Langenheim J.H. 2003. Plant Resins: Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, and Ethnobotany. Timber Press, Portland. Penney D. (Ed.) 2010. Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester. Pielińska A. 1990. The list of plant inclusions in Baltic amber from collection of the Museum of the Earth in Warsaw (shortened version). Prace Muz. Ziemi 41, 147-148. Pielińska A. 1997. Inclusions of wood in the amber collections of the Museum of the Earth in Warsaw. Metalla Sonderheft 66, 25-28. Pielińska A. 2001. Plant inclusions in Baltic amber, in: Kosmowska-Ceranowicz (Ed.) The Amber Treasure Trove. Part I. The Tadeusz Giecewicz`s Collection at the Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. Museum of the Earth. Documentary studies 18, 5-14. Pielińska A. 2008. Families and genera of the Eocene amberiferous forests after the list by professor Hanna Czeczott, 1961 “The Flora of the Baltic Amber and its Age”. Bursztynisko 30, 20-22. Poinar G.O. 1992. Life in amber. Stanford University Press, Stanford. Scheven J. 2004. Bernstein-Einschlüsse. Eine untergegangene Welt bezeugt die Schöpfung – Erinnerungen an die Welt vor der Sintflut. Baltischer und Dominikanischer Bernstein photographiert und erklärt von Joachim Scheven. Die Bernstein-Dokumentation. Kuratorium Lebendige Vorwelt, Hofheim a. Taunus. Schubert K. 1961. Neue Untersuchungen über Bau und Leben der Bernsteinkiefern [Pinus succinifera (Conw.) emend.]. Ein Beiträg zur Paläohistologie der Pflanzen. Beih. Geol. Jb. 45, 1-149. Wichard W., Weitschat W. 2005. Im Bernsteinwald. 2nd Ed., Gerstenberg Verlag, Hildersheim. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 49

TISCHER M., BOJARSKI B., GORCZAK M., PAWŁOWSKA J., SZCZEPANIAK K., WRZOSEK M. The diversity of fossil fungi in Baltic amber

MARTA TISCHER1, BŁAŻEJ BOJARSKI2, MICHAŁ GORCZAK1, JULIA PAWŁOWSKA1, KATARZYNA SZCZEPANIAK3, MARTA WRZOSEK1

1 Department of Molecular and Evolution, University of Warsaw, 101, Żwirki i Wigury St., PL02-089 Warszawa, Poland, [email protected] 2 Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, 59, Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland 3 Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences 20/26, Aleja Na Skarpie St., PL00-488 Warszawa, Poland

Baltic amber is a common and well studied European fossil resin, dated to Eocene epoch. It is widely accepted that it was produced in Fennoscandian forest, likely by trees from family Sciadopityaceae. Detailed inclusions of preserved entrapped organisms, represent an extensive diversity of arthropods and plants but also poorly documented fungi. Hitherto, few species of fossil fungi were found and described from Baltic amber (none from Polish collections). Our research focused on light-microscopy of previously selected inclusions in Baltic amber specimens shared by collections of three largest Polish museums (Museum of Amber Inclusions, Univeristy of Gdańsk, Natural History Museum, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, PAS in Kraków, Museum of the Earth, PAS in Warsaw) and private collection of Mrs. Christel and Mr. Hans-Werner Hoffeins (Hamburg, Germany). During the investigation we predominantly found and described several early life stages of entomopathogenic fungi resembling genera Zoophthora and Simplicillium as well as entomophilous fungi like Scopulariopsis on insects remnants. The another numerously represented group in the studied material were filamentous fungal forms with conidiophores, which occurred in humid soil litter habitats. We also recorded specimens of saprotrophic organism related to plants and , e.g. Periconia-like and Penicillium-like forms, which are the first and the oldest known representatives of those genera in the fossil record. This study substantially increases knowledge on the ecological and taxonomical diversity of Eocene fungi in Fennoscandian forest, which so far was neglected due to difficulties with interpretation of the available material.

WOJTOŃ M., KANIA I., KRZEMIŃSKI W. First Mycetobia Meigen, 1818 in Cretaceous Burmese amber (Diptera, Anisopodidae)

MACIEJ WOJTOŃ1, IWONA KANIA1, WIESŁAW KRZEMIŃSKI2

1 Department of Ecology and Environmental Biology, University of Rzeszów, 4, Zelwerowicza St., PL35-601 Rzeszów, Poland, [email protected], [email protected] 2 Natural History Museum, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, 9, Św. Sebastiana St., PL31-049 Kraków, Poland, [email protected]

The genus Mycetobia Meigen, 1818 (Diptera, Anisopodoidea) in Recent fauna is not numerous, the information about fossil record of this genus is comparatively poor (Evenhuis 1994, 2017). The oldest representatives of the genus Mycetobia are known from Eocene, mainly from Baltic amber, but first fossil Mycetobia was described in 1878 by Scudder from Eocene of USA. Only a few species of Mycetobia are known from Baltic amber and were described by Meunier (1899), these known from Miocene were described from Dominican Republic by Grimaldi (1991). New materials of Mycetobia from Cretaceous Burmese amber give us new view on all group of Anisopodoidea. A new discovery is the oldest representative of Mycetobia Page 50 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 and the evidence that this insects existed over 100 million years ago in epoch of huge dinosaurs, the time of rapid changes of flora and fauna.

References Evenhuis N.L. 1994. Catalogue of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Backhuys, Leiden. Evenhuis N.L. 2017. Catalog of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera) website. Version. 2.0. Last update 18 January 2017 Available at: http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fossilcat/ Grimaldi D.A. 1991. Mycetobiine woodgnats (Diptera: Anisopodidae) from the Oligo-Miocene amber of the Dominican Republic, and Old World affinities. Am. Mus. Nov. 3014, 1-24. Meigen J.W. 1818. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. Erster Theil. F.W. Forstmann, Aachen. Meunier F. 1899. Revision des diptères fossiles types de Loew conservés au Musée Provincial de Koenigsberg [part]. Misc. Ent. 7, 161-165. Scudder S.H. 1878. The fossil insects of the Green River shales. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. of the Terr. 4, 747-776. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 51 STYLISTICS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY OF AMBER PRODUCTS IN 3RD-1ST MILLENNIUM BC: LOCAL AND INTERREGIONAL PERSPECTIVE

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

KAUR S., STOUT E. Elucidation of origin, age and authenticity of ambers through chemical characterization KEYNOTE lecture

SARJIT KAUR, EDITH STOUT

Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA, [email protected], [email protected]

Ambers characterized by FTIR spectroscopy were compared to authentic samples in our Amber Research Laboratory (ARL) IR database, and further evaluated using GCMS analysis when possible. This approach proved definitive in verification and differential characterization of ambers from different origins. While Baltic amber is typically determined by FTIR spectroscopy, GCMS provides corroborating information for samples in varying states of degradation and general classification of ambers based on their chemical composition (diterpenes versus triterpenes). The analysis and interpretation of several “ambers” received from different sources (a private collector1, entomologist2 and select samples from archaeological sites3, 4) will be presented. These studies probe a) authenticity of a polystyrene based ‘amber’ versus Siegburgite amber, b) differential characterization of gedano, gedanite-succinite and Baltic amber, c) reevaluation of a previously characterized Baltic amber and d) inferences drawn based on location where ambers were collected.

References 1Kaur S., Stout E. and Calvert N. 2015. Evaluation of an Unknown Amber Sample, ARL report #194, private communication to Carrie Wallace, USA. 2 Kaur S. and Stout E. 2014. Characterization of Possible Baltic Amber found with a Inclusion, ARL report #191, private communication to Dr. Anthony Cognato, State University, USA. 3Kaur S., Stout E. and Schwartz M. 2015. Infrared Spectroscopy of Ambers from European Iron Age Cemeteries, ARL report #188, private communication to Ms. Antje Sprung, University of Bochum, Germany. 4 Kaur S., Stout E., Li T., Bonifacio K. and Morse L. 2016. Analysis of Amber Beads From the Macchiabate Necropolis of the Timpone della Motta settlement in South Italy. ARL report #193, private communication to Dr. Camilla Colombi, Departement Altertumswissenschaften der Universität Basel Klassische Archäologie, Switzerland. Page 52 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

RAMSTAD M. Neolithic amber in Norway and social dynamics the in 3th millennium BC in Scandinavia.

MORTEN RAMSTAD

University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Haakon Sheteligs plass 10, 5020 Bergen, Norway, [email protected]

The presentation will take as its starting point a relatively limited number of Neolithic amber objects from Norway found thousands of kilometres north and west of their natural deposits in the Baltic region. An assessment of their dating and cultural context is followed by an evaluation of old assumptions regarding the distribution of amber in Norway and its relationship with the grand narratives of the Late Neolithic. In the second part of the presentation, I will relate the Norwegian Stone Age amber to the broader cultural and material developments during the Neolithic period in Scandinavia. Based on different sets of arguments concerning amber beads and their symbolic meaning I will explore how they can contribute to a deeper understanding of social processes in these vast geographical areas. At the core of the argument is an approach taking into account different aspects of the beads themselves. I will here not only explore the close relationship between exchange and social transformation but also that the introduction and use of amber may represent a new material rationality and logic.

IRŠĖNAS M. Juodkrantė (Schwarzort) amber figurines: between north and south

MARIUS IRŠĖNAS Vilnius Academy of Arts, Institute of Art Research, Maironio g. 6, 01124 Vilnius, Lithuania, [email protected]

In 1882, Richard Klebs described 434 amber artefacts and published 12 tables comprising 206 pictures of these amber items in his 75-page treatise Der Bernsteinschmuck der Steizeit von der Baggerei bei Schwarzort und anderen Lokalitäten Preussens aus der Sammlungen der Firma Stantien and Becker und der physik.- ökonom. Gesellschaft (Klebs, 1882). The majority of the amber artefacts published in his work was found during amber extraction in the Curonian Lagoon, approx. 650 m from the coastal line near Juodkrantė (Schwarzort). His book also describes amber artefacts that ended up in the hands of Stantien and Becker and the Physical-Economic Society (physikalisch-ökonomishen Gesellschaft) of Königsberg from other sites in the Curonian Spit and Prussia (Ritzkowski and Weisgerber, 1999). The collection of ambers published by Klebs may be regarded as representative of a geographical unit because the finds from other Prussian locations were not very distant from Juodkrantė, the site where the main collection was found. The amber artefacts published by Klebs may be treated as the collection of Klebs himself, of Juodkrantė or of Königsberg, because the major part of this collection was kept in the aforementioned locations, only to be later scattered and lost. Thus today Kleb’s treatise is the main source for studying these amber pieces. It is to be noted, however, that after the war, 18 amber artefacts originally kept in Königsberg were moved to the University of Göttingen (Ritzkowski and Weisgerber, 1999). Five anthropomorphic figurines (Figure 1: 3-6) (the collection included eight such pieces) survived in Göttingen. For a long period of time the amber artefacts published by Klebs served as a referential means for evaluating new finds from the Baltic region (Brøgger, 1909) and represented the Stone Age art of the Baltic region (Hoernes, 1898). The texts published by Klebs and other authors in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and their subsequent works that focused on amber artefacts included audacious attempts to find their counterparts throughout Europe. Analogous artefacts were found in the Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 53 south of Europe: Transylvania, the Cyclades, and Troy. Although it may seem exotic, but maybe there have been some changes and new finds have emerged that confirm or refute the relationship between north and south? Let us take one more look at how the amber analogues published by Klebs fit in the European map (Figure 3). Klebs draws a comparison between the ambers from Juodkrantė collection and the archaeological finds from Prussia, Scandinavia and the Great Britain, and dates them to the Stone Age, and suggests that finds from Transylvania (Turda) and Austria are analogous to the amber figurines (Klebs, 1882, 67). Anton Wilhelm Brøgger (1909), in his overview of the ringidols from Juodkrantė, presents a diorite analogue from Troy. Richard Indreko (1957) includes the amber artefacts from Juodkrantė collection into the comparison chain starting with the Palaeolithic finds from Mezin, Kostenki, and ending with the Neolithic clay figurines from Finland. Siegfried Ritzkowski and Gerd Weisgerber (1999) in their text about the figurines from the amber collection rediscovered in the University of Göttingen and probably having in mind the figurine from Nidzica (Neidenburg) (Figure 1: 5), recalls the Violin-shaped Idols found in the Aegean Sea Region. Incidentally, Klebs (1882) also points out similarities to the heritage of Mycenaean and Trojan culture but at the same time emphasizes that the previously mentioned finds from Transylvania and Austria allow for a closer comparison. So far, archaeologists have distinguished the Karanovo and the Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complexes which contain abundant anthropomorphic figurines in clay and bone. When searching for artefacts analogous to Klebs’ ambers, one cannot but notice flat bone figurines (Hansen, 2007, Taf. 379: 14; 385, 420), the silhouette of which resembles, in general terms, that of the two figurines from Juodkrantė collection (Klebs, 1882, Taf. IX: 1, 2). Despite the perceived similarities, these figurines differ both in their silhouette and facial rendering. The southern influence can be found in the Violin-shaped figurine from Nidzica (Neidenburg) site (Figure 1: 5) (Klebs, 1882, Taf. X: 3a-c). Similar forms can be found in the Cyclades (Renfrew, 2017, Fig. 28.4), but the closest examples (in clay) are found in the Cucuteni cultural monuments (Cucuteni..., 2009, 108-110). However, these are not the exact replicas of the Nidzica figurine.

Fig. 1. The main types of Juodkrantė amber collection

The figurine from the collection found in Kruklanki (Krucklinnen) (Figure 1: 6) featuring very abstract, geometric forms, have its amber counterparts found in Gdansk and -Wielki Kack (Wyszomirska, 1984, 265, Pl. XIX; Bliujienė, 2007, Fig, 91). The latter figurines are smaller and have a different hole drilled for suspension. Similarly schematized figurines, in this case made of stone, were found in the megalithic chamber tombs in Spain: Loma de la Tore and Le Pernera (Sandars, 1985, fig. 216). When searching for artefacts analogous to the amber pieces from Juodkrantė collection, other items of interest include the treasure of Carbuna in Moldavia which is attributed to the Tripolye A or Pracucuteni III cultural period (Hansen, 2007, 271, Abb. 167). Figurines and pendants made of copper tinplate bear a great Page 54 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 resemblance to key shaped pendants or ringidols which different size variations are known from Troy in the south to Konchanskoe cemetery in the north of Russia. Five differently sized examples of ringidols were also been recorded in Juodkrantė collection (Klebs, 1882, Tafel VIII) (Figure 2). As many as 20 pieces of such artefacts were found in Abora to the north, near Lake Lubans (Loze, 2008, 86-89). A fragment of such ringidol was found in Daktariškė 5 settlement. Out of the aforesaid locations, the earliest dated examples are those from Carbuna, whereas the most recent ones are the finds of Abora and Hodasevichy (Charniauski, 2001).

Karbuna (Carbuna) 4800-4500 BC

Daktariškė 5 3096-2885 BC

Troy II 2600-2250 BC

Abora 2470-2050 BC

Hodasavichy 2000-1500 BC Juodkrantė Fig. 2. Dating of key shaped pendants or ringidols

Klebs includes 10 amber rings (Figure 2) in his book and his tables (Klebs, 1882, 18). Identical amber rings were found in the Zlota Culture graves located in the southern and northern part of Poland, in the outskirts of Gdańsk (Mazurowski, 1983). An even greater number of rings were found north of Juodkrantė: Šventoji (Rimantienė, 2001), Daktariškė 5 (Butrimas, 2001), Zvejnieki (Zagorska, 2001), area surrounding Lake Lubans (Loze, 2008), Akali (Jaanits, 1959), Kolmhara (Edgren, 1959), Kalmosarkka (Huurre, 1958). Slate rings were found along with amber artefacts in Zvejnieki (Zagorski, 1987) and Kukkarkoski (Ahola, 2015) burial grounds. A type of artefact akin to a ring is a disc with a smaller central hole and drilled cuts forming crosses (Figure 1: 1). Klebs (1882, 15-17) describes three such discs. Adomas Butrimas (2016, 90) has drawn up a map of the distribution of all presently known amber discs which was supplemented with other archaeological finds and published here (Figure 3). The map suggests that the southern distribution boundary of amber discs – southern Poland and north-west region of Ukraine – is related to Globular Amphora and Zlota cultures dating back to 3000 BC, whereas the disc found in the northernmost region of Daktariškė 5 settlement is dated to 3096-2885 BC (Butrimas, 2016, p. 89-91). It is worthwhile recalling the previously discussed Carbuna treasure (Müller-Karpe, 1968) which included a disc-shaped copper pendant with two lines of cuts forming a cross and which has similarities to the aforementioned amber discs (Figure 3). Klebs’ collection (1882, Taf.VIII: 20) included one crescent-shaped pendant (Figure 1: 9) the analogues of which were discovered in small numbers in the archaeological monuments and sites of Šventoji (Rimantienė, 2001), Abora (Loze, 2008) and Hero (Brøgger, 1909, Fig. 206-207). The collection also featured only one “phallic” shaped pendant (Klebs, 1882, Taf. VIII: 13) the closest counterparts of which in terms of shape were found in the territories of France (Brøgger, 1909, Fig. 257) and Italy (Pigna) (Müller-Karpe, 1968, Taf. 262: E). The axe-shaped and trapezoidal pendants, round and rectangular buttons, and tubular beads are distributed from Juodkrantė, as a relative point of reference, both to the north (Šventoji, Sarnate, Lubans, Zvejnieki, Repistche, Konchanskoe) and south-west (the entire territory of Poland) directions. Butrimas (2016, 40-41), in his description of the types of amber artefacts from the outskirts of Lake Biržulis, identified a high rate of concordance (12 out of 15) with the types of Juodkrantė collection. The monuments from the outskirts of Lake Biržulis and the amber artefacts from Daktariškė 5 and Daktariškė 1 are dated 3000 Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 55

BC (Butrimas, 2016, 102). It is likely that Juodkrantė collection is also of the similar age, but having in mind the analogues from the sites across a wider area, it is also possible to date them to 4000 BC and 2000 BC.

Fig. 3. Distribution of Juodkrantė collection amber (orange●) artefacts types and similar forms in other materials: copper (yellow ●), bone (grey ●), marble, diorite (white ○)

In summary, we can state that the set of artefacts that came to be known as the collection of Juodkrantė, the collection of Königsberg or Klebs’ collection accumulated during non-archaeological excavations and existing only in the book comprises different types of artefacts across a wide chronological spectrum and serves as a theoretical link between north and south. The rings included in the collection are known both in Poland and Finland. In Klebs’ collection, the amber discs with crosses which are mostly prevalent in the territories of the present-day Poland, Lithuania as well as East Prussia, are complemented with ringidols which were discovered in the sites to the north and east, in this case excluding exotic diorite and copper prototypes in the south of Europe. Klebs’ collection does not answer the question why and how the aforementioned similarities emerged but it serves as an exemplary catalogue of various amber artefacts including those which distribution patterns are now more or less clear and those of which we have very little knowledge. Page 56 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

References Ahola M. 2015. Tracing Neolithic Funerary Practices from Finnish Ochre Graves – a Case Study from Kukkarkoski Comb Ware Burial Ground. Thanatos 4/2, 23-41. Bliujienė A. 2007. Lietuvos priešistorės gintaras, Versus Aureus, Vilnius Brøgger A.W. 1909. Den arktiske Stenalder i Norge. Videnskabs-Selskabets Skrifter, II. Hist.-Filos. Klasse. No. 1, Christiania. Butrimas A. 2001. The Amber Ornament Collection from Daktariškė 5 Neolithic Settlement. Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis 22, 7-19. Butrimas A. 2016. Biržulis. Medžiotojai, žvejai ir senieji žemdirbiai X-II tūkstantmetyje pr. Kr. II Gintaras, Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla, Vilnius. Charniauski M.M. 2001. Amber on Archaeological Sites of Belarus. Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis 22, 141- 148.Cucuteni Culture art and religion. Kultura Cucuteni sztuka i religia, 2009. Mares I. (Eds.), Accent Print, Suceava. Edgren T. 1959. Kolmhaara-gravarna. Finkst Museum 66, 5-25. Hansen S. 2007. Bilder vom Menschen der Steinzeit. Untersuchungen zur anthropomorphen Plastik der Jungsteinzeit und Kupferzeit in Südosteuropa. Teil I: Text. Teil II: Tafeln 1-532. Archäologie in Eurasien 20, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz. Hoernes M. 1898. Urgeschichte der Bildenden Kunst in Europa von Anfängen bis um 500 v.Chr., Wien. Huurre M. 1958. Arkelogiska undersokningar i Suomussalmi. Finkst Museum 65, 52-63. Jaanits L. 1959. Poselenie Epokhi Neolita i Rannego Metala v Priustye Reky Emaigi (Estonskaja SSSR), Tallinn. Klebs R. 1882. Der Bernsteinschmuck der Steizeit von der Baggerei bei Schwarzort und anderen Lokalitäten Preussens. Beiträge zur Naturkunde Preussens 5, Königsberg. Loze I. 2008. Lubana ezera mitraja neolita dzintars un ta apstrades darbnicas, Latvijas vestures instituta apgads, Riga. Mazurowski R. 1983. Bursztyn w epoce kamienia na ziemiach polskich. Materiały Starożytne i Wczesnośredniowieczne 5, 7-134. Müller-Karpe H. 1968. Handbuch der Vorgeschichte. Jungsteinzeit. Tafeln. Bd. 2, München. Renfrew C. 2017. Cycladic Figurines, in: Insol T. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Figurines. Oxford University Press, pp. 637-658. Rimantienė R. 2001. Die Bernsteinerzeugnisse von Šventoji. Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis 22, 87-98. Ritzkowski S., Weisgerber G. 1999. Die neolitische Bernsteinartefakte der Bernstein-Sammlung der ehemaligen Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg i. Pr. Investigations into amber, in: Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B., Paner H. (Eds.), Investigations into Amber, Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Symposium, Baltic amber and other fossil resins 2-6 Sep. Gdansk, 137-150. Sandars N.K. 1995. Prehistoric art in Europe. Yale University Press. Wyszomirska B. 1984. Figurplastik och gravskick hos Nord – och Nordösteuropas neolitiska fångstkulturer. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, series in 4°, N° 18. Zagorska I. 2001. Amber Graves of Zvejnieki Burial Ground. Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis 22, 109-124. Zagorskis F. 1987. Zvejnieku akmens laikmeta kapulauks. Riga. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 57

MANASTERSKI D., KWIATKOWSKA K. Late Neolithic amber beads from Supraśl in the light of multi-faceted analysis

DARIUSZ MANASTERSKI1, KATARZYNA KWIATKOWSKA2

1University of Warsaw, Institute of Archaeology, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland, [email protected] 2Polish Academy of Sciences, Museum of the Earth in Warsaw, Na Skarpie 20/26, 27, 00-488 Warsaw, Poland, [email protected]

Amber used as a material for objects of particular significance (ornaments, amulets, votive offerings, etc.) is represented by many types (Kosmowska-Ceranowicz 2017). They include transparent, translucent and opaque varieties in colours of the yellow palette, which were preferred by pre-historic societies. In the case of these groups, it could only be speculated that both the colour and flammability were associated with fire and the sun (Świerzowska 2003). This symbolism could be illustrated by amber discs, often additionally decorated with patterns of solar stylistics, which are known from archaeological cultures of the Late Neolithic/Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age (Okulicz 1973; Mazurowski 1983; Czebreszuk 2011). In many cases, prestigious objects, such as weapons, were carved in amber, or amber details were combined with metal – gold, copper and bronze (Mazurowski 1983; Bukowski 2002; Czebreszuk 2011). Therefore, the material became highly desirable and valued, and its possession reflected the high status of the owner, donor or recipient of such an item. The oldest, isolated finds of artefacts made of fossil resin come from the Late Paleolithic, but the use of the material on a large scale is connected with the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age (Mazurowski 1983). Nevertheless, in many cases, despite a relatively precise identification of the regions where the raw material could be sourced (Kosmowska-Ceranowicz 2017), as well as the location of the “manufacture centres” (e.g. Jutland Peninsula, Żuławy Wiślane and Gdańsk Bay, Curonian Spit and the Baltic coast of Latvia, Lubans Plain), it is impossible to conclusively indicate the place of the manufacture of particular artefacts. It was already feasible to identify the type of resin on the basis of the content of the in the late 19th century, however, it was a destructive method and therefore the objects analysed in that manner were destroyed. For this reason, it became necessary to select a better method, which would confirm beyond doubt the variety of the material and keep the object intact. The technique should also indicate the level of oxidation of the resin, which would help select the best method of conservation for further storage or potential exhibition. European soils, especially the sandy types, exert a distinct influence on the process of fossil resin oxidation and often make it impossible to identify amber artefacts, especially the smaller ones. The situation is far better in the case of water environment, or humid and anaerobic locations (e.g. swamps, peat bogs, alluvials, etc.). Nevertheless, the sites where objects of this type are discovered in clearly cultural contexts are connected with special features which contain mainly eco- and artefacts valued by the people of that epoch. They are, however, mostly located in dry areas. In such cases, if it is possible to isolate amber artefacts, they are usually only described in archaeological terms as it is normally assumed that they were made of the Baltic amber (succinite). The authors intend to present the current techniques of identification of the original properties of the raw material, as well as the technology and stylistics of amber artefacts reflected by recently discovered objects from the vicinity of Supraśl in northern Podlachia, dated to the Late Neolithic (Figure 1). The five ritual and ritual-funerary features unearthed at the site contained, apart from Bell Beaker pottery, burned bone remains, stone and flint artefacts, several fragments of beads made of fossil resin, which, according to preliminary analysis, was the Baltic amber (succinite). Their surfaces were covered with a layer of weathering (patina). There were also marks associated with the oxidation of the inner parts, the so-called sugar structure, which was reflected by strongly cracked areas. Page 58 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Fig. 1. Amber beads from the vicinity of Supraśl, Podlachian Voivodeship, shown in the context of amber artefacts techno-stylistic circles in the Stone Age and Early Bronze Age (I – east-Baltic, II – south-Baltic, III – west-Baltic, IV – north-Baltic, V – British, acc. Mazurowski 1983)

The poor state of preservation of the artefacts required immediate conservation1, which would preserve them for the purposes of further investigation. Its objective was not only classic archaeological analysis and documentation of the sources, but also identification of the technology of manufacture and conclusive classification of the raw material. The researchers also made an attempt to answer the question whether originally, at the time of deposition, there were only fragments of damaged ornaments or perhaps they were complete in the beginning but then damaged post-deposition. In order to obtain the planned results, a tree-step analysis was conducted. First of all, macro- and microscopic observations were made and then laboratory tests were carried out. As a consequence, it was possible to verify a general state of preservation of the items, and establish, on the basis of the superficial weathering, if they were already fragmented at the time of deposition in the feature or the fragmentation took place later. The observation resulted in typological and chronological-cultural classification of the artefacts. Only in some cases, if the surface was not completely eroded, it was possible to describe preserved marks of processing, which could suggest potential locations (of workshops) where they might have been manufactured. The technological analysis, however, was possible under considerable magnification. In order to conclusively establish the type of material used to make the artefacts, the infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRS) technique was applied. The spectra delivered data for the identification of the type of fossil resin and its state of preservation2. The method, however, cannot indicate the origin of the raw material. At the same time, experimental and comparative analyses were performed. They involved making replicas of the artefacts with different “jeweller’s” tools that could have been used for processing amber in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age as well as the comparison of differences and similarities in the emerging marks (Popkiewicz 2016). The group of analysed artefacts consisted of: Five fragments of various five cylindrical beads (weight – approx. 0.1 g each), of almost rectangular finish of the outer edges (Figs. 2.1-2.5); Manasterski 2016; 2017). Their shapes and proportions correspond with sub-group 1EII (acc. Mazurowski 1983) or type 1A (acc. Beck, Shenn 1991). They are were of yellow

1The beads from the vicinity of Supraśl were conserved at the Museum of the Earth PAS in Warsaw and the Podlachian Museum in Białystok with a 3% solution of paraloid B 72 in toluene. 2The spectra were measured at the Institute of Organic Chemistry PAS with Jasco FT/IR 6200 combined with ATR device, the material was processed in a KBr pellet. The curves required interpretation, which was prepared by prof. Barbara Kosmowska- Ceranowicz Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 59 transparent material. The patina found on their surfaces implies that they were deposited in the feature after breaking, in the same form as they were discovered in the course of excavations. Their estimated reconstructed dimensions reach the following values: diameter of approx. 10 mm, thickness of approx. 5 mm, weight of approx. 0.2 g. The drilled perforations are approx. 3 mm across and have parallel walls. One fragment (weight – 0.8 g) of a circular bead corresponding roughly with sub-group 4BIa (acc. Mazurowski 1983) or type 2 (acc. Beck and Shenn 1991) (Figure 2.6); Manasterski 2016). It was made of yellow translucent resin. Its reconstructed dimensions are as follows: diameter of approx. 20 mm, thickness of approx. 7-8 mm in the central part, weight of approx. 2 g. The drilled perforation is approx. 3 mm across and has parallel walls. Three matching fragments (approx. 2/5 of a whole, total weight – 0.5 g) of a round plano-convex nodular bead with a triangular cross section, and a V-shaped perforation drilled from the flat surface (Figure 2.7); Manasterski 2016), corresponding with artefacts of sub-group 1BId (acc. Mazurowski 1983 supplemented with: Kwiatkowska 1996). Its reconstructed probable measurements are as follows: thickness of approx. 7 mm, diameter of approx. 25 mm, weight over 1 g. The artefact was made of yellow opaque variety of amber (at the moment it is red). As a consequence of its state of preservation, it is impossible to detect processing marks.

Fig. 2. Amber beads and pendants from the ritual features of Bell Beakers from the vicinity of Supraśl, Podlachian Voivodeship

Two complete pendants. One of them was made of a natural dripping form of amber (Figure 2.8); Kwiatkowska 2015). Its contour is similar to a pentagon, which makes the artefact resemble a pendant of an irregular “trapezoid” form. It has the following dimensions: height of 16 mm, base of 7 mm, diameter of the perforation of 1.5 mm, weight 0.4 g. Due to the use of the natural shape, only slightly corrected, as well as the location of the perforation, the artefact should be classified as an asymmetric pendant, closest to sub- group 2A (acc. Mazurowski 1983). The object was made of a dripping form of resin with a natural surface and marks of drying. In addition to that, the specimen contains another structure inside, a chunk of darker, already solidified resin, which was subsequently covered with another resin of a lighter colour. The other artefact is also an asymmetric pendant (Figure 2.9); Manasterski 2017), made of a flat piece of amber of a roughly triangular shape. Its measurements are: height of 20 mm, width of the base of 15 mm and thickness of 9 mm, diameter of the perforation of 3 mm, weight of 1.2 g. It was made of a roughly processed piece of amber of a mixed variety – transparent and opaque, and most probably yellow at the time manufacture. The indentation in the top part was made accidentally in the course of excavations. Fragments of all the seven beads were covered with patina, which implies that they had been deposited in the same forms as the ones which were later excavated, i.e. they were not deposited as complete specimens (cf. Figs 2.1-2.7). Although Late Neolithic circular and cylindrical beads are known from Bell Beaker sites, their range is generally limited to the British Isles (Manasterski 2016). In the case of the nodular bead (Figure 2.7), it should be pointed out that the drilling of perforations from the flat side is regarded as Page 60 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 characteristic for Bell Beaker industry (e.g. Hájek 1957, Kwiatkowska 1996; Czebreszuk 2011). As opposed to the beads, both pendants, made of natural chunks of amber and only slightly modified, had been deposited complete (Figs 2.8, 2.9). This type of artefacts is known from central Europe, from the Early Bronze Age, and is associated with the circle of the Unetice culture as well as the Iwno culture (Bukowski 2002), which are archaeological entities with a clearly marked Bell Beaker component. All the artefacts mentioned above were subjected to IRS tests, which led to the conclusion that the objects had been fashioned from succinite and at the moment strong marks of oxidation (cf. Kwiatkowska and Manasterski 2016). The surface marks left by technological procedures on the amber chunks, visible under microscope, indicate the use of metal tools (drill bit and “knife”), in this case made of a copper alloy (cf. Popkiewicz 2016), which has been shown on the basis of experimental and comparative analysis. As it has not been possible to identify any traces of exploitation of such tools at Late Neolithic and Early Bronze amber “workshops” situated along the coast of the , it should be assumed that in terms of their origin they are objects connected with other circles of amber industry (cf. Fig. 1). The data which are currently available suggest that corresponding “jeweller’s” tools were used in the British Isles and Aegean Sea region in this period of pre-history (Mazurowski 1983). Taking other evidence associated with the context of the discovered amber artefacts into consideration, their origin could be seen in the “jewellery-making” traditions of the British Isles. This does not mean, however, that they were made there, since they could be the work of a travelling amber artisan (cf. Wawrusiewicz et.al 2015; Manasterski 2016). Translated by Barbara Majchrzak

References Beck C., Schennan S. 1991. Amber in Prehistoric Britain. Oxford. Bukowski Z. 2002. Znaleziska bursztynu w zespołach z epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza z dorzecza Odry oraz Wisły. Warszawa. Czebreszuk J. 2011. Bursztyn w kulturze mykeńskiej. Zarys problematyki. Poznań. Hájek L. 1957. Knoflíky středoevropské skupiny kultury zvoncovitých pohárů. Památky Archeologické, XLVIII: 2, 389- 424. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B. 2017. Bursztyn w Polsce i na świecie (Amber in Poland and in the World). Warszawa. wyd. 2 Kwiatkowska K. 1996. Bursztynowe ozdoby pradziejowe i wszesnośredniowieczne w zbiorach Muzeum Ziemi PAN w Warszawie (z katalogiem). Prace Muzeum Ziemi, 44, 77-126. Kwiatkowska K. 2015. Analiza surowcowa i technologiczna ozdób bursztynowych. In: A. WAWRUSIEWICZ K. Januszek D. Manasterski eds. Obiekty obrzędowe Pucharów Dzwonowatych z Supraśla. Złożenie darów – przejęcie terenu czy integracja kulturowa? Białystok, 310-319. Kwiatkowska K., Manasterski D. 2016. Model wieloaspektowej analizy artefaktów bursztynowych z przełomu neolitu i epoki brązu na przykładzie wybranych zabytków z Podlasia i Mazowsza. Studia i materiały do badań nad neolitem i wczesna epoką brązu na Mazowszu i Podlasiu, VI, 23-51. Manasterski D. 2016. Puchary Dzwonowate i ich wpływ na przemiany kulturowe przełomu neolitu i epoki brązu w północno-wschodniej Polsce i na Mazowszu w świetle ceramiki naczyniowej. Warszawa. Manasterski D. 2017. Sprawozdanie z archeologicznych badań wykopaliskowych przeprowadzonych w roku 2017 na stanowisku 3 w Supraślu (nr AZP 36-88/1) Mazurowski R. F. 1983. Bursztyn w epoce kamienia na ziemiach polskich. Materiały starożytne i wczesnośredniowieczne, V, 7-134. Okulicz J. 1973. Pradzieje ziem pruskich od późnego paleolitu do VII w. n.e. Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdańsk. Popkiewicz E. 2016. Jakimi sposobami i narzędziami obrabiano paciorki bursztynowe z obiektów obrzędowych Pucharów Dzwonowatych z Supraśla. Studia i materiały do badań nad neolitem i wczesna epoką brązu na Mazowszu i Podlasiu, VI, 53-73. Świerzowska A. 2003. Bursztyn, koral, gagat. Symbolika religijna i magiczna. Kraków. Wawrusiewicz A., Januszek K., Manasterski D. 2015. Obiekty obrzędowe Pucharów Dzwonowatych z Supraśla. Złożenie darów – przejęcie terenu czy integracja kulturowa? Białystok. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 61

BUTRIMAS A., KRÓL D., OSTRAUSKIENĖ D. Amber typology of Rzucewo and West Lithuanian Late Neolithic settlements

ADOMAS BUTRIMAS1, DANUTA KRÓL2, DALIA OSTRAUSKIENĖ3

1Vilnius Academy of Arts, Institute of Art Research, Maironio g. 6, 01124 Vilnius, Lithuania, [email protected] 2Lithuanian National Museum, Arsenalo g. 1, 01143 Vilnius, Lithuania, [email protected] 3Gdansk Archeological Museum, Mariacka 25/26, 80-833 Gdańsk, Polska, [email protected]

The Vistula and Nemunas rivers formed the Curonian Lagoon and the Curonian Spit Vistula Lagoon (Zalew Wiślany) and the bay of Gdańsk with its . The inhabitants of these lands always held the gates to the Baltic Sea. One of the main factors that decided present land advantages ahead of the other Baltic areas was amber. The tradition of collecting amber and making and trading amber jewellery in the eastern and southern regions of the Baltic Sea began to form about 4400 BC in the Ertebølle, Narva and Comb-Market cultures. People of those cultures were the first to gather amber on the south-eastern shore of the Baltic, near lagoons, gulfs and lakes (Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Map of the Rzucewo Culture Settlements analysed in the text

The Polish archaeologists J. Kostrzewski and Konrad Jażdżewski (Jażdżewski, 1936) began systematic investigations of Rzucewo Culture settlements (pol.) (Haffküstenkultur (ger.), Pamarių (lith.), Bay Coastal culture (eng.) in Rzucewo in 1927-29. In 1954 Jan Żurek published 14 amber ornaments with drawings and photographs (Żurek, 1954, 31, Rys. 37, tabl. XV). The amber of Bay Coastal Culture was also described by Lotar Killian (Killian, 1955) and Jerzy Okulicz (Okulicz, 1973). Systematical archaeological excavations of this standard site were conducted by Danuta Król, from Gdańsk Archeological Museum (Król, 1991, 75-82, 1992, 291-299, 1997, 135-150; Król and Schild, 2009, 261-267). A large collection of amber artefacts was found in 1985-2005. Analysis revealed 354 items of amber. These include amber artefacts, trial pieces of raw amber and production waste. The Nida Late Neolithic settlement on the Curonian Peninsula in West Lithuania, belonging to the same Bay Coastal Culture, was investigated by E. Hollack in 1895 and 1900. The large-scale (4,640 m2) excavations in Nida (in 1973-1978) by the famous Lithuanian archaeologist R. Rimantienė revealed a very rich cultural layer containing amber artefacts, trial pieces, raw amber and production waste. A small-scale excavation (about 105 m2) was conducted in Nida by G. Piličiauskas in 2011-13 and 2016. During all of these investigations 910 pieces of raw amber and production waste, and 51 amber artefacts and fragments were found (Rimantienė, 2016; Piličiauskas, 2016, 48-52). Page 62 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

At Šventoji 1A (Bay Coastal Culture) also remains of intensive amber processing was discovered by R. Rimantienė in 1967-69, when she excavated 1860 m2 to find a large collection of 957 pieces of raw amber and production waste, and 134 amber artefacts (Rimantienė, 2005). Amber finds were made at the Daktariškė 5 Neolithic settlement, in which strong influences of Bay Coastal and Globular Amphora Culture can be seen: 138 pieces of raw amber, production waste, the blanks in various stages of completion were found. Among these amber artefacts we discovered 40 pendants, 18 amber buttons with V-shaped drilling, 4 cylindrical beads, 5 disks, 5 beads, 1 ring, and 1 double button (Butrimas, 2001, 7-19). We have gathered statistics about all raw amber, amber production waste and amber ornaments from Rzucewo, Nida, Šventoji 9 and Daktariškė 5 settlements. All of them date to the Late Neolithic and belong to the Bay Coastal culture or the influence of this Culture (Daktariškė 5 settlement). Raw amber and production waste. Perhaps the majority of the raw amber used in Rzucewo, Šventoji 9, and Nida for producing amber ornaments was collected along the Baltic Sea coast, but the state of preservation of finds in the sandy dune environment (Rzucewo, Nida settlements) is very poor. Very poor quality pieces covered with a thick crumbling cortex have survived and for this reason it is sometimes very difficult even to determine which were true blanks and which were only fragments. It appears that some pieces may have been in a fire, as they were found in fireplaces or around them. The same may be said about the Nida and Suchacz settlements (Erlich, 1936, 73; Rimantienė, 2016, 236). For this reason, sometimes statistical analyses of Rzucewo and Nida amber artefacts made in this article may not be very exact. Very well preserved amber material are from the Šventoji 1A or Daktariškė 5 wetland settlements. Comparative analyses of amber ornaments We made comparative analyses of the main amber artefacts from Rzucewo, Nida, Šventoji 1A (Bay Coastal Culture) and the Daktariškė 5 Late Neolithic settlement with the strong influence of Globular Amphora – and Bay Coastal Cultures (Figure 2). We can see clearly, that elliptical button-shaped beads are found only in the Rzucewo settlement (25 examples), while round button-beads are spread in Rzucewo (12 examples), Nida (4), Šventoji 1A (62) and Daktariškė 5 (18). Cylindrical beads, as well as examples of rings of form 1-to 3 are spread through all the settlements under analysis, pendants are also very numerous and are spread in large amounts (between 18 and 38 examples) in all settlements. We also made a percentage diagram of amber finds in from the same Late Neolithic settlements (Figure 3).

Quad- Cylindric Zoomorfic Axe- form s Button shaped beads rangular Rings Disks Pendants beads ornaments pendants beads Total Settlement Raw amber and amber Raw production waste production

Rzucewo 274 12 7 26 3 7 1 1 1 19 3 354

Nida 910 4 1 6 14 3 18 5 961

Šventoji 1A 957 62 1 13 14 2 2 38 2 1091

Daktariškė 5 68 18 2 4 1 5 36 4 138

Fig. 2. The types of the amber artefacts from Rzucewo, Nida, Šventoji 1A, Daktariškė 5 (Bay Coastal Culture) settlements Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 63

Quad- Cylindric Zoomorfic Axe- form Button shaped beads rangular Rings Disks Pendants beads ornaments pendants beads Total Settlements Raw amber and amber Raw production waste production

Rzucewo 77.40 3.39 1.98 7.34 0.85 1.98 0.28 0.28 0.28 5.37 0.85 100

Nida 94.69 0.42 0.10 0.62 1.46 0.31 1.87 0.53 100

Šventoji 87.73 5.69 0.09 1.19 1.28 0.18 0.18 3.48 0.18 100 1A

Daktariškė 49.28 13.04 1.45 2.90 0.72 3.62 26.09 2.90 100 5 Fig. 3. The percentage diagram of amber finds in Late Neolithic Settlements: Rzucewo, Nida, Šventoji 1A, Daktariškė

The Chronology of Bay Coastal Culture amber artefacts According to the earliest calibrated dating, the production, use and exchange of amber in the Eastern Baltic region – in the territories of what are today Lithuania and Latvia – started during a time span between 4400 and 4000 BC (according to Loze, 2008, 45-55; Rimantienė, 2005, 41-42; Butrimas, 2016, 108) among people of the Narva Pottery Culture and Pit Comb Ware Culture. In the territories along the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, in Rzucewo, Osłonino and Żuławy region (the Vistula Delta), an area inhabited by people of the Globular Amphora-, and Bay Coastal Cultures, the earliest sites with amber are dated, according calibrated dating to around 3000 BC (Czebreszuk and Szmyt, 2013; Mazurowski, 2014, 53). For Bay Coastal cultural layers we have calibrated dates BC. They are:

Poland West Lithuania Rzucewo 4050±35 BP (Poz-23752) 2839-2473 cal BC Šventoji 1A 2876-2490 BC (Vs-22) Osłonino 3680±70 BP (Gd-3067) 2286-1887 cal BC 2468-2203 BC (Le-865) 3710±60 BP (Gd-1879) 2287-1944 cal BC 2876-2501 BC (Ta-246) 3930±60 BP (Gd-1606) 2576-2210 cal BC Nida 3023-2751 BC (Vs-321) 3940±60 BP (Gd-1607) 2581-2210 cal BC Daktariškė 5 3096-2885 BC (Vs-809) Stare Babki 1 3875±60 BP (Gd-11675) 2397-2385 cal BC Daktariškė 1 2580-2340 BC (RICH-12971) 4320±60 BP (Gd-12653) 3020-2800 cal BC

In Bay Coastal Culture sites in the South-Eastern Baltic at Rzucewo and the Vistula Delta use of amber started about 2800 BC and ended ca 1900 BC; this is connected with the people of the Globular Amphora-, and Rzucewo Cultures (Kwiatkowsk and Manasterski, 2013; Mazurowski, 2014). The production of amber artefacts in areas of Bay Coastal Culture in the Eastern Baltic can be related to the transgression of the Litorina Sea, when sediments of Blue Earth with pieces of amber were washed up by prevailing directions of wind on the Eastern Baltic Sea coast and lagoons (Šventoji 1A, Nida, Daktariškė 5, etc.) (Butrimas, 2016, 102). We used only carbon dates obtained from the cultural layers. According these, during the period of the Bay Coastal Culture amber production in West Lithuania can be dated from around 3100 BC to ca 2000 BC. Thus, amber production at Rzucewo, Osłonino (near the Hel peninsula) and Šventoji 1A, Nida, Daktariškė 5, and Daktariškė 1 in Western Lithuania should be regarded as a contemporaneous phenomenon. Conclusions 1. When comparing amber artefacts, raw material and production waste found at these sites we should pay attention to the fact that the amber artefacts found in the standard Bay Coastal Culture sites of Rzucewo and Nida survive in very poor condition because a great part of the cultural layer there was in sand and thus their typological statistical data are not completely reliable. Meanwhile amber survived much better in the Page 64 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 cultural layers of the Šventoji 1A and Daktariškė 5 peat sites, making their typological statistical data much more reliable. 2. The main types of Bay Coastal Culture amber artefacts from the Rzucewo settlement – round amber buttons with a lens-shaped cross-section, quadrangular buttons with a drilled v-shaped perforation for hanging, equilateral pendants and pendants with undulating side edges, tubular beads, discs, chains and fragments thereof are found in almost all Bay Coastal Culture sites, including those in what is now Western Lithuania. 3. Elliptical buttons, pendants with a hole drilled straight through the middle for hanging, tubular beads with quadrangular edges are typical only of the settlement at Rzucewo and are not to be found at all (or only very seldom) in settlements of this culture in Lithuania. 4. Typological statistical differences may have been determined by different bases for their cultural origin – the settlement at Rzucewo was influenced by Ertebølle and Funnelbeaker Culture, while the origin of many amber artefact types in Lithuania lies in early- and middle-Neolithic Narva Culture amber artefact types. 5. There is no single artefact type which dominates particularly clearly in all the sites we have analysed – we cannot assert that amber workshops at almost every site manufactured serial artefacts or intermediate products for trade, as is typical of the Bay Coastal Culture settlements in the Żuławy region studied by Ryszard Mazurowski. Inhabitants of the region at the centre of Bay Coastal Culture were much more involved in the amber trade, the main artery of which was the River Vistula, than were Rzucewo or West Lithuanian Bay Coastal Culture people.

References Butrimas A. 2001. The amber ornament collection from Daktariškė 5 neolithic settlement. Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensi t. 22: Baltic Amber, pp. 7-19. Butrimas A. 2016. Biržulis. Medžiotojai, žvejai ir senieji žemdirbiai X-II tūkstantmetyje pr. Kr. II, Gintaras. Czebreszuk J., Szmyt M. 2013. Amber in Europe 3000 years BCE, in: Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B., Sontag E., Gierłowski W. (Eds.), The International amber researcher Symposium “Amber. Deposits-Collections-the Market. Gdansk, pp. 75. Ehrlich B. 1936. Succase. Elbiger Jahrbuch 12/13, 41-48. Jażdzewski K. 1936. Kultura pucharów lejkowatych w Polsce zachodnej i środkowej. Poznań. Kilian L. 1955. Haffküstenkultur und Ursprung der Balten. Bonn. Król D. 1991. Absolute chronology of the settlements of Rzucewo Culture in Poland, in: Strahm C. (Ed.), Die kontinentaleuropäischen Gruppen der Kultur mit Schnurkeramik. Die Chronologie der regionalen Gruppen. Freiburg, pp. 75-82. Król D. 1997. Excerpts from Archaeological Research at Rzucewo, Puck Region, in: Król D. (Ed.), The Built Environment of Coast Areas during Stone Age. Gdańsk, pp. 135-150. Król D. 1992. The elements of settlements in Rzucewo culture. Praehistorica XIX, 291-299. Król D., Schild R. 2009. Elementy stratygrafii zespołu osadniczego z epoki kamienia w Rzucewie, Puck, stanowisko 1, in: Fudziński M., Paner H. (Eds.), Aktualne problemy epoki kamienia na Pomorzu. Gdańsk, pp. 261- 267. Kwiatkowska K., Monasterski D. 2013. Amber routes in Central Europe‘s prehistory-an overview, in: Kosmowska- Ceranowicz B., Sontag E., Gierłowski W. (Eds.), The International amber researcher Symposium “Amber. Deposits- Collections-the Market. Gdansk, pp. 77-79. Loze I. 2008. Lubana ezera mitraja neolita dzintars. Riga. Mazurowski R. F. 2014. Prahistoryczne bursztyniarstwo na Żuławach Wiślanych. Malbork. Okulicz J. 1973. Pradzieje ziem pruskich od późnego paleolitu do VI w. n. e. Wrocław – Warszawa. Piličiauskas G., Gaižauskas L., Kalinauskas A., Peseckas K., Rutavičius J., Piličiauskienė G. 2017. Nidos akmens amžiaus gyvenvietė, in: Zabiela G. (Ed.), Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2016 metais. Vilnius, pp. 48-52. Rimantienė R. 2005. Akmens amžiaus žvejai prie Pajūrio lagūnos. Vilnius. Rimantienė R. 2016. Nida. A Bay Coast Culture Settlement on the Curonian Lagoon. Vilnius. Żurek J. 1954. Osada z młodszej epoki kamiennej w Rzucewie, pow. wejherowski, i kultura rzucewska. Fontes Archeologici Poznanienses 5, 1-42. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 65

GARDIN C Typology and technology: the example of the amber productions in France during the Neolithic and Protohistory

COLETTE DU GARDIN

Conseil départemental de la Vendée, Maréchal Foch 40, 85923 La Roche-sur-Yon, France, [email protected]

Gathered in the form of nodules with different morphologies, amber has been the subject of transformations especially for making ornaments whose contours have varied in time and space. If the typology appears broadly as an indispensable chronological and cultural marker, special attention must also be given to the way in which the forms has been implemented (du Gardin 2002). The careful study of a number of series shows that, beyond general forms that make it possible to attach pieces to a typological group, how they have been treated may be indicative of periods, cultural groups or the likely presence of separate workshops even, in some cases, craftmen beyond the regions in which the raw material was collected (du Gardin 2015). The case of amber ornaments in France during the Neolithic and Protohistoriy illustrates this differents points.

References du Gardin C. 2002. L’ambre et sa circulation dans l’Europe protohistorique, in: GUILAINE, J. (Ed.), Matériaux, productions, circulations du Néolithique à l’Age du Bronze. Séminaire du Collège de France. Paris, Errance, pp. 213- 235. du Gardin C. 2015. Du nodule à la parure: l’artisanat de l’ambre à l’âge du Bronze en Europe occidentale, in: Boulud- Gazo S., Nicolas. T. (Eds.), Artisanat et productions à l’âge du Bronze, Actes de la journée de la Société préhistorique française du 8 octobre 2011, séance 4, Nantes, pp. 45-61.

DRENTH E. Late prehistoric amber from the Netherlands

ERIK DRENTH

Senior specialist in prehistoric anorganic material culture, Bureau voor Bouwhistorie, Archeologie, Architectuurhistorie en Cultuurhistorie, Graaf van Solmsweg 103, 5222 Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands, [email protected]

My presentation will discuss amber ornaments from the Bronze Age and Iron Age in the Netherlands. Together these periods cover the time span of c. 1900-15 B.C. The lecture embroiders on my study on Stone Age amber from the Netherlands, which has recently been published in the German periodical “Die Kunde”. Accordingly, the following issues will be addressed to. The first one is that of typological variation. This topic includes an inquiry into the possibilities to distinguish typologically between late prehistoric amber ornaments and older specimens. It can already be revealed here that the size of the perforation has some chronological meaning. The temporal aspects of the amber ornaments as inferred from associations with other artefacts etc. will furthermore be touched on. A point at issue is the provenance of the ornaments in question. Were they imported or made of locally or regionally available amber? The pros and cons in this discussion will be summed up. Attention will therefore be paid to the occurrence of amber workshops in the Netherlands, after which some technological aspects will be highlighted. The final theme to be addressed will be social meaning, the key question being to what extent were the amber ornaments indicators of a specific social status. Page 66 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

LJUŠTINA M. Amber finds in the Bronze Age of Serbia: distribution, provenance and social significance

MARIJA LJUŠTINA

1Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade University, 18-20 Čika-Ljubina Street, Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected]

Amber artefacts appear in the territory of Serbia in the Middle Bronze Age, slightly later than the earliest finds of the Baltic amber in south Europe and the Mediterranean. The sites which yielded the amber products are neither numerous, nor with even spatial distribution. The Middle Bronze Age finds are grouped within borders of two geographical units of the central Balkans: the one in western Serbia, comprising the basins of the Drina and West Morava (sites Belotić-Šumar, Bela Crkva-Cerik Bandera, Banjevac-Jovanin Breg, Brezjak- Paulje, Vranjani-Veliki Lug and Jančići-Ravnine) and the other in the region of Kosovo and Metohija (sites Iglarevo-Riđevo and possibly Prčevo-Boka). In all of the cases, the amber finds have funerary context. In contrast, the only find from the Late Bronze Age is the hoard from Vršac-Majdan, from the Pannonian part of Serbia. The finds are final products and have the form of beads. So far, amber has not been found as unprocessed lumps of raw material, which is understandable having in mind absence of settlement contexts. The number of artefacts does not reflect the actual presence and popularity of amber among the local Bronze Age communities. It is to be expected that originally the objects were much greater in number. Having taken in consideration that the analyses of numerous amber beads, found in the Bronze Age graves, confirmed their Baltic provenance, it can be concluded that the main roads connecting the southern Pannonian and central Balkan regions with the amber roads of central and northern Europe were established already in the Bronze Age. The amber from the Bronze Age graves in the Drina and West Morava basins most probably came to the region from Pannonia, from where numerous cultural impulses of the Tumulus culture influenced the local communities now defined as the West Serbian group of the Middle Bronze Age. Recent studies recognised the Belegiš culture as the most important transmitter. Reflection of events at the turn of the Middle to Late Bronze Age can be easily recognised in funerary practices, with amber as an important part of grave inventory. Amber is a common product in the Middle Bronze Age of central Europe, so the finds from the Drina and West Morava basins can be considered an extension, branch of the amber road, by which it reaches southern regions all the way to the Mycenaean centres, starting from central Europe and Pannonia. What strikes as odd is lack of linking contemporary sites from the Pannonian parts of Serbia. One of possible factors which affected the number of discovered finds was certainly cremation, which was widely practiced in northern Serbia. The finds from Kosovo and Metohija, where in Iglarevo amber was discovered in the same layer with a sword of Mycenaean type, can testify to amber penetration southwards. The Late Bronze Age amber finds are represented by 45 amber beads from the hoard Majdan near Vršac. It was chronologically positioned in the period 1100-1000 BC and connected, in cultural sense, with the Late Bronze Age of the Carpathian basin. The amber arrived there by the eastern branch of the amber road, since the confirmation can be found in similar amber finds from Romania. The Bronze Age amber in Serbia is a significant phenomenon in meeting and imbuing of different cultures. It can testify to vivid social relations of the local communities with distant regions of northern Europe and the Mediterranean. Still, the results of studies devoted to amber in other regions of Europe, some of them neighbouring to Serbia, indicated that in the 1st half of the 2nd millennium BC the material was not subject to long-distance exchange exclusively. On the contrary, in many cases archaeological context of the amber finds testifies to the existence of spatially and chronologically overlapping regional networks, in which amber travelled over limited distances, both in geographical and cultural sense. This approach in further studies of the Bronze Age amber in Serbia announces changed perspectives in comprehension of various aspects of lives, starting from development of communication systems, trade, arts and crafts, to distribution of prestigious goods and character of micro-regional relations. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 67

CWALIŃSKI M. One step beyond: towards understanding amber consumption during the Bronze and Early Iron Age in Western and Central Balkans

MATEUSZ CWALIŃSKI

Institute of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89d, 61-614, Poznań, Poland, [email protected]

The paper touches upon the issue of amber inflow to the area of Western and Central Balkans (former Yugoslavia) and its circulation between individual regions included in this zone at the time of the Bronze and Early Iron Age (roughly 2000-800 BC). By using several computational methods, currently available data related to this topic is re-analysed. Previously distinguished types of amber beads show chronological differentiation that allows to separate them into two major assemblages: Middle Bronze Age and Late Bronze-Early Iron Age, with some forms indicating prolonged use, overlapping both periods. Many types are also characterized by specific pattern of distribution, thus potentially revealing local stylistics. In a search for inspiration for creation of these particular forms or sources of their acquisition as ready-made products, the comparison is made with amber collections from neighbouring parts of Europe. Supplementing these considerations with selected artefacts, occurring in archaeological context together with amber, sheds the light on internal dynamics of its acquisition and allows to pin point potential exchange partners.

NEGRONI CATACCHIO N., GALLO V. Analysis of a few amber artifacts as chronological and cultural indicators during pre- and protohistory in Europe

NUCCIA NEGRONI CATACCHIO1, VERONICA GALLO2

1Università degli Studi di Milano and Centro Studi di Preistoria e Archeologia, Viale Lazio 26, Milan, Italy, [email protected] 2Centro Studi di Preistoria e Archeologia, Viale Lazio 26, Milan, Italy, [email protected]

As is known, amber artifacts are an important indicator of wide range contacts between central-northern Europe, Italy and the Mediterranean area. A few well recognizable typologies allow connecting specific areas in determined periods of European prehistory and protohistory. In this paper, we will consider the following amber artifacts: conical button with V-shaped perforation, complex multi-drilled plates and Tyrins and Allumiere type beads. Buttons with V-shaped perforation, tied in particular to Bell Beaker Culture, testify the first diffusion of amber from Baltic coasts to England and central Europe. During this period (second half of the 3rd millennium BC), the conical button has already taken its typical appearance: the body is shaped like a well-highlighted cone and the perforation starts from the flat end. The button, functional to the kind of garments that forego the use of pins, was not only made of amber but of bone, stone, horn and jet and it was part of Bell Beaker Culture’s typical burial set. Its origin, however, is more ancient, in fact, in a relatively different form, it was born among Baltic cultures, which gather and work amber ever since the beginning of the Neolithic. These buttons are present in Narva Culture, which interests the Baltic coasts from Poland to Estonia from the 5th to the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. Workshops producing these buttons were found nearby the site of Narva, on the homonymous river that divides northeastern Estonia from Russia. Page 68 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

These types are present even in the Globular Amphora Culture, which from the second half of the 4th millennium to the beginning of the 3rd millennium spreads into the basin of Elba and Vistola and a little later to the Corded Ware Culture, during the period between the end of the 4th millennium and the beginning of the 2nd. In the second half of the 3rd millennium, the Bell Beaker Culture overlaps and mixes with Globular Amphora and Corded Ware Culture, acquiring the use of buttons (Czebreszuk, 2003, 2007; Czebreszuk and Makarowicz 1993), and contributing to their diffusion. A few exemplars reach England and France (du Gardin, 1993). Between the most ancient buttons and the Bell Beaker ones, there is a typological difference: the shape of the first one is more flat convex then conical and the perforation is situated on the convex side, while the second present a standard conical shape and the perforation rests on the flat side (Czebreszuk, 2007). Later, during an advanced phase of the Early Bronze Age, the buttons reach Italy when Bell Beaker Culture leaves its place to Pile-dwelling one. In fact, two elements come from North Italy, from Lagazzi di Vhò (Massari et al. 1996, fig. 1B.2; Negroni Catacchio et al. 2006, p. 1458) and Cattaragna pile-dwelling (Massari et al. 1996, fig. 1B.1; Negroni Catacchio et al. 2006, p. 1458). Even if later compared to the other European exemplars, they sign the first input of amber in Italy and consequently in the Mediterranean world. The conical button with V-shaped perforation is poorly attested in Italy during later phases. It appears again, as it does in France even if with different characteristics, during the late phase of Bronze Age and it will impose during the Iron Age as ornaments for rich and sumptuous garments in Villanovan and Picentes cultures. Multi-drilled plates (or spacer beads) are of particular interest during the Bronze Age. This term indicates the exemplars characterized by a series of holes with different orientation; their perforation system is not only functional but also ornamental. Multi-drilled plates include different kinds of artifacts: the “Kakovatos type”, the type in which perforations form right angles and the type that presents holes perpendicular to each other. The Kakovatos type, hereby analyzed, is particularly interesting and suggestive because with its numerous variations and its wide diffusion, it provides useful data on connections between North Europe and the Mediterranean world: in fact, it is attested in central and northwestern Europe and in the Mediterranean. There is a particular concentration in central Europe, especially between southern Germany and Alsace (Tumulus Culture, 16th-14th century BC), and in Great Britain, in Wessex (Wessex Culture, Wilsford- and Aldbourne-Series, 18th-16th BC). There are also more isolated attestations: in Scotland, Denmark, Brittany and southwestern France, in Mycenaean Greece (LH I e II A, 17th-16th BC). Also relevant are the exemplars from Austria and Switzerland dated back to BzA3 o A2/B (17th BC). Based on collected data, Great Britain seems to be the place of origin, both based on the chronology and because probable prototypes in another material can be found here. Some Mycenaean exemplars can be connected to this, not only according to their typology but also for their use. Lastly, the Tumulus Culture probably owned a little later production, testified by the different custom and a wider typological variety3. In Italy, during the Bronze Age, there is no attested certain exemplar of Kakovatos type, but there are a few complex multi-drilled plates that belong to the type with perpendicular perforation. Two were found in Sicily, in the necropolis of Plemmyrion (Middle Bronze Age 3) (Cornaggia Castiglioni and Calegari, 1978), other two in Trentino, between Cles e Tuenno (Middle Bronze Age) (Angelini et al. 2003). There is one piece, currently unpublished, found during the excavation of the pile-dwelling of Parma, which presents a Y-shaped perforation (Miari, 2007). This piece could enrich the already rich typology of complex multi-drilled plates among the European landscape; if confirmed, the piece could probably be compared to another one found in France, also unpublished (forest of Moidons, at Salins-les-Bains) and maybe to a piece from Oderding, in Bavaria. Lastly, we will discuss the notorious Tyrins and Allumiere type beads, which allow to connect together specific areas in a chronological arc included between the end of the Recent Bronze Age and the Late Bronze Age, and allow to reconstruct a cultural koinè, which along with other elements, joins the élites from very

3 To learn more about Kakovatos type please refer to: Bouzek, 1985; du Gardin, 1986, 1993; Harding, 1993; Piggot, 1976; Rageth, 1976; Schulz, 2012. For the chronology of the analyzed artifacts, please refer to Gerloff (2010) and to his comparative chronology chart. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 69 distant areas. The study of these elements started at the end of the 60’s (Rittatore Vonwiller, 1969; Negroni Catacchio, 1972, 1973) and it continued until today (Negroni Catacchio, 1999, 2014; Negroni Catacchio et al. 2006; Negroni Catacchio and Gallo, in press). The study has seen continuous updates that have allowed rebuilding a net of trades among the territories of Italy, Balkans, Greece to the Black Sea and the oriental Mediterranean. Among the new findings (or rediscoveries), of great importance are the recent data from Campestrin (Rovigo), where there are Tyrins type beads in progress, in a context dated back to the end of the Recent Bronze Age (12th-11th BC) (Bellintani et al. 2015). These beads are very important because they attest the presence of a workshop in northern Italy. Furthermore, the fact that they can be certainly dated to the end of the Recent Bronze Age permits to identify their origin in that period. Therefore their particular shape can be identified as typical for more ancient beads: they appear stretched in the top part with a not defined ribbing. A few pieces from other context of Recent Bronze Age are part of this variant (Tyrins-Campestrin type): Fossa Nera di Porcari (Lucca), Scarceta (Grosseto), Roca (Lecce). New data allow a better understanding of the chronology for the Allumiere type: the exemplars from Thasos Island, from Cona (Venezia) and Roca (Lecce) seem to testify the origin of this type to an initial phase of the Late Bronze Age, or even to the end of the Recent Bronze Age. Finally, a non-finished exemplar found in Frattesina (Bietti Sestieri et al. 2015) could be seen as a rather convincing indicator of the existence of a workshop in the area.

References Angelini I., Artioli G., Bellintani P. 2003. Progetto “Ambre e materiali vetrosi protostorici della Valle dell’Adige nel quadro delle coeve attestazioni dell’Italia del nord”. Primi risultati sulle ambre. Preistoria Alpina 39, 227-241. Bellintani P., Salzani L., de Zuccato G., Leis M., Vaccaro C., Angelini I., Soffritti C., Bertolini M., Thun Hohenstein U. 2015. L’ambra dell’insediamento della tarda Età del bronzo di Campestrin di Grignano Polesine (Rovigo), in Preistoria e Protostoria del Veneto, Atti del convegno dell’Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria, 419-426. Bietti Sestieri A.M., Bellintani P., Salzani L., Angelini I., Chiaffoni B., De Grossi Mazzorin J., Giardino C., Saracino M., Soriano F. 2015. Frattesina: un centro internazionale di produzione e di scambio nell’Età del bronzo del Veneto, in Preistoria e Protostoria del Veneto, Atti del convegno dell’Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria, 427-436. Bouzek J. 1985. The Aegean, Anatolia and Europe: cultural interrelations in the second millennium B.C.. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology XXIX, Göteborg. Cornaggia Castiglioni O., Calegari G. 1978. Due «amber spacer beads» siciliane. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 33, 265- 269. Czebreszuk J. 2003. Amber on the Threshold of a World Career, in: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Amber in Archaeology, Talsi 2001, 164-179. Czebreszuk J. 2007. Amber between the Baltic and the Aegean in the third and second millennia BC (an outline of major issues), in: Between the Aegean and Baltic seas. Prehistory across borders, Proceedings of the international conference, 363-369. Czebreszuk J., Makarowicz P. 1993. The problem of amber buttons with V-shaped perforation in the Bell Beaker Culture, in: Actes du XII Congrès International des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques, 529-532. du Gardin C. 1986. La parure d’ambre à l’âge du Bronze en France. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 83, 546-80. du Gardin C. 1993. L’ambre en France et ses relations avec le reste de l’Europe au Néolithique et à l’âge du bronze, in: Proceeding of the Second International Conference on Amber in Archaeology, Liblice 1990, 67-75. Gerloff S. 2010. Von Troja an die Saale, von Wessex nach Mykene – Chronologie, Fernverbindungen und Zinnrouten der Frühbronzezeit Mittel- und Westeuropas, in: Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle, Band 05, 604-639. Harding A.F. 1993. British amber spacer-plate necklaces and their relatives in gold and stone, in: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Amber in Archaeology, Liblice 1990, 53-58. Massari A., Raposso B., Setti B. 1996. La diffusione dell’ambra nel Bronzo Antico in Italia, in: Cocchi Genick D., (Ed.), L’antica età del Bronzo in Italia, Atti del congresso, 620-621. Miari M. 2007. L’ambra in area terramaricola, in: Nava M.L., Salerno A., (Eds.), Ambre. Trasparenze dall’antico, Napoli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, 26 marzo-10 settembre 2007, Milano, 68-72. Negroni Catacchio N. 1972. La problematica dell’ambra nella protostoria italiana: le ambre intagliate di Fratta Polesine e le rotte mercantili nell’Alto Adriatico. Padusa VIII, nn. 1-2, 1-18. Negroni Catacchio N. 1973. La problematica dell’ambra nella protostoria italiana: ancora sulle ambre di Frattesina di Fratta Polesine. Padusa IX, 2-3-4, 1-13. Page 70 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Negroni Catacchio N. 1999. Produzione e commercio dei vaghi d’ambra tipo Tirinto e tipo Allumiere alla luce delle recenti scoperte, in: Protostoria e Storia del “Venetorum Angulus”, Atti XX Convegno di Studi Etruschi e Italici, Pisa- Roma, 241-265. Negroni Catacchio N. 2014. I vaghi tipo Tirinto e Allumiere come indicatori di status. Nuovi dati su cronologia e diffusione, in: Baldelli G., Lo Schiavo F., (Eds.), Amore per l’Antico. Dal Tirreno all’Adriatico, dalla Preistoria al Medioevo e oltre. Studi di antichità in memoria di Giuliano de Marinis, Roma, 3-14. Negroni Catacchio N., Massari A., Raposso B. 2006. L’ambra come indicatore di scambi nell’Italia pre e protostorica, in: Materie prime e scambi nella Preistoria italiana, Atti del convegno dell’Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria, 1440-1475. Negroni Catacchio N., Gallo V., in press. Adriatico mare dell’ambra: il Caput Adriae porta tra Europa e mondo mediterraneo, in: Preistoria e Protostoria del Caput Adriae, Atti del convegno dell’Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria. Piggot S. 1976. Europa antica. Dagli inizi dell’agricoltura all’antichità classica. Rageth J. 1976. Die bronzezeitliche Siedlung auf dem Padnal bei Savognin (Oberhalbstein GR), Grabungen 1971 und 1972. Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 59, 123-179. Rittatore Vonwiller F. 1969. Manufatti d’ambra della tarda età del Bronzo in Italia e nell’area micenea, in: La parola del passato, 383-387. Schulz S. 2012. Die Bernsteinschieber von Mykene, in: Korres G.S., Karadimas N., Flouda G. (Eds.), Archaologie und Heinrich Schliemann. 100 Jahre nach seinem Tode. Ruckschau und Ausblick. Mythos – Geschichte – Wissenshaft, 104-117.

HOHENSTEIN U.T., BELLINTANI P., PAVAN F. Amber processing at the site of Campestrin (Grignano Polesine, Rovigo, northeastern Italy)

URSULA THUN HOHENSTEIN1, PAOLO BELLINTANI2, FRANCESCO PAVAN3

1Università of Ferrara, Department of Humanistic Studies, C.so Ercole I d’Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy, [email protected] 2Soprintendenza per i beni culturali – Ufficio Beni archeologici, Via Mantova 67, 38122 Trento, Italy, [email protected] 34NOVE di Pavan Francesco – Via Caneve 42, 30173 Mestre (Venezia), Italy, [email protected]

The site of Campestrin di Grignano Polesine was discovered in 2007. It is located in the southern Veneto region or Polesine, a strategic area for trade on a regional scale and at "long distances" during the Late Bronze Age, close to the well-known site of Frattesina. It has aroused great interest in the discovery of a considerable number of processing markers of Baltic amber. On the basis of the available excavation data, it is not clear whether they are huts or workplaces connected with the amber working and covered by roofing. Amber working waste (part of original amber lumps, thousands of sub-centimeter chips, semi- worked blocks and a few number of finished products) are present mostly in the stratigraphic units outside the platforms. The amber working evidences appear already in the earlier layers of the settlement and in all the stratigraphic sequence (Bellintani et al. 2015). Since excavations have been carried out without a specific strategy aimed at collecting data on amber processing, hereby we present the analytic study on a significant sample of specimens coming from excavation and sieving in order to define patterns of chaîne operatoire, also with the experimental support, that will be useful for further focused investigations. Among the complete amber assemblage, diverse type of beads was identified: Tyrins beads, tiny annular beads, other beads and one button. Moreover some items, bearing different stages of manufacturing, were recognized and especially for the Tyrins beads, we have been identifying an archaeological sequence of the chaîne operatoire (Figure 1, Bellintani et al. 2015). Experimental amber processing, aimed at reconstructing the sequences of manufacturing and the technological choices related to the management of the raw Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 71 material, was carried out. Evidences of the prehistoric and protohistoric amber workshops outside the Baltic regions are very rare. So up to now Campestrin is the oldest amber working site in the central Mediterranean.

Fig. 1. Campestrin. Archaeological sequence of the Tyrint beads chaîne operatoire.

References Bellintani P., Salzani, L., De Zuccato, G., Leis, M., Vaccaro, C., Angelini, I., Soffritti, C., Bertolini, M., Thun Hohenstein, U. 2015. L’ambra dell’insediamento della tarda Età del bronzo di Campestrin di Grignano Polesine (Rovigo), in:, Preistoria e protostoria in Veneto, Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria, 2 (1), pp. 419-426.

DMITROVIĆ K. Typological frame of the amber from Atenica and its relation to the neighboring area

KATARINA DMITROVIĆ

Museum Advisor, National Museum, Cara Dušana 1, Čačak, Serbia, [email protected]

The princely graves from Atenica near Čačak represent one of the most known archaeological sites, not just in Serbia, but even much wider. It is because of the specific sepulchral ritual comprising central grave structures made of piled stone, equipped with a larger quantity of grave offerings (Ђукнић, Јовановић, 1966). This site is known after the name of Umke, but its additional term of Royal Chairs most probably represents the impression of the local inhabitants caused by the large dimensions of two mounds, that originally dominated in the valley of the West Morava river. These tumuli are characterized as well by peripheral stone rings, fired places and a unique sacrificial structure with symmetrically placed shallow pits with burnt bones. When speaking of grave findings, there is necessary to emphasize a large quantity of amber beads, unequally distributed in both mounds. There were nearly two thousand and five hundred beads variously shaped – mostly irregular in shape, perforated, while one number have been precisely manufactured – bird, human face, ram’s and lion’s head, bottle, rosette, triangular, rhomboidal, cylindrical, biconical in shape – clearly indicating on south-Italic workshops. The interest for amber in central Balkans increased from the VII century B.C. that is noticeable in the graves of the high social class that emerged especially in the VI and V century. Among them, Atenica, together with Novi Pazar, takes the most prominent position due to the number and the diversity of amber indicating on high rank of the deceased, wellness of the elite as well as on the possible ancient trade routes. Page 72 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

When comparing the total quantities of amber from these very important sites, 2444 from Atenica vs. 8000 from Novi Pazar, the similar ratio is noticed when comparing identical pieces, that gives an impression that ambers from Atenica reflect the model from Novi Pazar, but in a smaller number of beads (Palavestra, 2006). One of the possible suggestion posed by A. Palavestra (2006), is that the amber from Atenica represents a result of physical fragmentation of the Novi Pazar assembly that occurred as a gift, a dowry or a kind of prestige exchange. In comparison with Novi Pazar again, it seems that the fragmented Atenica finding is represented in the pars pro toto manner (Palavestra, 2006). In regard to the amber from other central Balkans sites, noticeable concentrations were recorded in the Glasinac plateau, western Serbia and Kosovo. Beside Atenica and Novi Pazar, other sites demonstrated much smaller amount of amber beads, mostly irregular in shape, but sometimes finely manufactured. The appearance of the rich princely graves in central Balkans from the VII century B.C. (Pilatovići, Arareva gromila Novi Pazar, Atenica, Lisijevo Polje) reveals the raise of the local elite with recognizable funerary rite followed by pronounced grave landmarks (tumuli) and wealthy and abundant grave inventories. Most probably the amber was purchased by trading or by personal links with the Mediterranean centers. The opinion of A. Palavestra (2006a) is that the amber in the Balkan hinterland arrived from the Mediterranean, the most likely from the southern Italy through the Adriatic area, by the terrestrial roads till the territory with the princely graves. Their location is just supposed to be along the paths, which were connecting the Balkan hinterlands with the Adriatic coast, presuming their very important significance. The disposition of the princely graves as well as the appearance of the imported, luxurious goods from the Mediterranean speaks in favor of the importance of these communication routes and their control during this period. For Western Serbia the most important was the Dubrovnik road – from Konavli – Trebinje – Novi Pazar – along the rivers Lim and Drina and the headwaters of the West Morava. The disposition of the princely graves can point to the possibility of the specific caravan trade, which lasted even during the Classical period as well as during the Middle Ages (Шкриванић, 1974).

References Ђукнић М., Јовановић, Б. 1966. Атеница, Народни музеј Чачак. Palavestra A. 2006. Fragmentation of Amber Necklaces in the Central Balkans Iron Age, in: Palavestra, A., Beck, C., Todd, J. (Eds.), Amber in Archaeology, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Amber in Archaeology, Belgrade, pp. 164-177. Palavestra А. 2006a. Amber in Archaeology, in: Palavestra, A., Krstić, V. (Eds.), The Magic of Amber, Belgrade, pp. 32- 85. Шкриванић Г., 1974. Путеви у средњовековној Србији, Туристичка штампа, Београд.

STIPANČIĆ P. Amber in first millenium BC from Novo Mesto, Slovenia

PETRA STIPANČIĆ

Dolenjski muzej Novo mesto, Muzejska ulica 7, SI-8000 Novo mesto, Slovenia, [email protected]

The aim of this presentation is to point out the most important prehistoric amber artefacts from Novo mesto, which indicate the trading and exchange routes. According to what is known so far about the amber artefacts from Dolenjska and Novo mesto, the amber is of Baltic origin and travelled along the so-called Amber Route, that connected the North and the Mediterranean Sea. The quantity of amber as well as its formal range shows that the Amber Route certainly passed through Dolenjska and Bela Krajina and that the communities in these territories accepted it in its costume either as an expression of prestige or of a belief in its magical healing powers, as reported by ancient writers. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 73

The region of Dolenjska (Lower Carniola in English) is south eastern part of Slovenia with capital city Novo mesto. Dolenjska is situated in the Krka River basin, between the Gorjanci hills in the south and Sava River in the north, and between Ljubljana in the west and Brežice in the east (Figure 1A). The number of archaeological sites greatly increases in the Late Bronze Age. Novo mesto is situated in central Dolenjska, on the Krka River, at the point where river makes a sharp double bend and creates a natural peninsula. 14 archaeological sites (Figure 1B) have been documented in the closer area of Novo mesto dating from the late Neolithic to the Middle Ages (Križ and Turk, 2003; Urankar, 2017).

Fig. 1. A. Position of Slovenia and Novo mesto in Europe. B. Archaeological sites in first millennium BC in Novo mesto.

The most interesting for us are: Novo mesto-Kapiteljska njiva, Mestne njive and Kandija. Unlike the large number of glass beads found in the Urnfield Culture graves from Novo mesto, not a single amber bead is known from this period. The earliest appearances of amber in the south-eastern Alps are the beads of Type Tyrins found in the HaA hoard from Debeli vrh (Teržan, 1984), a location along the natural crossing from the Kočevje region towards the Adriatic. This bead type traces the trading routes between the hinterland of the Adriatic and Greece. In the Early Iron Age burial ritual is changed. In Dolenjska it was characterized by inhumation burial beneath an earthen barrow. The barrows are interpreted as family or lineage tombs, because they contain a large number of burials (from 4 to 100 and more). The barrows were circular in plan with an average diameter of between 10 and 30 meters and height of between 5 and 6 meters. The earliest appearance of amber object in Novo mesto is documented in Novo mesto-Kandija, grave with tripod (Gabrovec, 1986). Amber beads appear as a coating for bronze pin. Multi-knobbed pins with a trumpet guard form part of male grave goods. They appear mostly in graves of the highest ranking individuals, and we could interpret them as status symbols in the Ha C period. The most of the amber objects come in the shape of necklaces (Figure 2A), composed of variously sized and shaped beads, often combined with multi-coloured beads of glass. Among amber objects special place have rectangular spacers, decorated with incisions and impressions. Very interesting are also five buttons from Kapiteljska njiva (grave V/35), where four of them are decorated with incised lines and stamped circles. Among all amber material of Novo mesto there are only five beads in shape of birds or ducks. No unworked Page 74 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 amber has been found in the graves from Novo mesto, although one of the three zoomorphic beads was not fully finished. In the Late Iron Age (3rd-1st century BC) burial ritual is changed again and very few amber objects were found. Graves were simple, with rectangular, circle or square pit, filled with ashes or the cremated remains of the deceased, and with elements of their equipment or attire. Most of the grave goods (other than pottery) were already damaged when they were placed in the grave. They were partly damaged by the flames of the funerary pyres and partly ritually destroyed before cremation. The main characteristic is that the beads in a single necklace were of different sizes and shapes and were less skilfully worked than in previous period.

Fig. 2. A. Novo mesto, Kapiteljska njiva, various graves. Glass and amber beads. 6th-4th century BC. Photoarchive Dolenjski muzej Novo mesto. B. Novo mesto, Kapiteljska njiva, various graves. Amber bead necklaces. 6th – 4th century BC. Fotoarchive Dolenjski muzej Novo mesto.

The large quantity of amber objects found in the graves of Novo mesto (and the whole Dolenjska) is certainly surprising. They appeared from the beginning of the Early Iron Age in the 8th century BC, and throughout the Early Iron Age to the 4th century BC, and continued in use in the Late Iron Age up to the end of the 1st millennium. The interest of objects made of amber lies firstly in the material, since it is not available locally and therefore inevitably serves as an indicator of the trading and exchange routes. Material from sites of Dolenjska show that the Amber Route certainly passed through. Question without certain answer is where the amber beads of different shapes and sizes made locally? Certain are that these objects are a clear evidence of a long-distance trade in precious goods.

References Gabrovec S. 1968. Grob s trinožnikom iz Novega mesta (grob 2). Arheološki vestnik 19, 157-188. Križ B., Turk, P. 2003. Steklo in jantar Novega mesta. Exhibition catalogue. Teržan B. 1984. O jantarju z Debelega vrha nad Predgradom. Arheološki vestnik 35, 110-118. Urankar R. 2017. Report of recent excavation in Novo mesto. Unpublished. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 75

POSTERS

PESKA J., KUCERA L., BEDNAR P. Ancient amber in Moravia

JAROSLAV PESKA1, LUKAS KUCERA2,PETR BEDNAR2

1Archaeological Centre Olomouc, U Hradiska 42/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic, [email protected] 2Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17.listopadu 12, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic, [email protected]

The occurrence of this extraterritorial commodity in the period (2600 – 1600 BC) at Moravia and Silesia is not high (until now 290 pieces from 46 locations). The first greater extent of amber in Moravia appeared in graves of Bell Beaker Culture (BBC; 15 sites, 104 pieces) during whole period (phase I / II – III) – rare occurrence of amber at settlement late Jevišovice Culture (Brno-Starý Lískovec, absolut. dating 2890-2770 BC) and none at Corded Ware culture. Amber ornaments prevail in the equipment of BBC female graves (but not exclusively) mostly in the form of beads as part of necklaces, buttons with V-drilling (along with bone) or pendants with a frontal drilling. Complete ostentatious necklaces are known from Lechovice – female grave from BBC (more than 20 pieces with dominating rhombic beads) and recently from the richest tomb (H54) in the cementery Hulín-Pravčice II (the older phase of BBC). High presence of male artifacts in this grave was found. Note, that grave combined both gender – dagger, wristguard, arrowheads, smith package versus amber necklace, metal jewellery. By the position of the skeleton it could be a grave of a wealthy woman – member of the social elite. Male artifacts was also found in tombs from Ledce I H1 – dagger; Ostopovice I H19 – boar tusk and Šlapanice II H12 wristguard. Generally the presence of amber artefacts on burial grounds of BBC is low (1-5%). The amber was found at graves of rich persons (Hulín-Pravčice II H54; Lechovice H6 and H7), at standard graves (Hulín-Pravčice II H59; Lhánice H10 and H11) and also in graves with a lower standard (Stříbrnice H85, Opava-Vávrovice). The graves of poor persons were not represented. The second wave of amber jewellery is dated to classical phase of Únětice culture (ÚC) of Early Bronze Age (EBA), where their occurrence was slightly higher compared with the first wave – 185 pieces in 28 localities. Predominance of amber was in female graves with the same functionality and were enriched by necklaces or bracelets combined with other materials (faience, bronze wire jewellery). With negligible presence of amber in Nitra Culture (NC; only graves with strong influence of ÚC) the amber is more represented in ÚC (18 sites, including 14 burial sites and 98 pieces, 2x fortified settlements) than in Veteřov Culture (VC; 10 sites, mainly settlements -8x, including fortified – 2x; totally 77 pieces). The presence of amber in graves at burial grounds is low, but with higher dispersion compared to BBC (0.23 to 16.6%), except the first necropolis from the post-classical phase of ÚC in Opava-Vávrovice in Silesia (46.1%). This necropolis highly affects our statistics – the 57 amber beads from this location represent 58.1% of amber in ÚC and 30.8% throughout the Early Bronze Age in Moravia and Silesia. Graves belonging to NC are commonly well-equipped (higher standard) in contrast to ÚC where both poorly (e.g. Hulin I H4 and 18) and richly equipped graves (Vedrovice-Zábrdovice, Šebetov, Šlapanice) are found, like in Eneolith. The highlight is the presence of amber in the princely tombs of the EBA (Leki Male, Barnice; Wessex culture; no central Germany – in depots: Kyhna, Queis, Dieskau 2) and shows the prestige of this commodity. The social role of amber has yet to be understood, but certainly it was the subject of a long-distance trade. Compared to the richly stocked Bohemia (over 4,000 pieces from 106 locations, all amber from the vicinity of Baltic sea) with the south-west Slovakia (generally since classic ÚC) and Moravia and Silesia, although belong to the traditional amber routes, we are forced to conclude that amount of amber in archaeological contexts is very low for Eneolith and the EBA. So we must consider other commodities of long distance barter trade (ore, metal materials, fabrics, furs, meat, etc.). Note that recently a remarkable finding of raw amber (5x3 cm) at the riverbed of the Morava River near the village of Doubravice (in the north part of central Page 76 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Moravia) was performed. The presence of this big piece of raw amber brings new questions about amber roads. The amber samples (representative samples) were analyzed using advanced instrumental techniques (i.e. infrared spectroscopy, laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry) for determination of amber origin. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Czech Science Foundation [17-17346S] and the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic [LO1305]. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 77

HIGHLIGHTS OF AMBER PROPERTIES INVESTIGATIONS AND CURRENT ASPECTS OF AMBER MINING

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

LAMBERT J.B. Molecular analysis of amber and related fossilized materials by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy KEYNOTE lecture

JOSEPH B. LAMBERT

Trinity University, Department of Chemistry, San Antonio, Texas, USA, [email protected]

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a common method for determining the structure of molecules of any size. Early proton (1H) NMR studies of amber by Beck (1975) gave spectra in solution that were poorly defined and uninformative. The first application of solid state NMR methods with the carbon-13 nucleus (13C) was carried out on a small sample set composed primarily of several types of European ambers (Lambert and Frye, 1982). This study demonstrated that 13C NMR spectra provide information on the types and abundance of carbon atoms in the macromolecular structure of amber in the bulk solid state, separated into three principal regions: saturated (δ 0-90), unsaturated (δ 100-160), and carbonyl (δ 170-190). The study was expanded to more than 50 mostly European samples, which formed the basis of amber Group A and Group C (Baltic). Soon followed studies of the spectral characteristics of amber from the Dominican Republic and Mexico, which defined the distinct Group D (Lambert et al. 1985). An outlier sample from in a study of North American amber in 1990 was identified with several samples from Australia in 1993 to form the basis of Group B (Lambert et al. 1993). Archaeological samples first were studied from Tipu, Belize (Lambert et al. 1994). Although the samples were found in an indigenous burial from ca. 1575, the spectra matched Group A, not found in Central America. The samples therefore most likely derived from early European trade. Fossilized resin from a 13th shipwreck in the Java Sea were identified as Group B materials from East or Southeast Asia (Lambert et al. 2017). After 2000, progress in instrumentation permitted amber distinctions to be made with solution-phase 1H NMR methods, a more widely available technique (Lambert et al. 2012). Investigations today combine both 13C spectra from the bulk solid and 1H spectra from solution phase. Several reviews of this work have appeared over the years (Lambert et al. 2002, 2007, and 2008).

References Beck C.W., Fellows C.A., MacKennan E. 1975. Nuclear magnetic resonance in archaeology, in: Beck C.W. (Ed.) Archaeological Chemistry, Advances in Chemistry No. 138. American Chemical Society, , DC, 226-235. Lambert J.B., Frye J.S. 1982. Carbon functionalities in amber. Science. 217, 55-57. Lambert J.B., Frye J.S., Poinar Jr. G O. 1985. Amber from the Dominican Republic: analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Archaeometry. 27, 43-51. Lambert J.B., Johnson S.C., Poinar Jr. G. O., Frye J. S. 1993. Recent and fossil resins from and Australia. Geoarchaeology. 8, 141-155. Lambert J.B, Graham E.A., Smith M.T., Frye J.S. 1994. Amber and jet from Tipu, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica. 5, 55-60. Lambert J.B., Poinar Jr. G.O. 2002. Amber: the Organic Gemstone. Acc. Chem. Res. 35, 628-636. Lambert J.B., Santiago-Blay J.A., Anderson K.B. 2008. Chemical signatures of fossilized resins and recent plant exudates. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 47, 9608-9616, Angew. Chem. 120, 9750-9760. Lambert J.B., Tsai C.Y.-h., Shah M.C., Hurtley A.E., Santiago-Blay J.A. 2012. Distinguishing amber classes by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Archaeometry. 54, 332-348. Page 78 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Lambert J.B., Levy A. J., Niziolek L.C., Feinman G.M., Gayford P.J., Santiago-Blay J.A., Wu Y. 2017. The resinous cargo from the Java Sea Wreck. Archeaometry, 59, 949-964. Santiago-Blay J. A. Lambert J.B. 2007. Amber’s botanical origins uncovered, Amer. Scientist. 95, 150-157.

VAN DER WERF I.D. Recent developments in amber investigation: succinite vs. simetite

INEZ DOROTHÉ VAN DER WERF

Chemistry Department, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4 – 70125 Bari, Italy, [email protected]

Chemical investigation of ambers is generally performed with the aim of unmasking imitations and forgeries, elucidating the chemical structure for classification and determination of maturity, searching for markers to shed light on botanical sources and geological provenience. All these issues are certainly important from the scientific point of view, but are also meaningful for the jewelry sector. Numerous methods are in use for the chemical study of fossil resins (Lambert et al. 2008, Angelini 2010, Drzewicz et al. 2016): infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), eventually in combination with pyrolysis (Py) or solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Here, the current developments in amber investigation are discussed, mainly focusing on GC-MS techniques. Among all methods, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is most frequently applied (Beck 1986, Beck and Hartnett 1993). The advantage of this technique is mainly related to its possible use in a non- invasive mode (directly to the surface) or to very low amounts of sample. In particular, diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) (Angelini and Bellintani 2005), variable angle reflectance (VAR) – FTIR (Teodor et al. 2010) and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) – FTIR (Guiliano et al. 2007) spectroscopy have been employed for the discrimination of various types of amber and for the analysis of archaeological finds (Angelini and Bellintani 2005, Angelini and Bellintani 2017, Peñalver et al. 2007, Teodor et al. 2010). Generally, FTIR spectroscopy is performed in the Mid-infrared range (MIR), but recently Far-IR spectroscopy has been proposed for succinite gemstone characterisation and differentiation of fossil and subfossil resins (Wagner-Wysiecka et al. 2016). Concerning Raman spectroscopy, a large amount of FT-Raman data of (semi-) fossil resins has been gathered by Edwards and Farwell (1996); the intensity ratio of the ν(C=C) and δ(CH2) Raman bands can be efficiently used as an indicator of the degree of maturity (Brody et al. 2001). Solid state carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy has been applied as well for the study of bulk amber (Lambert et al. 1988; Pereira et al. 2011) and, recently, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of amber solvent extracts has been proposed (Lambert et al. 2012). With both methods numerous ambers and copals could be studied and classified. Thermal analysis of amber and copal has also been successfully performed (Feist et al. 2007, Ragazzi et al. 2003). TGA came out to be a useful method for the characterization of fossil resins and a good correlation of the thermal patterns and the maturation grade was found. The most detailed information on the molecular composition of fossil resins, though, can be obtained with GC-MS (Anderson 1995, Anderson and Winans 1991, Clifford and Hatcher 1995, Czechowski et al. 1996, Stout et al. 2000). With this technique evidences on the botanical origin (Santiago-Blay and Lambert 2007, Yamamoto et al. 2006) and geological sources can be acquired. Structural investigations of the polymer fraction are generally performed with Py-GC-MS (Clifford and Hatcher 1995, Poulin and Helwig 2014), forming the basis of the grouping of ambers in the well-known classes (Anderson and Winans 1991, Anderson et al. 1992). Sub-classification of polylabdanoid (Class I) ambers is done taking into account both the Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 79 stereochemical nature of the labdanoids, belonging to the so-called regular and enantio series, and the occurrence of succinic acid. Regular polylabdanoid ambers containing succinic acid are classified as Class Ia (e.g., Baltic amber or succinite). Class Ib ambers, which are the most common, are also based on regular polylabdanoids, but these do not contain succinic acid. Class Ic fossil resins are formed by polymers of the enantio series and also lack succinic acid. Only just a few years ago a new sub-category – Class Id – has been added. The resinites of this class, which have been identified in three distinct deposits in Canada, are characterized by enantio labdanoid diterpenes and significant amounts of succinic acid (Anderson and Le Page 1995, Poulin and Helwig 2012). Recently, very interesting Py-GC-MS experiments have been performed by Poulin and Helwig (2012, 2014) elucidating the structural role of succinic acid in Class Ia and Id ambers. The analyses were performed using a thermal separation probe (TSP), which allows for a slow rate of heating and prolonged pyrolysis, in combination with a mild derivatization reagent. In this way, for the first time, direct molecular evidence of the cross-linking in ambers was evidenced. In fact, intact dicommunyl succinate esters and diozyl succinate esters could be identified. Moreover, it was also shown that dehydroabietol, a major nonpolymerized diterpene in Class Id resinite, is linked through succinic acid to the macromolecular structure and not simply occluded within the matrix. GC-MS has also been used in combination with SPME. With this method the volatile and semi-volatile components of various African and American resins, copals, and ambers produced by the genus Hymenaea have been analysed (McCoy et al. 2017) and rumanite and succinite could be differentiated, also with the aid of chemometrics (van der Werf et al. 2014). In Europe the more diffused and better known amber is certainly succinite, often called Baltic amber. However, besides the Baltic amber varieties, several other types of amber are found in Spain, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Romania, and Italy. Among the Italian ambers, the most renowned and diffused type comes from Sicily. This amber, possibly dated to the Pliocene/Miocene, was defined as simetite at the end of the 19th century, since it was found along the Simeto River near Catania. Based on NMR analyses simetite has been described as a Class Ib resinite (group A) (Lambert et al. 2012). In this study the results of recent research on the molecular structure and the possible botanical source of simetite are presented and compared with literature data. Py-GC-MS was used for the analysis of various simetite samples from the Earth Science Museum in Bari (Italy). These results evidenced that the polymer fraction of Sicilian amber is based on a polylabdanoid structure with an enantio configuration, mainly including ozic acid and biformene. In addition, numerous monocyclic and bicyclic terpene degradation products could be detected. At higher retention times several characteristic compounds – possibly tricyclic terpenes – were found. Very low amounts of succinic acid could be revealed (van der Werf et al. 2016). The Py-GC-MS data allowed classifying simetite as a Class Ic resinite and to suggest a botanical origin from Fabaceae (Leguminosae), in agreement with a thorough study of the inclusions of Sicilian ambers (Kohring and Schlütter 1989), and with a GC-MS investigation of the ether extract of a sample of simetite from the Musée National de l'Histoire Naturelle of Paris (Beck et al. 2003). Several amber finds from six Sicilian archaeological sites have been analysed by DRIFT spectroscopy (Angelini and Bellintani 2017). It came out that the use of simetite dates back to the IV millennium BCE and that in South Italy, in the Late Eneolithic, only simetite was used. In Figure 1 two amber beads from a tomb in the necropolis of Laterza (South Italy) – dating from the second half of the III millennium BCE – are shown. The amber beads of this tomb have been analysed with FTIR spectroscopy by Beck (1971) and simetite could be identified. In the Bronze Age, the exploitation of simetite in Italy shows diverse intensity in different chronological phases, but succinite seems to predominate from the Middle Bronze Age onwards. The importance and diffusion of simetite in the Mediterranean area during the Eneolithic and early Bronze Age is testified by the archaeometric data of several finds. Beck and Hartnett (1993) analysed two beads from the Vayenas tholos in Pylos (Greece), dated between the Middle Helladic to the Late Helladic II/III, which revealed to be composed of simetite. Moreover, recent studies evidenced that since the V millennium BCE, an amber route connected Sicily with the Iberian Peninsula, with an intensification during the first half of the Page 80 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

III millennium BCE. In the second half of this millennium, diversification in amber supply sources seems to occur: Baltic amber is traded for the first time and local Cretaceous amber is exploited again (Odriozola et al. 2017).

Fig. 1. Anular and biconical amber beads – Tomba a grotticella n. 3 of the necropolis of Laterza (Eneolithic – second half III mill. BCE) – National Archaeological Museum of Altamura, Italy.

References Anderson K.B. 1995. New evidence concerning the structure, composition and maturation of Class 1 (polylabdanoid) resinites. in: Anderson K.B., Crelling J.C. (Eds.) Resinite Amber, Fossil Resins. American Chemical Society Symposium Series, 617, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 105-129. Anderson K.B., LePage B.A. 1995. Analysis of fossil resins from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic. in: Anderson K.B., Crelling J.C. (Eds.) Resinite Amber, Fossil Resins. American Chemical Society Symposium Series, 617, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 170-192. Anderson K.B., Winans R.E. 1991. Nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere. 1. Evaluation of pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of natural resins and resinites. Anal. Chem. 63, 2901-2908. Anderson K.B., Winans R.E., Botto R.E. 1992. The nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere II. Identification, classification and nomenclature of resinites. Org. Geochem. 18, 829-841. Angelini I. 2010. Amber and Resins, in: Artioli G. (ed.) Scientific methods and the cultural heritage. University Press, Oxford, 367-384. Angelini I., Bellintani P. 2005. Archaeological ambers from Northern Italy: an FTIR-DRIFT study of provenance by comparison with the geological amber database. Archaeometry 47, 441-454. Angelini I., Bellintani P. 2017. The use of different amber sources in Italy during the Bronze Age: new archaeometric data. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 9, 673-684. Beck C.W. 1986. Spectroscopic investigations of amber. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 22, 57-110. Beck C.W. 1971. Amber from the eneolithic cemetery of Laterza. Origini 5, 301-305. Beck C.W., Hartnett H.E. 1993. Sicilian amber. In: Beck C.W., Bouzek J. (Eds.) Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Amber in Archaeology, Liblice, 1990, Institute of Archaeology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 36-47. Beck C.W., Stout E.C., Wovkulich K.M. 2003. The chemistry of Sicilian amber (simetite). in: Beck C.W., Loze I.B., Todd J.M. (Eds.), Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Amber in Archaeology, Talsi, Lativa, 2001, Institute of the History of Latvia, Riga, 17- 33. Brody R.H., Edwards H.G.M., Pollard A.M. 2001. A study of amber and copal samples using FT-Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta A 57, 1325-1338. Clifford D.J., Hatcher P.G. 1995. Structural transformations of polylabdanoid resinites during maturation. Org. Geochem. 23, 407-418. Czechowski F., Simoneit B.R.T., Sachanbiński M., Chojcan J., Wołowiec S. 1996. Physicochemical structural characterization of ambers from deposits in Poland. Appl. Geochem. 11, 811-834. Drzewicz P., Natkaniec-Nowak L., Czapla D. 2016. Analytical approaches for studies of fossil resins. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 85, 75-84. Edwards H.G.M., Farwell D.W. 1996. Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of amber. Spectrochim. Acta A 52, 1119- 1125. Feist M., Lamprecht I., Müller F. 2007. Thermal investigations of amber and copal. Thermochim. Acta 458, 162-170. Guiliano M., Asia L., Onoratini G., Mille G. 2007. Applications of diamond crystal ATR FTIR spectroscopy to the characterization of ambers, Spectrochim. Acta A 67, 1407-1411. Kohring R., Schlütter T. 1989. Historische und paläontologische Bestandsaufnahme des Simetits, eines fossilen Harzes mutmaßlich mio/pliozänen Alters aus Sizilien. Doc. Nat. 56, 33-58. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 81

Lambert J.B., Beck C.W., Frye J.S. 1988. Analysis of European amber by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Archaeometry 30, 248-263. Lambert J.B., Santiago-Blay J.A., Anderson K.B. 2008. Chemical signatures of fossilized resins and recent plant exudates. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 9608-9616. Lambert J.B., Tsai C.Y.-H., Shah M.C., Hurtley A.E., Santiago-Blay J.A. 2012. Distinguishing amber and copal classes by protonmagnetic resonance spectroscopy, Archaeometry 54, 332-348. McCoy V.E., Boom A., Solórzano Kraemer M.M., Gabbott S.E. 2017. The chemistry of American and African amber, copal, and resin from the genus Hymenaea. Org. Geochem. 113, 43-54. Peñalver E., Alvarez-Fernández E., Arias P., Delclòs X., Ontañón R. 2007. Local amber in a Palaeolithic context in Cantabrian Spain: the case of La Garma A. J. Archaeol. Sci. 34, 843-849. Pereira R., San Gil R.A.S., Carvalho I.S., Fernandes A.C.S., Azevedo D.A. 2011. Solid State 13C NMR analysis of Brazilian Cretaceous ambers, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 22, 92-97. Poulin J., Helwig K. 2012. Class Id resinite from Canada: a new sub-class containing succinic acid. Org. Geochem. 44, 37-44. Poulin J., Helwig K. 2014. Inside amber: the structural role of succinic acid in Class Ia and Class Id resinite. Anal. Chem. 86, 7428-7435. Ragazzi E., Roghi G., Giaretta A., Gianolla P. 2003. Classification of amber based on thermal analysis. Thermochim. Acta 404, 43-54. Santiago-Blay J.A., Lambert J.B. 2007. Amber’s botanical origins uncovered. American Scientist. 95, 150-157. Stout E.C., Beck C.W., Anderson K.B. 2000. Identification of rumanite (Romanian amber) as thermally altered succinate (Baltic amber). Phys. Chem. Miner. 27, 665-678. van der Werf I.D., Aresta A., Truică G.I., Radu G.L., Palmisano F., Sabbatini L. 2014. A quasi non-destructive approach for amber geological provenance assessment based on head space solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 119, 435-439. van der Werf I.D., Fico D., De Benedetto G.E., Sabbatini L. 2016. The molecular composition of Sicilian amber. Microchem. J. 125, 85-96. Wagner-Wysiecka E., Łukasik N., Wicikowski L., Kosior M. 2016. Amber vs. Copal in Mid- and Far-IR Spectra – an Useful Tools for Gemstone Characterization. in: The 5th International Gem & Jewelry Conference (GIT 2016). Teodor E.S., Teodor E.D., Virgolici M., Manea M.M., Truică G., Liţescu S.C. 2010. Nondestructive analysis of amber artefacts from the prehistoric Cioclovina hoard (Romania). J. Archaeol. Sci. 37, 2386-2396. Yamamoto S., Otto A., Krumbiegel G., Simoneit B.R.T. 2006. The natural product biomarkers in succinite, glessite and stantienite ambers from Bitterfeld, Germany. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 140, 27-49.

SHASHOUA Y. Investigating the degradation of Baltic amber

YVONNE SHASHOUA

Conservation and Natural Sciences, National Museum of Denmark, I.C.Modewegsvej-Brede, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800 Denmark, [email protected]

Introduction A recent survey of the National Museum of Denmark’s (NMD) collections revealed more than 17,000 unique pieces of Baltic amber in the form of beads, jewelry and other decorative pieces, making it one of the largest collections of amber in Europe. After its use as jewelry or other decorative pieces in pre-history, amber is likely to be buried for many years in dry or wet, boggy soils or transported in seawater before discovery. The survey concluded that 45% of amber in NMD’s collections exhibited signs of deterioration, manifested by surface crazing, powdering and discoloration (see Figure 1). Based on surface appearance alone, the condition of the objects seemed to reflect the environments in which they were found. Only 4% of those amber pieces that were excavated from wet bogs or found in water exhibited a high degree of degradation compared with 40% of objects found in dry environments. Amber found in dry soils were frequently recognizable by their pale yellow, friable, surface crusts. By contrast, amber found in wet environments was Page 82 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 dark brown in colour with cohesive surfaces. Because the amber collections reflect the economic, social, religious and other cultural beliefs prevalent in pre-historic Europe, it is essential that they are preserved for study and enjoyment by future generations.

Fig. 1. Amber beads from the Stone Age exhibiting typical surface crumbling, disintegration and discoloration. The objects are from the collections of the National Museum of Denmark.

Identifying the pathways and rate-controlling factors associated with degradation are the first steps to developing effective conservation strategies that inhibit chemical breakdown reactions and prolong the useful lifetimes of all heritage materials. However, conducting such studies on museum objects comprising amber poses complex practical challenges. Firstly, amber’s long lifetime (millions of years) prevents study of changes to its chemical and physical properties in real time. Secondly, although chemical and physical analyses of degraded amber provide a snapshot of its current state, they do not reveal the pathways or rate of degradation. Thirdly, in order to comply with the International Council of Museums’ code of ethics, examinations of registered museum objects are required to be non- or minimally destructive thus restricting the amount of original sample material available for experiments (ICOM 2013). Within this framework, research at NMD has produced models of amber that represent the chemical and physical structure of objects dating from the Stone Age. Model samples were exposed to weathering environments in which oxygen, water, radiation, pH, temperature and time are varied to represent a range of burial, storage and exhibition conditions and the physical and chemical properties of their surface examined throughout the exposure period (Pastorelli 2011 and Shashoua et al. 2005). The purpose of this paper is to review the various techniques used to investigate the degradation of Baltic amber, to discuss the findings and their application to current preventive conservation practices. Preparation of model amber samples to represent Baltic amber in museums Unprocessed Baltic amber from Kaliningrad was used to prepare models. Kaliningrad is a Russian exclave on the Baltic Sea, located between Poland and Lithuania from which 90% of the world’s amber is mined. Two techniques to prepare models from the unprocessed amber were used. Raw amber was cut into cubes, approximately 10 x 10 x 10 mm and polished while cooling with water to minimize loss of volatiles and generation of free radicals by heating. In order to optimise the homogeneity of material within models, amber cooled with solid carbon dioxide at -78°C was milled to form a fine powder (Pastorelli 2011). Pellets (10 x 2mm) were pressed from the powder. Exposure of model amber to burial and post-excavation storage environments To induce similar symptoms of degradation in undegraded, model amber to those observed in pre-historic pieces within a convenient time period, samples were exposed to accelerated weathering. Elevated temperature is frequently used to accelerate the ageing or degradation processes in industrial polymers so that their stability can be evaluated within a convenient timeframe. It is assumed that the rate of aging is increased by a factor of 2.ΔT/10, where ΔT is the temperature increase from ambient. This is a mathematical expression of the empirical observation that increasing the temperature by about 10 °C roughly doubles the Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 83 rate of many polymer reactions and assumes that the primary degradation reaction is first order with an activation energy of 10.R/log e2, where R is the universal gas constant. Model amber samples were exposed to thermal ageing in the dark at 70° and 100°C until visible changes were observed. In addition, samples were exposed to microclimates created using combinations of heat, water and pH to examine the influence of water and acidity on their rates of degradation. Microclimates containing different percentages of relative humidity (RH) were created by placing water, pre-conditioned silica gel or nothing in air- and water-tight Pyrex glass flasks (100 mL). Amber samples were added, suspended in nylon nets and the closed containers placed in convection ovens at 70° and 100 °C (see Figure 2) Microclimates containing water had a mean RH of 94.7%, those containing silica gel had a mean RH of 6.5% and empty containers had a mean RH of 33.2%. Microclimates with various pH values were generated by adding commercial buffer solutions to the Pyrex glass flasks comprising citric and boric acids to generate pH 3, 5 and 10.

Fig. 2. Freshly mined and polished amber exposed to thermal ageing in microclimates containing ambient RH (left), high RH (center) and low RH (right)

Exposure to radiation is known to promote photo-oxidation in amber and is therefore usually excluded from display and storage environments in museums (Beck 1982). However the effect of visible light (380 – 760nm) has been poorly researched. To investigate whether visible radiation accelerated degradation processes in amber, model samples were exposed to light filtered through window glass. This was achieved by subjecting samples to accelerated photoageing using an Atlas Ci3000þ light chamber that delivered wavelengths ranging from 325 nm to 760 nm, emitted by a xenon lamp at an irradiance of 40 Wm-2 and illuminance of 88,000 lx at the samples’ surfaces. To investigate the influence of combinations of light, water, acid and alkaline environments on the rate of degradation of amber, microclimates containing low and high RH, pH 3, 5 and 10 were created within the Atlas light chamber. Examination techniques used to study the degradation of amber Appearance and colour measurement Samples were examined visually for changes in surface roughness, cracking and colour change induced by the ageing environment. Colours of model samples before and after thermal and photo-ageing were quantified using a Minolta CM-2600d portable spectrophotometer, fitted with a standard illuminant D65/10° and a diffuse/8° geometry, and including the specular reflection component. Data were expressed using the CIE L*a*b* colour system and colour difference values CIEDE2000 (Δ00) index (CIE 1995 and Luo et al. 2001). Attenuated Total Reflectance – Fourier Transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was used to quantify levels of degradation present at surfaces of all samples during accelerated thermal and photo-ageing. Spectra were collected over 30 scans at a resolution of 4cm-1 between 4000 cm-1 and 600 cm-1 (the lower limit of sensitivity for ATR), using an ASI DurasamplIR single reflection accessory with an angle of incidence of 45° and fitted with a diamond internal reflection element in a Perkin- Elmer Spectrum 1000 FTIR spectrometer. The high refractive index of diamond compared with that of amber (2.4 and 1.5 respectively) allowed absorbance data to be collected from a depth approximately equal to that of the wavelength of the infrared radiation, a maximum depth of approximately 2 microns (Coombs 1999). The quality of spectra depended on intimate contact between the DurasamplIR diamond reflection element Page 84 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 and was optimised by polishing amber samples. Identical pressure distribution was achieved for all samples using the pressure device in combination with the torque limiter which allowed the press to be tightened to the same, repeatable level. Beer’s Law, which states that spectral absorbance is proportional to the concentrations of two components in a material, was applied to the spectra. Heights of strong bands at 1730 cm-1 assigned to the -1 carbonyl stretch (C=O) and 1448 cm assigned to CH2 were determined on raw absorbance spectra and the ratio (A1730/A1448) used to quantify degradation (see Figure 3) (Shashoua et al. 2005).

Fig. 3. ATR-FTIR spectra of unaged (top) and thermally aged (bottom) Baltic amber. The infrared bands used to quantify oxidation levels of model amber samples are indicated.

Fourier Transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy is a complimentary technique to FTIR and was also used to quantify degradation, although it should be borne in mind that the infrared radiation examined in Raman spectroscopy penetrates to a deeper level than ATR-FTIR at around 2-3 mm below surfaces. To minimize the effects of fluorescence exhibited by amber, Raman spectra were obtained with excitation from a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm with intensity 350 mW and spectral resolution 4 cm-1 on a Bruker RFS 100 FT-Raman spectrometer. Spectra from polished faces of samples and pressed pellets were more intense than those from rough surfaces. Chemical degradation levels were determined from Raman spectra by calculating the ratio between intensity values of C=C stretching and C-H bending, present at 1650-1600 cm-1 and 1450 ± 20 cm-1 respectively (see Figure 4) (Moreno et al. 2000). A progressive increase in the ratio on ageing indicated formation of new C=C bonds in the amber structure probably due to oxidation while a decrease in ratio was thought to be attributed to depolymerisation. Summary of results of examination techniques Model samples exposed to thermal ageing appeared to yellow less than those exposed to photo-ageing. Colour measurements supported these observations. Colour difference values (Δ00) ranged from 3 for samples aged at 70°C for 35 days in high RH and 5 at low RH to 8 for samples photo-aged at high RH and 14 at low RH. Colour differences of 1.5 or higher are detectable by . These results suggest the presence of both light and RH lower than 50% to maximize discolouration of amber. The effect of acid or alkaline conditions on discolouration was not significant. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy data showed significantly greater increases in intensities of the absorbance band attributed to carbonyl groups in all the samples exposed to photo-ageing compared with thermal ageing, indicating the rate and extent of photo-oxidation to be higher than that of thermo-oxidation. The increase in concentration of carbonyl groups is likely related to the formation of carboxylic acids. Photo- and thermal ageing in low RH microclimates resulted in a greater increase in the concentration of carbonyl groups (2.25 for thermal ageing), while high RH produced lower concentrations closer to that seen in non-aged amber Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 85

(1.45). These results suggest that water either has no influence on the rate of thermo- and photo-oxidation of amber or acts to slow the reaction. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy suggests that the presence of acid or alkaline has no measurable influence on the development of carbonyl groups. Although FT-Raman spectroscopy showed identical trends between ageing environment and degradation as ATR-FTIR, the magnitude of oxidation shown by Raman was lower in every case. Oxidation was reflected in FT-Raman spectroscopy by a reduction in intensity of C=C bonds in the terpenoid components as they react with oxygen to form carboxylic acids (Pastorelli et al. 2012). Because carbonyl bonds are present only weakly in Raman spectra but strong in ATR-FTIR spectra, the two techniques were complimentary for this investigation. In addition, oxidation that is limited to the upper 2-3 microns of amber samples’ surfaces are less likely to be detected by FT-Raman than ATR-FTIR. FT-Raman did not show significant degradation patterns for amber exposed to acidic and alkaline atmospheres.

Fig. 4. FT-Raman spectra of model amber samples unaged (a), thermally aged for 35 days (b) and thermally aged for 70 days (c). Two vertical lines are plotted at 1625 cm-1 and 1450 cm-1 to highlight the infrared bands used to quantify degradation levels. Olefinic bonds concentrations for each thermal ageing period are showed on the right. Error is below detection limits.

Conclusion Findings obtained from combining visible examination, colour measurement and spectroscopic investigations of model Baltic amber indicate that the material degrades initially by depolymerisation of the polylabdanoid chains at surfaces (Clifford and Hatcher 1995). The newly-formed C=C bonds undergo oxidation resulting in their conversion to carboxyl acids. As degradation progresses and amber surfaces physically disintegrate, oxygen from air diffuses increasingly deeper into the material and degradation progresses more rapidly than for newer samples. Light and low RH accelerate this process more than heat and the acidity of the surrounding environment have little influence on the rate of oxidation. Applying the knowledge obtained from studying degradation of model amber samples to preserving amber collections in museums for future generations, it is clear that exposure to daylight, even that filtered by window glass, should be minimized during storage and display. Amber should be stored and exhibited at Page 86 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 temperatures as low as practicable with consideration to the comfort of museum guests and storage area personnel. The RH of storage and exhibition environments should be at least 50±2%.

References Beck C.W. 1982. Authentication and conservation of amber: conflict of interests, in: Bromelle N. (ed.) Science and technology in the service of conservation. Preprints of contributions to the IIC Washington congress in Washington DC, 3-9 September 1982, 104-107. CIE. 1995. Industrial colour-difference evaluation, Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage publication 116-1995, Vienna. Clifford D.J., Hatcher P.G. 1995. Structural transformations of polylabdanoid resinites during maturation. Org. Geochem. 23(5), 407-18. Coombs, D. 1999.The use of diamond as an ATR material. International Journal of Vibrational Spectroscopy, http://www.ijvs.com/volume2/edition2/section1.htm. 2, 3-5 (accessed 30.01.2018) ICOM 2013. Code of professional ethics. http://icom.museum/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/Codes/code_ethics2013_eng.pdf (accessed 30.01.2018) Luo M.R, Cui G., Rigg B. 2001. The development of the CIE 2000 colour-difference formula: CIEDE2000. Color. Res. Appl.26, 340-349. Moreno Y.M., Christensen D.H., Nielsen O.F. 2000. A NIR-FT-Raman spectroscopic study of amber. Asian J. Spectros. 4, 49-56. Pastorelli G. 2011. A comparative study by infrared spectroscopy and optical oxygen sensing to identify and quantify oxidation of Baltic amber in different ageing conditions. J. Cult. Herit. 12, 164-168. Pastorelli G., Richter J., Shashoua Y. 2012. Evidence concerning oxidation as a surface reaction in Baltic amber. Spectrochim. Acta. A. 89, 268-269. Shashoua Y., Degn Berthelsen M.L., Nielsen O.F. 2005. Raman and ATR-FTIR spectroscopies applied to the conservation of archaeological Baltic amber. J. Raman Spectrosc. 37, 1221-1227.

ŁYDŻBA-KOPCZYŃSKA B., MENDYS A. Versatile spectroscopic approach in the investigation of cultural heritage objects

BARBARA ŁYDŻBA-KOPCZYŃSKA1,2, AGATA MENDYS2

1University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Cultural Heritage Research Laboratory, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland, [email protected] 2National Museum in Kraków, Laboratory of Analysis and Non-Destructive Investigation of Heritage Objects, Piłsudskiego 14, 31-109 Kraków, Poland

The development of nondestructive and noninvasive analytical procedures, suitable for the provenance study of cultural heritage object made of succinite, and other resins is of utmost importance. It is the most common situation that these investigation do not allowed to take samples that could destroy analyzed fragile objects. Due to the fact only the analysis based on noninvasive, complementary techniques could deliver comprehensive information about investigated objects. The success of provenance investigation of amber is determined by the adequate choice of the method and the usage of the reference spectra database. To the most widely used spectroscopic methods like Raman and infrared spectroscopy, annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) and scanning electron microscopy with the micro roentgen analysis (SEM-EDS) are applied in the such investigation. The Raman spectroscopy is recognized as an effective technique used in the provenance investigation of the amber characterized by the opportunity to carry out the in situ measurements without any preparation of the sample. It is quite common that archeological amber objects are covered by the weathered layer caused the strong fluorescence obscuring Raman spectra. Unfortunately, in many cases this outer layer cannot be removed without the damage to the object and implementation of supplementary techniques is Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 87 necessary in order to determine the provenance of such amber objects (Łydżba-Kopczyńska et al. 2012). The applicability of the annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) in the analysis of the raw material was proved during investigations of the amber objects discovered in the archaeological excavations (Łydżba-Kopczyńska et al. 2012). Moreover, in the identification of amber are used other spectroscopic methods like: transmission infrared spectroscopy and ATR (Łydżba-Kopczyńska et al. 2015, but they require preparation of samples). Additional information can be provided by near-infrared reflection spectroscopy in the 800 – 2500 nm spectral range (NIR). As a non-invasive method, it has great potential in the application in sensitive works of art analysis (Klisińska-Kopacz, 2017). In general, it has a greater depth of penetration into the sample than light in the visible range. Near-infrared spectroscopy is based on molecular overtone and combination vibrations. The molecular overtone and combination bands seen in the near-IR are typically very broad, therefore their interpretation is very often not straightforward. However, their unquestionable advantages, such as simple measurement and no need for sample preparation, motivate us to further work on its use in amber objects analysis, also with the help of multivariate chemometric methods (Majda et all, 2016). The access to the adequate database undoubtedly could be considered as the second important condition which lead to satisfying results of investigation. The Cultural Heritage Research Laboratory at the Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University developed the Raman spectra database of amber and copal which was successfully applied in the provenance study of archaeological amber objects discovered in Poland (Łydżba-Kopczyńska et al. 2015, Peris-Diaz). The database is systematically developed and recently was extended to incorporate ATR, annihilation positronium reference spectra, near-infrared reflection spectroscopy (NIR) and also SEM-EDS (Kosmowska-Ceranowicz et al. 2017) data of amber and copal. The developed comparative spectral database is based on reference spectra of fully documented samples of succinite, fossil resins, subfossil resins and imitations from the comprehensive collection of The Museum of the Earth’s Amber Department, Warsaw, started in 1951. The application of the versatile spectroscopic approach in the investigation of cultural heritage objects made of amber will be illustrated by provenance investigation of amber jewelry discovered in the archaeological excavations in Domasław (Łydżba-Kopczyńska et al. 2012), archeological amber objects from the collection of the Archeological Museum in Warsaw, samples originating from the amber deposits discovered in 1906 and 1936, nearby the horse racing track in Wroclaw-Partynice (Ger. Breslau-Hartlieb) (Seger, 1930; Nowothnig 1937) and the amber altar from XVII century belonged to the collection of the National Museum in Krakow.

References Klisińska-Kopacz A., Mendys A., del Hoyo-Meléndez J.M, Łydżba-Kopczyńska, B., Frączek P. Kłosowska-Klechowska A., Obarzanowski M. 2017. Portable Raman and NIR Systems for Identification of Plastics in Museum Collections. Book of abstracts, 9th International Congress on the Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology (RAA2017) 24-27 October 2017 Evora (Potugal). Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B., Sachanbiński M, Łydżba-Kopczyńska B. 2017. Analytical characterization of Indonesian amber deposits: evidence of formation from volcanic activity, Baltica, 30, 55-60. Łydżba-Kopczyńska B., Gediga B., Chojcan J., Sachanbiński M. 2012. Provenance investigations of amber jewellery excavated in Lower Silesia (Poland) and dated back to Early Iron Age. J. Raman Spectrosc., 43, 1839-1844. Łydżba-Kopczyńska B., Krzywiecka M., Chojcan J., Madera P., Sachanbiński M. 2015. Wrocław-Partynice amber depots – the application of the comprehensive spectral database of succinate and fossil and subfossil resins. in: Czarnecka M., Łydżba-Kopczyńska B. (Eds.) 8th Congress on Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology Wroclaw, 1-5 September 2015: book of abstracts, Wrocław: Faculty of Chemistry University of Wrocław, 1-177, 146-147. Majda A., Mendys A., Wietecha-Posłuszny R., Łydżba-Kopczyńska B., Kościelniak P., Text enhancement and examination of traces on documents using hyperspectral imaging combined with the chemometric approch. Book of abstract. 6th Meeting X-ray and other techniques in investigations of the object sof cultural heritage, Krakow (Poland) 18-21 May 2016, 1-125, 83-84. Nowothnig W. 1937. Der Bernsteinhandelsplatz von Breslau-Hartlieb. Altschlesische Blätter, 12, 48-51. Peris-Diaz M.D., Łydżba-Kopczyńska B., Sentandreu E., Raman Spectroscopy coupled to chemometrics to discriminate provenance and geological age of amber, J. Raman Spectrosc., in press DOI: 10.1002/jrs.5357. Seger H. 1930. Der Bernsteinfund von Hartlieb bei Breslau. Altschlesien, 3, 171-184. Page 88 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

MATUSZEWSKA A. Physicochemical transformations of amber illustrated by changes in the oxygen-groups range of infrared spectra

ANIELA MATUSZEWSKA

Silesian University, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland, [email protected]

Introduction The infrared spectroscopy (IR) is already a long time in use for identification of fossil resins and in these days is applied more and more frequently to characterization of the structural changes of resins influenced by various natural or laboratory factors. That what makes the problem easier, is not complicated shape of the spectra, with rather well interpreted bands of the hydrocarbon structural fragments and oxygen functional groups. There is just the ranges of oxygen group absorption which are perfectly suitable for observations of directions of a structural transformations upon influence of chemical agents (e.g. natural catalyzers) or physical agents (as temperature). For this critical analysis a series of the infrared spectra of fossil resins, mainly succinite, has been made, after changes of the physicochemical structure following various natural or laboratory processes. For a comparison the existing literature data were also used. The oxygen groups in Baltic amber The average content of the oxygen in the succinite is about 10% (e.g. Matuszewska 2010). Oxygen constructs therefore a considerable part of the resin structure but the contribution of this element is rather diversified in particular functional groups. The resinous acids are considered as a basic constructive matter of succinite and also succinic acid is a very characteristic component of amber composition, occurring in the relatively high amount: up to about 8%. It is because the presence of carboxyl groups in amber seems to be beyond a doubt. However, it is also well known that a considerable part of acids have been transformed into esters (e.g. Rottländer 1969, Mills et al. 1984, Beck 1999, Yamamoto et al. 2006) and their presence is confirmed by the absorption bands in the infrared spectra. The analysis with the use of GC-MS method made possible to identify the esters of succinic acid with monoterpenoids or diterpenoids (e.g. Czechowski et al. 1996). In the IR spectra of some succinite samples the bands of carboxyl groups were divided visibly into two maxima: at about 1735 cm-1 and 1695 cm-1. These bands originate probably from ester and carboxyl groups, respectively. Among the terpenoic monomolecular constituents there are alcohols, ketones and ethers. The respective functional groups can also exist in the greater structural units (e.g. 7-oxodehydroabietic acid; Matuszewska, GC-MS method, unpublished data) and also in the macromolecular structure of succinite. The existence in the IR spectra of succinite of the bands due to OH-groups of alcohols and carboxylic acids evidences that not all compounds have been bonded into form of ester groups. It signifies that these compounds can form the hydrogen bonds, what makes, together with other features, the structure of amber like the supramolecular type (Matuszewska 2010). The speculations on the chemical structure of amber have made possible to frame a hypothesis about possible, transitional presence of aldehydes or also peroxides, on a basis of theoretical knowledge of the oxygenation processes of organic compounds. The presence of aldehyde groups was, however, excluded by Lambert and Frye (1982) on the basis of the analysis by NMR method. Peroxides, in turn, are generally very reactive and in the relatively short time after creation can disappear during turbulent dynamics of the processes on the surface of amberous objects. As the results of thermal processes the anhydrides can be formed. During dry distillation of amber the succinic anhydride just forms, and not acid, what leaded into error the pioneers in investigation of this process (Matuszewska 2016, loc.cit.). Instead, as the results of ester hydrolysis the salts of carboxyl acids are formed. Some authors suggest that there are the lactone groups in amber (e.g. Waleńczak 1987). The thin layer chromatographic technique (TLC) made possible to state that in the solvent extracts of amber also α-keto- and α-hydroxy-acids exist (Matuszewska, John 2004), which can formed relatively easy the lactones mentioned (Holleman, Richter 1952). For the deepened interpretation of the IR spectra of raw amber and amber transformed in various Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 89 conditions, this is, therefore, undoubtedly advantageous to use as well the data obtained by other methods, as also knowledge about chemistry of forecast processes. In this elaborate only some chosen aspects were presented of the problem under discussion: spectral confirmation of changes in the amber structure as a result of some process of oxygenation, extraction, thermal treatments, influence of natural catalyzers, and some effects of amber hydrolysis. In the infrared spectra of succinite, the range of absorption changeable in an especial manner is the range of the Baltic shoulder: plateau from 1260 cm-1 up to the neighboring sharp band at about 1160 cm-1. Beck et al. (1965) attributes this absorption region to the ester C-O groups (stretching vibration). In this range also ether or acidic (e.g. from succinic acid) oxygen groups can absorb. This absorption range is especially sensible on various destruction factors. About the wavelength of 1200 cm-1 the visible changes take place, probably because of leaching of some compounds or of their transformations. Weathering processes After long-time storage of powdered amber samples, in full or limited air access, the distinct change is marked in the Baltic amber region in the IR spectra. This process concerns also the surface of amber lumps. The shape of the spectral region mentioned becomes more and more sloping from fresh to deteriorated conditions. The observation like this was made earlier, among others, also by Beck et al. (1965), what is presented in the Figure 1A.

A B

Fig.1. A. The shape change of Baltic shoulder during succinite weathering (after Beck et al. 1965). B. Fragments of infrared spectra of succinite weathered at the presence of lower (below) and much higher (above) contents of .

Weathering processes and natural catalyzers Figure 1B. illustrates the changes in the IR spectra of white amber with a high contents of pyrite.The samples in the form of plates or sections were stored in conditions of limited access of air. A fainter changes of spectrum can be seen for the sample with lower concentration of pyrite but a high pyrite amount caused a total deformation of the spectrum near the Baltic shoulder range. It indicates the catalytic influence of pyrite on the organic matter of amber, including probable decarboxylation process, because the band at about 1700 cm-1 is strikingly destroyed. Pyrite is known as catalyzer of organic matter transformations, what was profited e.g. in technology of hard coal liquefaction. Thermal processes with the limited air access. Thermal changes of the succinite structure after low temperature thermal treatment depend on the process conditions and can manifest in the IR spectra by bands intensity change of some oxygen groups (very distinct about 1700cm-1 on Figure 2Ab) and hydrocarbon groups (e.g. clear lowering of bands intensity of exocyclic C=C groups at 888cm-1 and 1643cm-1 on Figure 2Aa). However, for this case, a distinctive feature of spectra is here underlined: a division worsening of the bands with maximum at 1158 cm-1 and 1021 cm-1. It could be a result of reorganization of hydrocarbon fragments of amber structure, because the part of the Page 90 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 spectrum between the maxima mentioned is attributed to hydrocarbon bonds (van der Maarel and Beutelspacher 1976).

A B

Fig.2. A. Succinite after thermal treatment to a brandy color (a) and succinite roasted at 100oC (b). B. Fragments of IR spectra of parent amber (below) and of amber colophony (above).

Thermal processes without the air access. One of this type processes is autoclaving of amber – the process of clarification, i.e. obtainment of transparent amber. For the description of changes in the IR spectra the attention was paid to the fragment at about 1200 cm-1 where the division is augmented between the bands with maxima at 1241 cm-1 i 1156 cm- 1.The autoclaving process upon elevated pressure, at the temperature of about 200oC, produces a water as one of the products. In such water, thanks to chemical and chromatographic analysis, a series of polar (oxygen) compounds has been identified, succinic acid including (Matuszewska 2010). In clarification process, however, not only leaching of the water soluble components takes place but also thermal effects, e.g. the distillation process of the volatile components. The change of spectrum shape at about 1200 cm-1 described earlier was, whereas, more distinct in the case of IR spectrum of succinite after extraction process with the use ethanol as a solvent and ultrasound extractor. However, considerably more spectacular is this change in the spectrum of melting amber (so called amber colophony) obtained during process of amber dry distillation. The very strong decreasing of the intensity of spectrum at the wavelength at about 1200 cm-1 in comparison with the raw amber can be seen on the Figure 2B. Other products of dry distillation are succinic acid and amber oil. The components of oil are mainly hydrocarbons and it could be assumed that their removing not influence the spectrum at about 1200cm-1. In turn, taking into account that succinic acid is here third important product, it could be stated, that spectrum intensity lowering at about 1200 cm-1 confirms the share of succinic acid in this part of the succinite spectrum. It is in accordance with the presence in the IR spectrum of succinic acid of the strong band at 1195 cm-1. The similar shape in this spectral region has gedanite and so called Baltic colophony and also a series of fossil resins from some other resin groups, what can be a basis to discussion on their possible relationship. Some features of infrared spectrum of an alkaline hydrolysis product of succinite Taking into account the important contribution of ester groups in the succinite structure, the alkaline hydrolysis was performed of a white, bone amber and IR spectrum of product was submitted into discussion. The powdered amber has been hydrolyzed using 0.2 M NaOH (time of process: 4hr, temperature 80oC). It is well known, that one of important components forming esters in amber is succinic acid. In the bonded state there is about 80% of acid (Matuszewska, Kurkiewicz 2011). After hydrolysis, IR spectrum of amber in the range of carbonyl groups stretching vibrations has shown the band of carboxyl groups (1772 cm-1) and also strong band of carboxylate group at 1562 cm-1 (stretching symmetric vibration (Dyer 1967). Second stretching but asymmetric vibration of the carboxylate group – at 1387 cm-1 – is partly overlapped with the Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 91 band of hydrocarbon groups.The comparison of amber IR spectrum before and after hydrolysis confirms, that in the raw samples the carboxylate ions not exist. Conclusions • The record of IR spectra of various amber samples has indicated, among others, that there is faster processes of weathering in the case of samples stored as powders because of exposition of a greater surface on the influence of air. • It was also stated, that weathering process is easier for the white amber, probably because of the great porosity of this type of amber. It could be a reason that white amber contain generally greater quantity of succinic acid than other amber varieties. • IR spectra of amber after various processes of transformation indicate a great sensibility of the absorption region neighboring to Baltic shoulder on influence of different factors. • Infrared spectra of a series of fossil and younger resins after some transformations of structure indicate similar shape what can be a basis to discussion on their possible relationship. • The IR spectroscopy preserves yet a great potential in the domain of structure investigation of natural resins.

References Beck C.W., Wilbur E., Meret S., Kossove D., Kermani K. 1965. The infrared spectra of amber and the identification of Baltic amber. Archaeometry. 8, 96-109. Beck C.W. 1999. The chemistry of amber. Est. Mus. Cienc. Nat. de Alava. 14, 33-48. Bray P. S., Anderson K.B. 2009. Identification of Carboniferous (320 Million years old) class Ic amber. Science. 326 (5949) 132-134. Czechowski F., Simoneit B.R.T., Sachanbiński M., Chojcan J., Wołowiec S. 1996. Physicochemical structural characterization of ambers from deposits in Poland. Appl. Geochem. 11, 811-834. Dyer J.R. 1967. Spektroskopia absorpcyjna w chemii organicznej. PWN, Warszawa. Holleman A., Richter F. 1952. Chemia organiczna.v.1, PWT, Warszawa. Lambert J.B., Frye J.S. 1982. Carbon functionalities in amber. Science. 217 55-57. Matuszewska A. 2010. Bursztyn (sukcynit), inne żywice kopalne, subfosylne i współczesne. Wyd. UŚl, Katowice. Matuszewska A., John A. 2004. Some possibilities of thin layer chromatographic analysis of the molecular phase of Baltic amber and other natural resins. Acta Chromatographica. 14, 82-91. Matuszewska A. 2016. Zarys historii badań kwasu bursztynowego w bursztynie bałtyckim, Proceed. of Int. Meet. Inv. Amber., Amberif, MTG SA, Gdańsk Matuszewska A., Kurkiewicz S.. 2011. Bernsteinsäure in Succinit – Genese und quantitative analyse, in: B. Kosmowska- Ceranowicz, N. Vávra, Reds.: Eigenschaften des Bernsteins und anderer fossiler Harze aus aller Welt, Proceed. Confer. PAN in Vienna, 2010, Ed. Ser. SC in Vienna PAN: Conf. Proceed. and Monogr., vol. 10, Ed. I. Nöbauer, Wiedeń, 109-119. Mills J.S., White R., Gough L.J. 1984. The chemical composition of Baltic amber. Chem.Geol. 47, 15-39. Rottländer R.C.A. 1969. Bernstein durch Dimerisierung von Abietinssaure. Tetrahedron Lett. 47, 4129-4130. Sawkiewicz S.S., Szaks I.A. 1964.Infrakrasnyje spiektry pogłoszenija bałtijskowo jantarija (sukcinita). Żur. Prikł. Chim. 37, 930-931. van der Maarel H.W., Beutelspacher H. 1976. Atlas of Infrared Spectroscopy of Clay Minerals and their admixtures. Elsevier, Sci. Pub. Co., Amsterdam. Waleńczak Z. 1987. Geochemia organiczna. Wyd. Geolog. Warszawa Yamamoto S., Otto A., G. Krumbiegel, B.R.T. Simoneit. 2006. The natural product biomarkers in succinite, glessite and stantienite ambers from Bitterfeld, Germany, Rev. Paleobot. Palynol. 140, 27-49. Page 92 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

KUCERA L., PESKA J., BEDNAR P. Utilization of mass spectrometry for chemical analysis of amber for distinction of its origin in various Baltic regions.

LUKAS KUCERA1, JAROSLAV PESKA2, PETR BEDNAR1

1Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17.listopadu 12, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic, [email protected] 2Archaeological Centre Olomouc, U Hradiska 42/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic, [email protected]

Amber is formed by many chemical compounds whose content depends on the place of its origin. Small but characteristic variations in chemical composition can help to distinguish the origin of amber. Infrared spectroscopy is the most commonly used method for determination of amber origin that can estimate whether an amber belongs to vicinity of Baltic Sea or not (presence of “Baltic shoulder", signals in region 1110-1250 cm-1) (Truică et al. 2012). However, infrared spectroscopy is not the only possibility for the amber origin evaluation. For a more detailed characterization of amber origin a new method was designed in our laboratory. It is based on Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LDI-MS) combined with multivariate statistics. Although LDI-MS is a destructive analytical technique, the required amount of amber sample for analysis by LDI-MS is lower than a head of a pin. The principle of LDI-MS method is desorption/ionization of compounds from amber microsample using a pulsed laser and acceleration of ionized molecules to mass spectrometer where their mass is measured. The obtained mass spectrum of amber contains thousands of compounds. Such a huge number of signals is not directly manageable and here benefit of multivariate statistics (i.e. Principal Component Analysis, PCA) can be used. We have applied PCA to display what samples are similar from the chemical point of view (belong to a group of the same origin) and what samples differ significantly. By this method, we can differentiate the amber samples from different Baltic regions (e.g. Poland, Lithuania, Russia, Denmark, etc.). Based on the obtained results a more comprehensive study is designed at present. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Czech Science Foundation [17-17346S] and the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic [LO1305].

References Truică G, Teodor E, Litescu S, Radu G. 2012. LC-MS and FT-IR characterization of amber artifacts. Open Chemistry 10, 1882-1889.

KACZMARCZYK I. Baltic amber as a potential source of active agents against selected microorganisms

IGOR KACZMARCZYK1,2

1Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-001 Kraków, Poland 2Amber Laboratories Co., Osiniak – Piotrowo 27A, 12-220 Ruciane-Nida, [email protected]

The oldest ornaments and amulets made of Baltic amber date back to the Palaeolithic Period. In Antiquity, amber was a precious commodity desired mainly for its use in jewellery. In Roman Empire times, huge expeditions followed “The Amber Route” to collect this valuable material. The interest in amber has not faded for ages. Apart from its beauty, it was considered a curiosity because of its electrostatic properties (the terms: electron, electricity etc. derive from the Greek word ἤλεκτρον meaning ‘amber’). Additionally, in many folk tales, information about the medicinal or even magical properties of Baltic amber was passed down Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 93 generations. Over the centuries, amber in the form of raw uncut pieces, powder, compresses, ointments or tinctures was used to treat diverse diseases: from those of bacterial origin, for example the plague, to rheumatic ailments and diseases of the nervous system (Duffin, 2015). In his work from 1728, the English encyclopaedist Ephraim Chambers wrote: “In times of Plague, those who work in Amber at Koningsberg are said to be never infected” (Chambers, 1728). Ample present geological, physical and chemical studies address the physicochemical properties of amber, while the folk tales and beliefs about its medicinal potentials are beginning to be studied only recently. The many historical descriptions of these properties and applications, such as the use of amber tinctures or amber distillation products, are yet to be collected in a comprehensive critical work (Duffin, 2015) and many of them have not been translated into modern languages yet. Surprisingly, an empirical research involving a modern scientific methodology has not been undertaken before 2013, and medicinal properties of amber are still awaiting comprehensive investigations. This huge research gap was an inspiration for the author to perform a systematic microbiological study on the influence of amber extracts on vitality of pathogenic microorganisms (Kaczmarczyk, 2017). Following fossil resins: Baltic amber, Mexican amber, Cretaceous Canadian amber (cedarite), gedanite; and subfossil resin – Columbian copal were collected (Matuszewska, 2010) and studied microbiologically on selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Diverse extracts from the fossil and subfossil resins were obtained (using different solvents and extraction methodology) and their influence on microorganisms (including a versatile pathogen such as Staphylococcus aureus) was examined, based on a recommended methodology (Hryniewicz, 2001). The results were even more surprising and optimistic for further application studies, than a hypothesis stated at the beginning of the experimental work. From the group of ca. 20 extracts obtained from different types of amber, only extracts from Baltic amber (using ethanol as a final solvent) exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (including a drug resistant strains of S. aureus) while being neutral for Gram-negative bacteria, e.g., Escherichia coli. Analysis of amber extract composition using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry revealed a highly complex mixture of compounds. The results indicate that Baltic amber has a remarkable antibacterial potential, which can be absent in other types of amber from different parts of the globe. Our next aim is purification of microbiologically active fraction(s) from selected extracts followed by identification of their chemical structure and mechanism of antibacterial activity. In 2016, a literature review of a potential medicinal use of amber was published (Tumiłowicz et al. 2016). In this article pertinent to chemical composition of amber extracts in the context of studies of their microbiological properties were critically discussed. This systematic review provides indirect (non empirical) prove, that many substances identified in amber have antimicrobial properties with the wide spectrum of the action. Despite of that, concentration of active substances and possibility of their extraction in pure form amber were not reported. Moreover, no amber-extracted substance which has antibacterial activity limited to Gram-positive bacteria was apparently identified to date. Therefore, our project is very important in the field of bioactivity of amber, and is aimed to explore ambers’ antibacterial properties, especially against the resistant super – pathogen as S.aureus. Author would like to express his gratitude to the following scientists, for sharing their wisdom, giving precious technical advices during the course of this research and hosting in their laboratories: Prof. Jan Potempa, PhD, DSc (Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Department of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University) – academic advisor of this work, Magdalena Cichowicz – Cieślak, PhD; Jolanta Grzenkowicz – Wydra, PhD; Klaudia Palenica, Msc (Pomeranian Park of Science and Technology In Gdynia, Laboratory of Microbiology), Prof. Michał Obuchowski, PhD, DSc (Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, University of Gdansk, Medical University of Gdansk), Elżbieta Sontag, PhD (Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk).

References Chambers E. 1728. Cyclopaedia, or, a Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, Great Britain. Duffin C.J. 2015. Historical survey of the internal use of unprocessed amber. Acta Med. Hist. Adriat. 13(1), 41-74. Page 94 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Hryniewicz W., Sulikowska A., Szczypa K. i inni. 2001. Rekomendacje doboru testów do oznaczania wrażliwości bakterii na antybiotyki i chemioterapeutyki. Mikrob. Med. 4, 16-40. Kaczmarczyk I. 2017. Composition with amber extract as a novel bacteriostatic and bactericidal agent. Polish Patent Application no. P.421071. Matuszewska A. 2010. Bursztyn (sukcynit), inne żywice kopalne, subfosylne i współczesne. Oficyna Wydawnicza Wacław Walasek. Katowice. Tumiłowicz P., Synoradzki L., Sobiecka A., Arct J., Pytkowska K., Safarzyński S. 2016. Bioactivity of Baltic amber – fossil resin. Polimery 61, 347-356.

KASIŃSKI J.R., SŁODKOWSKA B., KRAMARSKA R. Amber-bearing sediments of the Polish-Ukrainian border zone stratigraphic correlation

JACEK ROBERT KASIŃSKI1, BARBARA SŁODKOWSKA1, REGINA KRAMARSKA2

1Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute, 4 Rakowiecka Str., 00-975 Warszawa, Poland, [email protected], [email protected] 2Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute, Marine Geology Branch, 5 Kościerska Str., 80-328 Gdańsk, Poland, [email protected]

Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene amber-bearing sediments, which occurred in the proximal south-east part of the pre-North Sea Basin are the mother rocks for the richest – apart from the Sambian-Cassubian area in the Northeast – amber deposits in situ in marine Paleogene deposits in this basin. These deposits have been preserved until today in form of two selected areas – North Lublin (Poland) and Volyn (Ukraine) ones. North these areas are separated with a bare zone by avoid zone in the area of West Volyn, where the Younger Paleogene deposits were removed by Quaternary erosion, as in the large valleys of Wieprz, Bug and ’ rivers (see Figure 7). The authors’ litho- and biostratigraphic research (palynology, microfauna, nanoplankton) conducted in the North Lublin and Volyn areas made possible to correlate the profiles of the research geological wells and exposures along the WE orientation lines starting from the Lubartów area northward of Lublin and ending with the Klesiv area region eastwared of (Figure 1). In the western part of the region, the North Lublin area, the seven borehole profiles have been applied. There were: Gawłówka, Lubartów L-3, Czemierniki C-3, Górka Lubartowska, Niedźwiada 02-005 and Kostomłoty K-1 (Kasiński and Tołkanowicz 1999). In the eastern part (Volyn) – the addidional three profiles from the exposures: Vladimirec East, Klesiv and Olekseyevka were applied.

Fig. 1. Location of studied profiles in North Lublin and Volyn areas Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 95

Gawłówka. In the Gawłówka open-pit and well-profile, a package 18.9 m-thick of younger Eocene sediments occurs. These deposits lie inconsistently on Maastrichtian and they consist of dark green concise clays and silts with abundant glauconite, usually characteristic for the amber-bearing association. However, the presence amber was not found in this case. In the roof of the series there is an erosional surface, and fluvial Quaternary sediments lie above. Palynological studies using and phytoplankton analyses allowed to define palonomorphs spectrum displaying palynostratigraphy of the amber-bearing association as Middle Eocene (Bartonian) – D11 Dinoflagellata zone and Upper Eocene () – D12 Dinofagellata zone. The Middle (Selandian) sediments (D3 Dinofagellata zone) occur in the floor of the Eocene series. Lubartów. In the Lubartów well-profile, a package 13.7 m-thick of younger Eocene sediments occurs. These deposits lie inconsistently on Maastrichtian and they are represented by gray-green sandy silts with glauconite addition and small amber crumbs. In the roof of the package there is an erosional surface covered by the Quaternary. Laterally, sediments of amber-bearing association have been reduced substantially or even completely removed in the result of Quaternary erosion (Figure 2).

Fig. 2. Geological cross-section of the Lubartów vicinity.

In this profile, forams play the mayor role as a biostratigrahical marker. Upper-Eocene species: Lenticulina dimorpha, Pyramidulina minor and Vaginulina alazanensis allow to define of age of the series. Górka Lubartowska. In the village of Górka Lubartowska, 15.0 m-thick series of amber-bearing association has been marked in one of the farmers wells. These deposits lie inconsistently on Maastrichtian there and they are represented by glauconite-quartz sands and sandy silts with addition of glauconite and some small amber crumbs. Thin layer of consolidated by glauconite-quartz sandstone (quartzite) which meteorite impact origin is attributed to (Gazda et al. 2016). There is an erosional surface in the floor of the series, which is emphasized with phosphate concentration. The next erosional surface occurs at the top of the series on the Quaternary border. In the amber-bearing sediments of Górka Lubartowska, some dinocyst species indicating higher part of Eocene (Bartonian – Priabonian), related to the D11 – D12 zones: Areosphaeridium michoudii, Cordosphaeridium funiculatum, Glaphyrocysta semitecta, Paucilobimorpha incurvata, P. triradiata. Niedźwiada. In the Niedźwiada 02-005 borehole the 9.4 m-thick series of amber-bearing association lies inconsistently on Maastrichtian. There are clays and silty clays, dark green, with abundant glauconite and frequent amber crumbs. An erosional surface, covered with Quaternary deposits, occurs in the top of the series. Sediments of amber-bearing association in the vicinity have been locally reduced substantially or even completely removed in the river valleys (Figure 3). Age of the amber-bearing association in the Niedźwiada 02-005 well has been defined to Middle- and Upper Eocene (Bartonian and Priabonian) – D11 and D12 dinocysts zones. Page 96 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Fig. 3. Geological cross-section of the Niedźwiada vicinity.

Czemierniki. In the Czemierniki well-profile, a package more than 17.3 m-thick of younger Eocene sediments has been found at the depth 8.5 m below the soil surface and it was no transfixed up to depth 25.0 m. These sediments are formed with silts and clayey silts, dark-green, with abundant glauconite and a little bigger amber crumbs. In the roof of the package there is an erosional surface covered by the Quaternary. Locally, sediments of amber-bearing association have been reduced substantially or even completely removed laterally in the result of Quaternary erosion (Figure 4).

Fig. 4. Geological cross-section of the Czemierniki vicinity.

Palynological analysis was a base of biostratigrahic dating. Presence of the marin phytoplankton species: Aerosphaeridium diktyoplokum, Heteraulacacysta porosa, Rhombodinium perforatum displays the Upper Eocene age of this series, related to the D12 Dinoflagellata zone. Kostomłoty. In the Kostomłoty K-1 well-profile, a package more than 17.2 m-thick of Eocene sediments has been found at the depth 12.8 m below the soil surface and it was no transfixed up to depth 30.0 m. These sediments are formed with the dark-green silts with abundant glauconite and the gray-greenish fine-grained quartz sands with small glauconite addition. There is an erosional surface in the top of the series with Quaternary deposits above. Amber crumbs were not found there. After investigations on calcareous nannoplankton, the index species Chiasmolithus gigas and Discoaster sublodoensis have been defined there. After that an age of the Eocene sediments is related to the NP15 – NP17 zones of Middle Eocene. Vladymirec’. More than 0.6 m-thick geological profile of amber-bearing association was examinated at the slope of the amber open-pit Vladymirec’ East. Quaternary overburden 0.5 m-thick occurs above, and a floor of amber-bearing association was not exposed there. The sediments of the association consist of dark-green and black clays and silty clays with abundant glauconite and frequent amber crumbs. In the lowermost observed part of the profile grain size slightly increases and the color of the rocks becomes brighter. Palynological studies of the profile from the Vladymirec’ East opencast mine showed a rich phytoplankton spectrum. On a base of presence of the index taxa Membranophoridum aspinatum, Rhombodinium Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 97 pustulosum and Wetzeliella gochtii the D14 dinocysts zone has established there, what defines an age on Lower Oligocene (Rupelian). Klesiv. Complete profile of amber-bearing association, 11.5 m thick, considered as the Mežyhorie Fm.,was examined at the slope of the amber open-pit Klesiv. It lies directly of crystalline fundament of the Ukrainian Shield and is covered with 0.5 m-thick Quaternary overburden (Figure 5). The deposits of association consist of dark green and dark gray silty clays with abundant glauconite and frequent amber crumb

Fig. 5. Geological cross-section of the Klesiv vicinity (after Krynicka, 2017). Explanation: 1 – Quaternary, 2 – Bereck Fm. 3 – Mežihorie Fm., 4 – Obukhiv Fm., 5 – gravely sand with amber, 6 – gravely sand with amber and siderite concretions, 7 – sandy clay, 8 – clay, 9 – coaly clay, 10 – well, 11 –geological borders sure, 12 – geological borders assumed.

In the upper part of the amber-bearing sediments from the Klesiv open-pit, dinocyst community with Rhombodinium draco i R. freienwaldense was established. These index species define age of the series as the D14 dinocysts zone i.e. Lower Oligocene (Rupelian). Oleksiivka. More than 3.6 m-thick geological profile of amber-bearing association was examinated at the slope of the new amber open-pit Oleksiivka. Quaternary overburden 2.0 m-thick occurs above, and a floor of amber-bearing association was not exposed there. The sediments of the association are subdivided to two parts. The upper part (complete profile) belongs to the Bereck Fm; it is represented by silty sands and sandy silts, gray to gray-greenish ones, occasionally with coaly dust. The lower part (only uppermost part of the profile) belongs to the Mežyhorie Fm; it consist of gray- brownish vari-grained sands, locally with gravel, in the lower part with glauconite addition, amber crumbs and single phosphates. Palynological studies of the lower part of the profile (Mežyhorie Fm.) displayed extremely rare presence of phytoplankton . However, the pollen-spore spectrum with frequent warm-like taxa allows to define an age as Lower Oligocene (Rupelian). These relations indicates domination of continental facies and only light marine influence in the coastal zone of the Ukrainian Shield. On the West Ukraine, the Eocene column is lithostratigraphically subdivided to the Kaniev Fm. (Lower Eocene), Buchach Fm. and Kiev Fm. (Middle Eocene) and Obukhiv Fm. (Upper Eocene). The higher formations belong to Oligocene: the Mežyhorie Fm. to Lower Oligocene and the Bereck Fm. to Upper Oligocene (Figure 6). The main amber-bearing rocks represent mostly the Mežyhorie Fm., more poor occur in the Obukhiv Fm. and extremely rare – in the Bereck Fm. The amber-bearing rock in the North Lublin area represent the upper part of the Siemień Fm., which is much older and corresponds to Middle and Upper Eocene. Results of stratigraphic research proved, that amber bearing sediments in the both part of the studied areas are not contemporary – these from the western (Polish) part are Late Eocene (Priabonian) of age, corresponding to the D12 dinocyst zone, and those from the eastern (Ukrainian) part are mostly Early Oligocene (Rupelian) of age, corresponding to the D14 dinocyst zone (Figures 6 and 7). On the Volyn area, deposits representing to the D13 dinocyst zone (Lowermost Rupelian) has been not confirmed. This is probably a result of marine regression separating two large Paleogene pan-European transgression from the Page 98 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 pra-North Sea basin in Oligocene and Eocene. Extremal concentration of amber in younger sediments in Volyn suggest, than there are not primary amber deposits and were probably affected multiple reworking of older (Eocene) sediments and multiple redeposition in high-dynamic sedimentary environment (Kasiński 2016) in coastal part of the marine basin embedded in the cristalline craton of Ukrainian Shield during Early Oligocene.

Fig. 6. Late Paleogene of the North Lublin and Volyn Areas – stratigraphic correlation

Fig. 7. Stratigraphic correlation of amber-bearing sediments of the Polish-Ukrainian border zone

References Gazda L., Huber M., Kiebała A., Mendyk E. 2016. Kosmiczny epizod lubelskiego butsztynu. 94-103, Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Chełmie, Chełm. Kasiński J.R., Tołkanowicz E. 1999. Amber in the northern Lublin Region – origin and occurrence. In: B. Kosmowska- Ceranowicz, H. Paner [eds.]: Investigations into amber. Muz. Archeol. w Gdańsku, Gdańsk, 41-51. Kasiński J.R. 2016. Złoża bursztynu północnej Lubelszczyzny: historia poznania, budowa geologiczna, perspektywy. In: L. Gazda [ed.]: Lubelski bursztyn – znaleziska, geologia, złoża, perspektywy. Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Chełmie, Chełm, 70-93. Krynicka M.V. 2017 Litologo-facial’ni umowy nakapičenia pokladiv burštynu v mežakhpivnično-zakhidnogo ckhilu Ukrains’kogo ščita. Conference presentation: “Ukrainian and Polish amber: problem of formation of deposits, characteristics, mining and reclamation” National University of Water Management and Nature Utility, . Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 99

MATSUI V., NAUMENKO U., REMEZOVA O., OKHOLINA T., VASYLENKO S., YAREMENKO O. The prognosis of amber-succinite deposits of different age in Ukraine and their prospects of development

VICTOR MATSUI, ULIANA NAUMENKO, OLENA REMEZOVA, TETIANA OKHOLINA, SVITLANA VASYLENKO, OLHA YAREMENKO

Institute of Geological Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 55 B Oles Gonchar St., 01054, Kyiv, Ukraine, 01054, [email protected]

Amber-succinite is ranks as the finest in the gem stones constellation for the beauty, variety of color, purity and light transmission. It possesses a unique physical-chemical and hygienic-positive properties. It is distributed exclusively from southern Sweden to the shores of the Black and Azov Seas. This territory includes Denmark, southern Sweden, northeastern Germany, Poland, the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation, Lithuania, the south of Latvia, the south-west of Belarus and the right-bank part of Ukraine. It is known as the “Baltic-Dnieper amber province” in scientific and popular literature. Accumulations of amber- succinite reach significant industrial concentrations in the Paleogene sedimentary strata of marine and modern shore sands of the Baltic Sea. The Baltic-Dnieper province is the main source and supplier of “solar stone” to world markets and is the center for studying the geology of fossil resins and amber-succinite. The history of the development of region's unique riches begins at the end of the late Paleolithic (14-18 thousand years ago), as indicated by numerous archaeological finds in the form of primitive articles and raw amber-succinite pieces in the dwelling complexes of the ancient mammoth hunters within the Middle Dnieper and Ukrainian Polissya. The “amber” shores of the Baltic Sea have been developed since the Mesolithic period (13000-7000 thousand years). The phenomenon of the appearance and formation of fossil resins and the most valuable variety – amber- succinct is due solely to the evolution of the plant world from seed fern-like to and angiosperms (flowering) plants, as well as paleogeological events in the Earth history from the end of the to geological modernity. Developmentally of woody vegetation, resin extracts were first noted in the late Devonian at the stage of displacement of spore and the appearance of primary gymnospermaceous fern ("seed ferns"). They are fixed in the form of rare accumulations of microscopic dimension in the coal stratas of Canada. By the end of Permian, the seminal ferns and Cordaitales that dominate in the Carboniferous are displaced by conifers. The heirs of the Cordaites are trees that are close to modern Araucaria. As a result, in coal-bearing rocks of Poland, Germany, England (in the Carboniferous), later in Italy (Permian) the fossil resins (retinites) up to several millimeters in size have been established. At the beginning of the Mesozoic in the Triassic the cordaids are dying and the gymnosperms (cycads, ginkgoids and conifers) have developed further. The geography of the fossil resins finds (copalite, ceuperite) is significantly expanded – Germany, Arizona in the USA, Austrian, Alpine, Swiss and French Alps. They form the primary biogenic sediment accumulations in the coal seams, that is, in the past at the site of the growth of swampy forests. The gymnosperms (cycads, ginkgoids and conifers) are widespread in the Jurassic period. The ancestors of flower plants – bennettites (close to the cycads) have been raised under the cover of gymnosperms, fern-like. The geography of the fossil resins finds is greatly expanded: coal basins in Georgia and Lebanon, island Bornholm (Denmark), the western slope of the Middle Urals, and others. The inclusions, represented by the remnants of the oldest known animal have been registries for the first time In the coal strata in Lebanon. At the beginning of the Cretaceous period – tree ferns, conifers and cycads and forms close to modern cypresses. At the boundary of the Early and Late Cretaceous due to significant geological and climatic changes associated with the disruption stability of the leading Early Cretaceous plant formations, which are displaced by angiosperms (flowering) plants. By the end of the Cenomanian period the flowers are predominant. The coniferous “responded” to these events with massive galipot expiration. As a result, the biogenic-sedimental deposits of fossil resins was formed on separate areas of forests growth within the , Asia and Page 100 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Africa, Alaska, Canada, England, Spain, Hungary, Czech Republic, Lebanon, Jordan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Burma, Japan, Siberia and the Far East of Russia. These fossil resins divided into autochthonous and allochthonous. The unique animal and vegetable remains of Jurassic and Cretaceous periods have been opened in the Lebanon, Ethiopia, Spain, Northern Siberia, Burma, etc. In the Eocene within the Northern Eurasia took place the largest restructuring of woody vegetation. In the result, the complete disappearance of Cretaceous subtropical archaic conifers and the emergence of a new formation of coniferous and flowering plants occur. This occurrence caused a new intensive phase of succinosis and accumulation of resin precipitates (protoamber) in paleo-peats, which are eventually transformed into lignites. The lignites were erode and portage in the late Eocene – early Oligocene and further geological times. Further fossilization of the proto-amber and the formation of various types of fossil resins were carried out in marine and continental environments, but in various paleogeographic and facial conditions. In brown coal basins (places of primary proto-amber accumulations) under anaerobic conditions it is continue to fastening all characteristic features and properties of fossil resins continued (fragility, fracturing, etc.). In marime glauconite-containing conditions, the protoamber illuvialed from the brown coal deposits acquired characteristic features of amber succinite (viscosity, presence of amber acids, etc.). The placers formation of the first intermediate header took place. Since the beginning of the Oligocene in Northern Eurasia, the processes of amber formation have attenuated and the formation of placer deposits of fossil resins due to erosion of previously created ones. The zone of coniferous- broad-leaved forests with Mesozoic relics is moves to the south, where in tropical and subtropical regions the Oligocene-Neogene, Pleistocene and modern fossil resins are formed due to resin galipot predominantly broad-leaved trees. N.I. Lebed and V.M. Matsui are developed a bitumen-brown coal theory of amber formation based on the analysis of geological data of Ukrainian Shield (US), Cenozoic coal basins of Eurasia and the material composition of fossil resins, as well as the evolution of resin-producing vegetation and the paleogeography of the surrounding seas in the Eocene and Early Oligocene. According to the established data, the eroded layers of bitumen-containing brown coals of the Buchak suite and its stratigraphic counterparts of the late Eocene age are the original primary sources of amber succinite in placers within the Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation and other countries of the Baltic-Dnieper amber province. During the 2007-2009 years, the authors are substantiated the possibility of the direct participation of brown coal bitumen (a natural mixture of waxes and resins) in the amber formation process (Lebed and Matsui 2008, Lebed and Matsui 2007, Matsui 2016). According to this hypothesis, the bitumen-brown coal formation containing amber-succinite is considered as placer-forming, or as a native source of amber succinite placers. The fossil resins were formed in the young superimposed depressions of the mountain-folded mobile regions when the “immature” paleotophages with a low degree of of original eroded peat. The amber-succinite was formed in calm platform conditions, where the bituminous coals are characterized by complete gelification (decomposition) of peat. The proposed concept caused the need to revise a number of established views and provisions related to the development of the theory of amber formation and amber-succinite placer formation in coastal marine, marine and continental conditions. A striking example is the placers concentration along the boundary of Dnieper-brown coal basin and the presence of retinites and other fossil resins in the brown coal cuttings that survived the erosion. Inclusions of retinites in brown coals of the Dnieper basin and their brief characteristics are presented in the works of researchers last century (Chyrvynskyi and Sabray 1958, Slenzak and others). Moreover, the most promising amber placers are densely concentrated along the northwestern basin’s boundary (northwestern boundary of the US). The bituminous layers of brown coal here are almost completely eroded in the late Eocene-early Oligocene. Intact from erosion complete sections of brown coal layers of the Buchak suite are almost everywhere covered by marine strata of the Kiev, Obukhov and Mezhyhir suites. Fossilization of fossil resins in the initial surface-swamp phase and industrial coal mineralization of the Dnieper Basin is associated with the continental deposits of the Buchak suite, lying on the Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 101 crystalline basement or their weathering crust, and less often in the Upper Cretaceous sediments (Lebed and Matsui 2008, Matsui 2010). Buchak deposits are covered by noncoal-bearing marine, coastal-marine and liman-marine sediments of the Kiev, Obukhov, Mezhigorsk and Berek horizons (the second half of the middle Eocene-Oligocene) and continental deposits of the neogene-neopleistocene Neogene. Dnieper Basin was far from being a single brown coal basin, there was an accumulation of fossilized vegetable resins and the formation of primary deposits of proto-amber. At the same time similar geological processes were taking place in most of the territory of Scandinavia, Germany, northeastern Poland, the Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation, Lithuania and Belarus. Inclusions of krantzite and other types of fossil resins have been opened in bitumen-containing brown coals of Germany. V.T. Sabray concluded that the remnants of flora found in brown coals of Germany and the flora from coals of the Dnieper brown coal basin are almost completely identical (Sabray 1958). The marine stage of vegetable resins transformation into amber-succinite is associated with the marine paleo-strait, which is connected the tropical ocean Tethys in the southeast and the North Atlantic in the northwest from the second half of the middle Eocene through the early Oligocene. This was facilitated by a new rise in the level of the World Ocean and the lowering of the Mazurian-Belarusian uplift. The North- Western European Sea Basin across the sea in Belarus connected with the Eastern European basin, which is through the Donbas, the Scythian plateau and Mangyshlak was associated with the adjacent areas of the Caspian and Black Sea depressions at the end of the middle Eocene (in the post-Buchak time). Further, it extended to the Caucasus, Palestine and Iran (Lukashina 2008). At that time, the territory of the US (Dnieper Basin) was more than 70% submerged under the waters of the Kiev Sea and turned into an island land (presence of continental Kiev sediments is not established at all). In that paleogeographic situation, there are no grounds to assume that there are any significant areas of “amber forests” and the concentration of resinous coniferous emissions. At the bottom of the Kiev Sea there was an accumulation of glauconite-sandy phosphorite and marl layers, which unconformably covered the crystalline basement and the sedimentary cover (including the coal-bearing buchak). At the end of the era, there was an insignificant sea retreat and a partial erosion of predominantly upper coal-bearing horizons. The poor placers of amber-succinite were formed as a result. It represents only mineralogical interest. The most intensive erosion of bitumen-bearing brown coal beds and the arrival of protoamber into the coastal zone of marine basins occurred in the Late Eocene (Obukhov transgression) and early Oligocene (Mezhyhir transgression). At that time, the seas washing the territory of northern Ukraine represented a typical epicontinental basin, which differed from the Middle Eocene (Kiev) by lesser depths and especially in the territories adjacent to the Dnieper Basin from the north and northeast. In the erosion of brown coal and lignite strata at the end of the Eocene the early Oligocene and the arrival of the protoamber in the alkaline situation of the seabed, only the proto-succinite bodies that had been washed from the mature paleo-peat could pass into amber-succinite. The remaining parts of the latter presented by brown coal strata with inclusions of small retinite breaks in the Dnieper Basin. This is consistent with the facts of joint occurrence in placers of Baltic and Ukraine amber-succinite and other types of fossil resins in the form of “rotten amber” (hedanite), “immature amber” (Baltic krantzite), glessite, beckerite, stantienite. These facts convincingly attest to the secondary nature of free succinic acid in succinite amber and the appearance of new physical-chemical properties in alkaline glauconite-containing environment of the seabed. Placers of amber succinite are associated with the first intermediate collectors with high industrial content are connected with the transitional layers of the Eocene and Oligocene of the Baltic-Dnieper amber province. Unique deposits of “solar stone” (up to 80% of the world's reserves), established from ancient times on the Sambian Peninsula of the Kaliningrad region, are confined to the Upper Eocene marine sediments of the Prussian suite. Large concentrations of amber-succinite In Ukraine in the age-old sediments of the Obukhov suite have not yet been identified. They are largely eroded in the Oligocene, Neogene and Pleistocene, and could have saved to now day only in parts of the buried Paleogene relief. Within the Ukrainian Polissya, near- surface coastal-marine and deltaic amber placers of the Early Oligocene Mezhygorsky Formation are actively Page 102 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 developed, associated with the epoch of the reduction of marine basins and the gradual separation of the Southern Seas from the Northern Seas. So, the richest placer of amber-succinite of the first intermediate reservoirs (native placers according to P.A.Tutkovskiy) were formed in the late Eocene and early Oligocene due to direct erosion of the primary native source. All following (local and poor in content) placer of amber-succinite is the result of multiple continental erosion and reprecipitation of previously formed placers at the end of the Oligocene, Neogene and Pleistocene. With the retreat of the Paleogene seas, erosion and often complete destruction of placers created in the Eocene-Oligocene and formation of different-age systems and intermediate reservoirs of high orders with poorer amber contents were carried out on the territory under review (Figure 1B).

Fig. 1. A. Stratotypic section near the village of Novye Petrovtsi, Kiev region; B. The amber-bearing layers in the Middle Pleistocene alluvium. Open-cut near Krivitsa village (Rivne region).

Post-Palaeogene erosions of bitumen-containing brown coal do not contain of amber-succinite placers. A striking example of this is the Starodubovskaya placer of fossil resins (retinite content is up to 272 g/m3), associated with the current coastal-marine sediments on the eastern coast of Southern Sakhalin (Zhuzhun 1977). These are sandy-gravel-pebble formations saturated with , fragments of mollusk shells, shells of sea urchins and crabs, pieces of wood, as well as fragments of coal (often including various sizes and shapes grains of retinite). The native sources of these placers are coal-bearing formations of the coastal strip and the central part of Southern Sakhalin. The Neogene-Quaternary, including Holocene and modern coastal-marine or continental (alluvial, lacustrine-alluvial, water-glacial, eolian, etc.) placers of amber-succinite were formed and formed solely by erosion of older placer amber-succinite placers, and placers of various types of fossil resins – Middle Eocene brown coal strata and lignites. For example, on the coast of the Baltic Sea, modern coastal-marine placers of amber-succinite (or placers of sea beaches) are formed in historical times mainly due to erosion of Middle- Holocene placers of amber-succinite (7.1 – 1.94 thousand years ago) associated with sediments of Litorina Sea, and due to erosion of Paleogene productive horizons. In turn, the litorine brackish-water layers containing amber-succinite (up to 0.2 kg/m3) and lying 4-15 m below the level of the Baltic Sea were formed due to erosion of predominantly Paleogene amber succinite placers. CONCLUSION A comprehensive study of geology of amber-succinite placers, including peculiarities of resin excretions fossilization and amber forming as commercial mineral, and also accumulation of its deposits from an eocene to contemporaneity and newest information on the theory of amber forming, allowed to ground the following conclusions: The Ukraine belongs to the structure of two European amber-bearing provinces: Baltic--Dnieper (placers of amber-succinite (AS) of the I order, of mineral resins (MR) – of II-V orders) and Carpathians (MR placers of the II order, biogenic-sedimental deposits of I-IV orders). The original source of amber-succinite placers is bituminous-lignite layers of lower half of middle eocene, containing retinite, krantzite and other fossil resins. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 103

The fossil resins are associated with the areas of the modern and past bedding of productive coal-bearing layer, formed at the beginning of middle Eocene. The original source of amber-succinite placers is bituminous-lignite layers of lower half of middle Eocene, containing retinite, krantzite and other fossil resins. The fossil resins are associated with the areas of the modern and past bedding of productive coal-bearing layer, formed at the beginning of Middle Eocene. The original source erosion and filling of amber placers of intermediate collectors took place in late Eocene- Early Oligocene. In subsequent epochs (Late Oligocene, Neocene, Anthropogene) already in continental conditions, the erosion of formed before placers was carried out. The productive horizons of placers of the first intermediate collectors, developed in Ukraine, are related exceptionally to the off-shore-marine and lagoon-river-delta facies. The amber-succinite of the Baltic-Dnieper province was formed in quiet platform conditions during two large stages changed in time: 1. Terricolous- forming of primary deposits of resin excretions of coniferous (protoamber) in paleopeatbogs (sedimentation and the diagenetic stages in the conditions of humid type of litogenesis) and 2. Marine (an end of Middle Eocene-E -off from paleopeatbogs. The placers of AS of Prypyat basin, located in right-bank part of Polissya, wraped-round the north and north-western slopes of USh (administratively they are north parts of the Volyn, Rivne, Zhitomir and Kyiv regions) generate the most industrial interest in Ukraine. The prospects of Dnieper and Carpathians amber- bearing basins yet not defined. The primary MR biogenic-sedimental deposits in Ukraine never studied. Accumulations of AS pieces associated to irregular bed and lenses of humous sands and aleurites, concluding charried vegetable organics, and also to basal layers of sands, bedding on dividing them clays. Most deposits and occurrences of AS in the Prypyat basin associated to the shallow-marine and river-delta facies of mezhygirya suite of Lower Oligocene (the Rupelian); in a considerably less degree – Upper Oligocene (bereka suite), to the Neogene and Quaternary continental deposits. The Upper Oligocene deposits of obukhiv suite (the Priabonian), correlated to the Prussian suite of Sambya, studied exceptionally not enough. The paleogeological analysis of sedimentation conditions in the late Eocene of Baltic-Dnieper province territory of Ukraine, in particular, testifies that at this time on the slopes of USh also there was a considerable increase of washing off volumes of original sources and, as a result, the forming in distal parts of the shelf in the glauconite-containing environment the large industrial placers of AS of the first intermediate collectors, similar to the unique industrial beds on Sambiya peninsula. The prognosis of large industrial AS deposits (placers of the first intermediate collectors), similar to Sambian, is a major task of geologists. A brake for its decision is a difficult geological structure of Ush slopes and turfness territories(«closed») of Polissya, extraordinarily difficult character of bedding and interrelation of stratum subdivisions of sedimentary cover, caused by tectonic motions of the Earth's crust and, finally, exceptionally insufficient exploration maturity of Paleogene, Neogene and Anthropogene deposits of region.

References Lebed M.I., Matsui V.M. 2008. On the paragenesis of amber-like resins and bitumen-brown coal rocks. Tezi dopovidey drugoy mizhnarodnoy conference in Kyiv, 9-10. Lebed M.I., Matsui V.M., 2008. Paleogeographic aspects of the forecast of amber placers (based on the bituminous brown coal hypothesis). Ukrainian Amber: Materials of the First International Scientific-practical conference in Kyiv, 17enth-21st October 2007, 38-48. Lebed M.I., Matsui V.M. 2007. Spatio-temporal associations of amber and brown coal in the Cenozoic of Europe. Geologist of Ukraine. 4, 16-18. Lukashina N.P. 2008. Paleoceanology of the North Atlantic in the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic and the emergence of modern thermohaline ocean circulation according to the study of foraminifera. Moscow: Scientific World. 288. Matsui V.M. 2010. From the resin – resin conifers to amber succinite. News of the National Science and Natural Museum. 8. 135-142. Page 104 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Matsui V.M. 2016. Evolution of resin-producing vegetation and the formation of deposits of fossil resins. Kiev. Naukova Dumka, 140. Syabryay V.T. 1958. Genesis of brown coals of the Dnieper basin. Kiev, From the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, 78. Zhyzhyn A.D. 1977. Modern coastal-marine amber placers of the eastern coast of Sakhalin. Lithology and minerals, No. 2, 133-137.

REMEZOVA O., MATSUI V., VASYLENKO S., KOMLIEV O. Geoecological aspects of amber mining in Ukraine

OLENA REMEZOVA1*, VICTOR MATSUI1, SVITLANA VASYLENKO1, OLEKSANDR KOMLIEV2

1Institute of Geological Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 55 B Oles Gonchar St., 01054, Kyiv, Ukraine, *corresponding author: [email protected] 2Kyiv National University by Taras Shevchenko, 2A Academician Glushkov St., Kyiv, Ukraine, [email protected]

The Ukraine is one of European leaders on amber reserves. They are connected with Baltic-Dnieper subprovince stretching to north-western direction on the distance about 2000km. The main amber commercial reserves have shore-marine, lagoon-delta genesis and connected with sand-clay deposit of Mezhyhirya suite of Oligocene and cover the clays and aleurites of Obukhiv suite or lie on the mantle of weathering of crystalline bedrocks. Here on the depth of 2-12 m there are amber-bearing layers with thickness of 1-6 m and amber content 10-250g/m3. Due to these favorable geological conditions the amber is mined in Ukraine by surficial method. On the open pits “Volodymyrets Skhidny “ and “Oleksiivka” the amber mining includes the opencut of overburden, excavation works, transportation of rock from place of mining to classification screen, where amber is washed from the rock, reclamation of lands. The productive layer on these open pits is undermined by streams of water under high pressure and amber is carried out by hydraulic streams. After finishing of amber mining the reclamation of lands damaged by mining works is organized. It includes mining-engineering and biological recultivation. But really complicated problem is liquidation of consequence of illegal amber mining. The problem of illegal amber mining in Ukraine has multi-problem character. Indeed, ecological and economic, social and criminal aspects interlace here. This phenomenon began as early as 80th years, gradually engulfing the considerable areas of Ukrainian Polissya. If the in beginning these were diggers with the most primitive tools such as mattock, shovels, etc. (similar to the exposition of museum in Lomża which was visited by members of Ukrainian-Polish project “Ways of amber” in 2016) which allowed to dig up shallow bore pits (1.5-2 m of depth), but in future a lot of more productive instruments appeared and even heavy technique. The network of them broadened later: at first bore pits appeared near the already known deposits and occurrences, and also dumping sites after working off separate areas of the Klesiv amber deposit. There are some examples when diggers renew their illegal activity on areas after finishing recultivation. Now in place of many of them badlands and «moon landscapes» appeared(badlands as results of illegal amber mining is shown on Figure 1A). The «amber fever” has unsystematic character, is conducted in forests, and on agricultural lands, in recreational areas on the Dnepr beaches; often illegal amber-diggers develop even the areas within the limits of zone polluted by radionuclides after Chornobyl Atomic Power Station nuclear disaster. In connection with the last the changes of radiation background are possible, as during many years after this disaster the radionuclides gradually moved on depth of soil profile (Matsui 2016). Because of such activity the area of lands damaged from the illegal amber mining, is very quickly increased. According to the results of monitoring conducted in one of districts of Rivne region by Scientific Center of Aerospace researches of Earth at Institute of Geological Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2015, for an incomplete year the area of such lands was increased twofold (Filipovych 2015). For today the state forest fund in Rivne region it is taken into account 2314.95 hа of disturbed lands as a result Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 105 of illegal amber mining. In Volyn region the scales of the destroyed forests are considerably less. On information of the Volyn state ecological inspection, the general area of the destroyed forests on Volyn is 9.06 hа. On information of the Zhytomyr regional department of forestry and hunting, the general area of lands for the forestry, which the illegal amber mining was conducted on, is 572. 80 hа, it is damaged from them – 178.25 hа. After an illegal mining there are the pits and accumulations of the rocks extracted from Earth's interior (Figure 1B). On such substrate already trees and other vegetation can not take root practically, as is destroyed a fertile layer. Many pits are filled by water. And at the same time the root system of tree vegetation becomes weak because of surplus watering, the «drunk forest» appears, trees fall (area of damaged forest, Figure 2A). It is destroyed almost fully bushes and grass cover. Often also for simplification of amber mining a forest simply is illegally felled, wood becomes the trophy of illegal producers of charcoal. On this account often Polissya districts are found in smoke. Thus the fires, deflagration of peat, contamination of air environment begin. In addition, the patches, mushroom places, areas with the medical plants become destroyed.

Fig.1. A. Badland after repeated illegal amber mining. Stow Halbin (Rivne region) (photo by O. Remezova); B. Areas of illegal mining by hydropumps near Zamyslovychi village(Zhytomyr region). Washed – in soils. (photo by V. Matsui)

It is disturbed the hydrological regime of the territories exposed to the spontaneous mining of amber. By water supply lines, channels, pumps, etc. water is sent from reservoirs there, where the illegal diggers of stone need it. Because of such redistribution of moisture there is swamping of one areas and drainage of other. Also due to pumping of huge volumes of water the sandy rocks here become pressure drift sand. If there are aquacludes under productive layer the zone of such transformation can be reach more than 1km which is take place on “Olexiivka” area near the field of illegal amber mining “Fedorivka”. Reservoirs are contaminated by wastes from such «production». The heaps of rubbish grow on shores of rivers and lakes. The waters usually are ferruginated, have chemical, organic and radioactive pollution(Rudko, Lytvyniuk 2017). A hole with ferruginated water is shown on Figure 2B.

Fig.2. A. «Drunk forest» near Olevsk (photo by V.Matsui); B. Ferruginated waters in the hole after illegal amber mining near Zamyslovychi vllage (Zhytomyr region). (photo by V.Matsui) Page 106 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

All these consequences are laid on the degraded landscapes in Polissya which before were under adverse environmental impact of the unsuccessfully conducted land-reclamation in preceding years. Many settlements in this locality suffer from underflood, other – from the repeated swamping or from drying out of considerable territories. The microclimate changes are hereupon marked also, a microclimate on areas, where is destroyed a forest, becomes more dry. Very often the illegal artisans extract amber on outstanding natural territories. For example, there are known some incidents in the Zhytomyr region, when an illegal mining was conducted in the unique protected forests, where it was not cuttings during 80 years. There were attempts to begin a digging within the limits of the Polissya preserve in the north of this region. In the Volyn region there are found out illegal small illegal mines within the limits of the national natural park «Prypyat'-Stokhid», in Rivne region – on territory of the Rivne preserve. All these results lead to the impossibility of species of plants and animals from the Red Book existence. To destroy such forests means that biodiversity and populations here will be restored not before, than one hundred years. On the areas of “bad lands” only limited number of plant species can live (A swarded hole is shown on Figure 3).

Fig.3. Colonization of holes by shrubbery and grass vegetation. The structure of vegetation cover is poorer than before illegal amber mining.

An illegal mining almost fully destroys near surface productive amber horizons (on depths to 10 m). In case of mining by trench work all amber is extracted from the seam. But using hydraulic pumps about 70-90% of amber remains in the Earth’s interior. After such mining the measures on recultivation are not conducted, as it is carried out by companies oriented on the amber mining, which work legally. Their experience shows that lands can be recovered, but this there must be large system work which requires many efforts and proper qualification. Our researches conducted on the tailings near different open-pits in Zhytomyr region showed the large potential for rehabilitation of Polissya landscapes. The tailings are situated in similar landscape conditions and have sandy clayey composition. For formation soil profile there were used Nitrogen-fixing plants, fertilizers and meliorants.

Table 1. The tendencies of forming of the soil profile on tailings recultivated 50 years ago. Number Depth of sampling, m Humus substance Р2О5,mg/kg К2О, mg/kg Nk, mg/kg of sample 1 0-3 1.81 21 49 29.4 2 3-20 0.42 11 24 16.8 3 20-40 0.28 10 24 18.2 4 40-60 0.32 13 24 16.8 5 60-80 0.28 8 32 15.4 6 80-100 0.25 10 19 14.0 7 100-120 0.14 12 31 12.6 Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 107

The data for the oldest tailings recultivated 50 years ago (Table 1) demonstrate the formation of soil profile. Here the landscapes are restored and used by locals for rest and gathering of mushrooms. The content of P2O5 and other components are distributed proportionally on the profile. For tailings recultivated 30 years ago (Table 2) there is characteristic illuviation of plant nutrients on depth. This tendency is more manifested for tailings of 5 years old especially for P2O5 and K2O (Table 3). This example shows that there are possible to restore landscapes after amber mining and these tendecies must be take into account for reclamation projects. For realization of such projects it is reasonable to use local fertilizers and meliorants (peat, limestone, phosphorite, glaukonite as component of amber-bearing rocks). Such deposits are located near areas, damaged by illegal amber mining. On the basis of peat it is possible to product soil mixtures with adding of organic fertilizers, phosphorite, glauconite and granulating fertilizers with NPK in their composition. The content of glauconite in some Ukrainian amber deposits reaches sometimes 10% and it fact open possibilities for using of them in practice of recultivation. The main goal of recultivation is to create agrolandscapes suitable for renewal of forests, grasslands and agricultural lands.

Table 2. The tendencies of forming of the soil profile on tailings recultivated 30 years ago. Number Depth of sampling, m Humus substance Р2О5,mg/kg К2О, mg/kg Nk, mg/kg of sample 1 0-3 0.84 22 29 12.6 2 3-20 0.32 21 21 16.8 3 20-40 0.32-0.30 13-15 15-16 12.6 4 40-60 0.25 13 16 14.0 5 60-80 0.18 14 18 11.2 6 80-100 0.28 19 19 14.0 7 100-120 0.26 25 22 14.0

Table 3. The tendencies of forming of the soil profile on tailings recultivated 5 years ago. Number Depth of sampling, m Humus substance Р2О5,mg/kg К2О, mg/kg Nk, mg/kg of sample 1 0-3 0.32 119 19 14.0 2 3-20 0.18 161 16 14.0 3 20-40 0.21 142 16 12.6 4 40-60 0.21 210 19 16.8 5 60-80 0.30 204 18 8.4 6 80-100 0.25 158 21 12.6 7 100-120 0.28 142 21 11.2-9.8

For rewildening of nature of degraded areas it is need to make such researches (Remezova 2015, Remezova, Lisnychyi Кet al. 2016): • Revealing of the areas disturbed by the illegal amber mining and creation of detailed map of damaged lands; • conducting of ecological-economical estimation of consequences of illegal amber mining; • realization of reconnaissance of technogeneuos relief; • researches of the geological state and physical and chemical properties of technogeniuos deposits; • selection of lithological varieties of rocks which after physical and chemical parameters estimation can be apply for the necessities of reclamation; • implementation of local minerals, meliorants and fertilizers for the necessities of reclamation; • development of reclamation methods of the lands disturbed in a result amber mining, including illegal. Before reclamation it is need to make re-estimation and extract from Earth’s interior remainder amber. These problems are solving in some Ukrainian-Polish scientific projects: “Ways of amber: from formation of placers to the mining. Creation of scientific – methodical bases of the rational usage of amber deposits”(2015- 2017) and “Amber deposits and Characteristics”(2018-2020) in the frames of cooperation National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Polish Academy of Sciences. Page 108 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

The complete decision of «amber» problem lies in the complex decisions in field of ecological measures with the solution of socio-economic problems, improvement of legislation and efforts of law-enforcement structures.

References Filipovych V. 2015. Operative control of illegal amber mining extension and estimation of harms inflicted to state on the data of multizonal cosmic survey. Ecosafety and natural resource management. 4(20), 91-97. [in Ukrainian] Matsui V. 2016. Evolution of resin-producing vegetation and formation of fossil resins deposits. Naukova Dumka, Kyiv. [in Russian] Remezova О. 2015. The problem of geological-ecological estimation of the amber-bearing areas of Ukraine. Ecol. annals.5, 12-15. [in Ukrainian] Remezova О., Lisnychyi К., Коval D., Shtylenko V. 2016. Reclamation of the lands damaged in a result of illegal amber mining as necessary measure for prevention of the ecological catastrophe of Polissya region. Third Scientific- Practical Conference “Subsurface resources management in Ukraine. The prospects of investing” Ukraine, Truskavets, October, 4-7, 2016. Proceedings of conference.-Кyiv: DKZ, 2016. – pp.307-311.[in Ukrainian] Rudko Gr., Lytvyniuk S. 2017. Amber deposits in Ukraine and their economic-geological evaluation. Bookrek, Kyiv- Chernivtsy. [inUkrainian]

BELICHENKO O., WAGNER-WYSIECKA E. Geological production characteristic of amber deposits and finds in Ukraine. Perspectives of identification by mid-infrared spectroscopy.

OLENA BELICHENKO1,3, EWA WAGNER-WYSIECKA2,3

1State Gemmological Centre of Ukraine, Degtyarivska 38-44, 04119, Kyiv, Ukraine, [email protected] Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional 2 Materials, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańska, Poland, [email protected] 3International Amber Association, Warzywnicza 1, 80-838, Gdańsk, Poland

Mineral reserves of 10 deposits are taken into account of State balance of mineral resources of Ukraine: Klesivske, Vilne, Volodymyrets Skhidnyi and Zolote (South-East and Central plots), Western part of Kanonychi plot and Tomashgorod plot in the Rivne region, plots Manevytska-1, Manevytska-2, Kamin-Kashyrska -1, Kamin-Kashyrska -2 in the Volyn region.

Totally in Ukraine, the amber reserves were estimated and approved in C1 category – 62053.32 kg and in

C2 category – 1349958.15 kg (Geoinform of Ukraine 2018). The rest of the resources are prospective and require further geological exploration to confirm, assess and transfer these resources in the industrial reserves category. According to the complexity of the geological structure in respect with the “Classification of mineral reserves and resources of the State fund of mineral reserves of Ukraine,” amber deposits belong to the 3rd group and classified as deposits of a very complex geological structure with a very uneven distribution of the main useful component – raw amber (Rudko and Lytvyniuk 2017). Klesivske deposit of amber is located in the Sarny district of the Rivne region, 1.5 km northward of the Klesiv railway station. The deposit was explored in 1987, its balance reserves are 103.8 tons. Mining in the field began in 1993. From 2009 to 2012 there was no commercial amber mining. In 2013, the State Enterprise “Burshtyn of Ukraine” resumed work on Klesivske deposit. 37.9 tons of amber were mined during the development period. Two structural floors are involved in the geological structure of the deposit: the lower is represented by granites of the Klesivska suite, and the upper is represented by Paleogene and Anthropogen sedimentary sandy and clay formations. The productive horizon is composed of amber-bearing Mezhyhiria suite, Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 109 consisting of three sandy layers, composed of various-grained quartz sand, which are unevenly enriched with clay, organic material and amber. Productive formations of Klesivske deposit form the band with the width of 200 m to 700 m, which can be traced from southeast to northwest between the outcrops of small basement protrusion on the pre-Mezhyhiria surface. Amber content in sediments of Mezhyhiria suite varies 3 3 from 2-3 to 120 g/m , mainly in the deposit is 20 g/m . The “Vilne” deposit is located in the Dubrovytsky district of the Rivne region near the villages of Hrani, Hrytski and Vilne. Preliminary exploration of the deposit was carried out in 1992-1999, balance reserves are set to be 12.3 tons. Industrial mining of the deposit was not carried out. Thickness of amber-bearing Mezhyhiria suite generally varies from 2.9 m to 8.2 m, on average of 5.2 m. The amber in the rocks of Mezhyhiria suite occurs mainly in clay and carbonificated (lignified) beds. Any special pattern in amber confinement to certain parts of the section of Mezhyhiria suite is not determined. At the same time, in general, the amber content is about 2 times higher in the layers of the upper part of the Mezhyhiria suite, than that of the lower one. Amber content in the suite layers varies within 1.9-86.4 g/m3, mainly in the deposit is 11.43 g/m3 (Volnenko 2011, Rudko and Lytvyniuk 2017). Volodomyrets Skhidnyi deposit is located 0.3 km eastward of the Volodymyrets village in Volodymyrets district of Rivne region. It is oriented in the sub-latitudinal direction, its length is about 1.7 km, the width is 1.1 km. The deposit was explored in 2008. The balance reserves are 42 565.0 kg. The industrial development of the deposit began in 2013, 7.9 tons of amber were mined in total. Amber-bearing formations of the deposit are represented by buried Mezhyhiria glauconite-terrigenous lithologic-facies complex. The formations of the Mezhyhiria suite occur within the entire amber field and spread far beyond its borders in the northern direction, in the direction of Kanonitsky amber occurrence (deposit). These formations also occur in the south part of the deposit but appear in a less degree as well as in the western and eastern margin of the amber field. Productive rocks of Mezhyhiria age have minimal thickness in the central and western parts of the deposit and varies from 0.4 to 4.8 m in the northern part of the amber field. The average thickness of Mezhyhiria rocks is 2.49 m. Amber has extremely uneven distribution in the rocks of Mezhyhiria suite. It occurs in samples without any consistent pattern and confined to all parts of the section. The total amber content in the productive Mezhyhiria layer varies from 3.6 to 78.07 g/m3, on average, within the deposit it reaches 27.62 g/m3 (Shpyrka 2013, Rudko end Lytvyniuk 2017). The deposit “Zolote” is located in the northern part of the Rivne region of the Ukraine within the territory of Dubrovytsky district, 12 km northwest of the railway station. Amber in Mezhyhiria suite has extremely uneven location. Its concentration is confined to all parts of the section, which makes it impossible to allocate them in the separate ore body. This is the reason why the whole Mezhyhiria suite is diagnosed as a single monolithic ore body. The relation between the amber content and the thickness of the productive strata was not revealed. The minimum content of amber in the productive strata is 11.64 g/m3. Preliminary geological-economic assessment on amber was carried out within the southeast part of the “Zolote” deposit in 2013-2014. The area is classified as those that has an industrial significance with preliminary explored and estimated reserves of C2 category for raw amber in the amount of 74432.8 kg (Vasilenko 2014). The “Kanonychi” plot is located in Volodymyrets district of the Rivne region, westward of the village Kanonychi. Amber-bearing formations of Mezhyhiria suite have homogeneous structure of the geological section and it is formed by various-grained quartz sand, more often fine to medium-grained glauconite-containing quartz sands with an admixture of coarse-grained fraction of quartz composition as well as gravel grains and quartz pebbles. The thickness of Mezhyhiria age rocks at the western area of the deposit varies from 6.0 m in the north, 5.6 m in the west, 5.6 m in the south, up to 0.8 m in the northern part, 0.5 m or its absence – in the Page 110 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 eastern part of the deposit. Thickness of the Mezhyhiria amber-bearing beds that were outcropped in the most of the quarries is about 2.2 to 3.4 m. Amber in Mezhyhiria suite has extremely uneven distribution. The content of amber in the productive Mezhyhiria layer within the explored area varies from 3.03 to 98.44 g/m3 in general. At the beginning of 2016, the prospecting-estimation works on amber were completed within the

“Canonychi” plot. The total reserves of amber C2 category in the amount of 15970 kg and prospective resources P1 category in the amount of 34154 kg were calculated as a result of the work (Volnenko 2016, Rudko and Lytvyniuk 2017). The deposit “Tomashgorodsky” is located within the eastern part of Sarnenskyi and southwest part of Rokytnivskyi districts of Rivne region, 4 km eastward of Klesiv village. Industrial mining of the deposit was not carried out. Mezhyhiria formation within the territory is bedded by the rocks of Upper Eocene Obukhivska suite and Meso-Cenozoic weathering crust of crystalline rocks. Thickness of Mezhyhiria rock assosiation within the territory varies in a wide range – from 0.3 up to 10.8 m. Clasts of amber are sporadically occurred in all parts of the lower slice of Mezhyhiria formation. The localization of amber in the rocks of Mezhyhiria suite of Tomashgorod manifestation belongs to a disseminated type with extremely uneven distribution of the useful component (Stepanyuk 2011, Rudko and Lytvyniuk 2017). Oleksiyivka plot, “Pivdenny-1” deposit is located in Sarny district of Rivne region, eastward of Sarny, 5 km southward of the Klesiv village and 1.2 km west of the Fedorivka and Oleksiivka villages. Mezhyhiria formation (productive) is composed of various-grained quartz sands, more often medium- grained with impurities of glauconite, sands also contain coarse fraction of quartz composition, gravel quartz grains, single red quartzite pebbles as well as pieces of amber. Amber in Mezhyhiria suite has an extremely uneven location. Its concentration in samples does not have any specific pattern and confined to all parts of the section, which makes it impossible to allocate them in the separate ore bodies. Consequently, rock association of the whole Mezhyhiria suite is diagnosed as a single monolithic ore body. The relation between the amber content and the thickness of the productive strata was not revealed (Stepanyuk 2011). According to the results of the preliminary geological-economic estimations of expediency of the industrial development of “Pivdenny-1” deposit of Oleksiivka plot (2016-2017), the area is classified as those that has an industrial significance with preliminary explored and estimated reserves of raw amber C2 category in the amount about 96 tons. Amber deposits in Ukraine characterize by shallow attitude of amber-bearing formations and insignificant thickness of overburden rocks. Exploration of amber deposits is carried out in open (quarry) way with gop piles forming and with the use of hydraulic excavators, concentrating complex, pumping plants. Flushing on the concentrating complex is used only for rocks of the productive layer and the protective pillar. After concentrating process, the flushing wastes are accumulated in the sludge pond by pulp pipe or stored in waste section. According to the legislation of Ukraine, amber is included in the list of mineral commodities of national importance, section “jewelry raw material (precious stones)". The main individual characteristics for amber as a raw material for jewelery industry, which affecting consumer quality are sample mass, texture, defect, additional features are – form, transparency, color. Amber which was mined from Ukrainian deposits is characterized by its high content of samples that weight up to 40 grams, it is up to 84% on Klesivske deposit; up to 83% on Volodymyrets Skhidnyi, up to 79% on Oleksiivka, and up to 78% on Zolote deposit. Most often amber of mass group is 10-40 g and up to 2 g. Basis for piece-of-art production is the amber of massive texture, which has a monolithic solid structure, free shape, of any color and transparency – called “craft amber". Its content in Ukrainian deposits is 90 – 95%. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 111

The difficult situation with mining and supply of raw material for manufacturing contributes the use of amber of lower consumer quality – banded, contaminated, foamy. The content of banded amber in Ukrainian deposits ranges from 1% to 9%, contaminated from 0.2 to 1.7%, foamy from 0.2% to 2%. Common procedure of gemological examination of amber includes measurements of refractive index, density, luminescence as well as study of characteristic features of infrared spectra. It was not possible to determine the relation between the geographic origin of the amber and its refraction index, density and luminescence according to current observations conducted during the expert evaluation of the raw amber (Belichenko et al. 2016). The most accepted, due to wide availability, proved applicability and simplicity, method of fossil resins identification is mid-infrared spectroscopy (Savkievitch 1964, Schwochau 1963, Beck 1964, 1986, Kosmowska-Ceranowicz 2015, Wagner-Wysiecka 2018). Years of experience in identification of succinite by this method, proved that independently of the deposit, the spectra of succinite typify more or less constant spectral pattern. Samples of natural succinite from different Ukraine deposits were characterized by mid- infrared spectroscopy (ATR). Examples of partial (1800- 800 cm-1), qualitative spectra of samples of natural succinite from Klesivske, Volodomyrets Skhidnyi, Zolote, Oleksiyivka deposits are shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Partial, qualitative (1800- 800 cm-1) mid-infrared spectra of representative samples of natural succinite of different Ukraine deposits a) Klesivske b) Volodomyrets Skhidnyi c) Zolote d) Oleksiyivka.

Do we take more from mid-infrared spectra than only identification of succinite as a substance? Is it possible to identify of the deposit on the basis on mid-infrared spectra (Wagner-Wysiecka, Belichenko, 2018)? Let's see. Page 112 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

References Beck C.W. 1986. Spectroscopic investigations of amber. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 22, 57-110. Beck C. W., Wilbur E., Meret S. 1964. Infrared spectra and the origin of amber. Nature 201, 256-257. Belichenko O. 2016. Report: Research turn amber in Ukraine in 2009 – 2014 years and modern aspects of quality control of raw materials and products from amber. Kyiv. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B. 2015. Infrared Spectra Atlas of Fossil Resins, Subfossils Resins and Selected Imitations of Amber, Vávra, N., Mineral Names Used for Fossil Resins and Similar Materials, 1st ed., Polish Academy of Sciences Museum of the Earth in Warsaw: Warsaw. Geoinform of Ukraine 2018. http://geoinf.kiev.ua/publikatsiyi/shchorichnyky/mineralni-resursy-ukrayiny (accessed 16.01.2018) Rudko G. I., Lytvyniuk S.F. 2017. Amber Deposits in Ukraine and Their Economic-Geological Evaluation. Kyiv-Chernivtci, 240 s. Savkievitch S. S., Saks I. A. 1964. Infrakrasnyje spektra pogłoszczenija baltijskogo jantaria sukcinita. Zh. Prikl. Khim. 37, 930-931, ibid. 1120-1122. Schwochau K., Haevernick T. E., Ankner D. 1963. Zur infrarotspektroskopischen Herkunftsbestimmung von Bernstein. Jahrb. RGZM. 10, 171-176. Shpyrka V. 2013. Report: Detailed geological-economic analysis (GEO-1) of Volodymyrets Skhidnyi amber deposit in Volodymyrets district of RIvne regiont. Kyiv. Stepanyuk B.A. 2011. Report: Search for amber in Lytvytsa, Tomashgorod and Oleksiivka deposits in Dubrovytsia, Sarny and Rokytne districts of Rivne region. Rivne. Vasilenko V. 2014. Report: Preliminary geological-economic evaluation of amber of southeast part of “Zolote” deposit in Dubrovytsia district of Rivne. Kyiv. Volnenko S.O. 2009. Report: Revision of areas of illegal amber extraction in Rivne region. Rivne. Volnenko S.O. 2016. Report: Prospecting-estimation works on amber at Kanonychi plot (2008-2015).Kyiv. Wagner-Wysiecka E. 2018. Mid-infrared spectroscopy for characterization of Baltic amber (succinite). Spectrochim. Acta A, 196, 418-431. Wagner-Wysiecka E., Belichenko O., 2018. Second derivative mid-infrared spectroscopy as a simple tool for identification of succinite of different geographical origin. Unpublished results, manuscript in preparation. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 113

POSTERS

BELICHENKO O., LADZHUN Y., TATARINTSEVA K. Gemological research of the «treated-color» amber

OLENA BELICHENKO YURIY LADZHUN KATERYNA TATARINTSEVA

State Gemmological Centre of, Ukraine, Degtyarivska, 38-44, 04119, Kyiv, Ukraine, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

The analysis of proposals at large jewelry exhibitions shows the expansion of the range of products from natural and pressed amber. The news of recent years was the appearance of a significant number of products of brightly colored amber of red, blue, green and other colors. The problem of artificial color is not only the question of “under artificial cover, amber or not?". The question is also “whether there is no painted amber of harmful substances ?” and “is there a stable artificial color to the influence of external factors when used?". Complex gemological research of amber samples with artificial red color have been carried out. Comprehensive “treated-color” red amber gemological research include: measurement of refractive index, density, luminescence, microscopic examination of samples, analysis of infrared spectra and X-ray spectra, and also the reaction of the surface of the samples to solvents (perfumery, alcohol, acetone) was studied. For microscopic studies, Gemmaster L 230V gemological microscope and Nikon Eclipse LV150 industrial microscope were used. The infrared spectra were obtained on the “Nicolet 6700” spectrometer produced by ThermoFisher Scintific with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode at room temperature in the spectral range of 4000- 600 cm-1. The number of scans in the measurement cycle is 36 for a resolution of 4 cm-1. The research of the chemical composition was carried out by the method of qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis using the spectrometer of the X-ray energies “SERP-01” of the model “ElvaX-Light” with the interval of research from Na to U. Ten articles of amber with an artificial color of red were investigated. Samples were obtained from market operators in Ukraine and purchased at the «Amberif» and «Ambermart» Poland exhibitions. All samples studied can be divided into several groups: Group 1. Specimens with a stable artificial color, which do not react to the action of solvents. Amber is bright pink, pinkish-orange, the color of the surface is uniform, under the influence of solvents, the color and luster is not changed. Gemological characteristics of the studied samples: the refractive index – 1.540-1.565, the density – 1.07- 1.08 g/cm3. The IR-spectra of the investigated amber samples have a specific configuration characteristic of succinite. As a result of the analysis of the received spectra of X-ray radiation in one sample, the elevated content of Ti-micro-admixtures was detected. In non-transparent samples, during the study under the microscope, small inclusions of red-orange color are noticeable (Belichenko, Ladzhun 2016). Similar signs of treatments are described by gemologists from the Chinese University of Geosciences, Wuhan (Wang et al. 2016), and suggest that the artificial color of these specimens can be formed by the process of steam treatment with dye in an autoclave. The result is shown in Figure 1. Group 2. Samples with less stable color, which react weakly to the action of solvents. 1. Amber is dark red color, the color of the surface is uniform, the solvent does not change the color, the shine becomes dimmer. In the section of the sample, in ultraviolet light (356 nm), a thin layer of superficial color is clearly visible, under which there is no stained succinite. Gemological characteristics of the studied samples: refractive index – 1.560-1.565, density – 1.07 g/cm3. 2. The amber is pressed fine-grained, red, red-brown, brown, under the action of solvent, the color does not change, the shine becomes dimmer. Page 114 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Gemological characteristics of the investigated samples: refractive index – 1.50-1.55, density – 1.06 – 1.07 g/cm3. The IR-spectra of all investigated amber samples have a specific configuration characteristic of succinite. As a result of the analysis of the received spectra of X-ray radiation in several samples, the elevated content of T ions was detected. Group 3. Samples of non-persistent coloring, which actively react to the action of solvents. The amber is pressed in dark red color. Under the action of a solvent, the surface red coating is partially soluble, in separate specimens it is washed completely. In an ultraviolet light (356 nm), the uneven spatial distribution of the surface color is clearly visible, under which there is no stained succinite. The gemological characteristics of the studied samples: refractive index – 1.537-1.565, density – 1.06 g/cm3. As a result of the analysis of the received spectra of X-ray radiation in samples, high content of Cr-impurities, which is usually associated with a red dye, is detected in the samples. The IR-spectrum of the surface layer is characterized by the presence of absorption peaks of different widths in the range of about 1699, 1646, 1275, 1023, 845, 749, 687 cm-1, which are a sign of an artificial dye. IR-spectra of amber under the dye have a configuration characteristic of succinite.

Fig. 1. Cabochon of opaque pink-orange amber (A), zoom 8 and microphotography of cavities with dye, microscope Gemmaster L 230V, zoom 36 (B) (Photo by Emelyanov I.).

References Belichenko O., Ladzhun J. 2016. Complex gemological research of new types of treated amber. Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology. 4 (75), 30-34. Wang Y., Liu F., Nie S., Shen A. 2016. Steam-dyed amber. Gems & Gemology. 52, no. 2,

CAI Y., BAO T. The prosperity of Tengchong Amber Market and related industries

YONG CAI1, TONG BAO2

1Tengchong City Amber Association, Shiguangnian Insect-Amber Base, No. 76 Guanghua Residence, Tengchong, China, [email protected] 2Steinmann-Institut, Abteilung Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany, [email protected]

The picturesque Tengchong city situated in the southwest frontier of China, famous for the unique volcano, wetland and other spectacular natural sceneries. Because of its geographical setting to the China-Myanmar boundary, Tengchong has been the manufacturing and selling center of Burmese jadeite and amber for centuries and achieved rapid development in recent years. According to incomplete statistics, there are two large-scale amber markets in Tengchong, named Linyu Burmese amber market and Tengmi international amber trading center, with more than 2,000 amber stores so far. People from different countries and culture gathering here and showing the enthusiastic to unique amber products from early morning till the sun set Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 115

(Figure 1A). Nowadays, a complete chain industry covering manufacturing and marketing has taken shape there, with annual sales volume of more than RMB 1 million. Due to the effort of generations of Tengchong people, Tengchong has been the leader of Chinese amber industry. The first Chinese amber association was founded in Tengchong. Last year Tengchong was entitled “China’s Amber City”. The encyclopedia book “A Complete Collection of World Ambers” edited by Tengchong amber professionals was published recently, contributing significantly to summarize the amber industry development and to make further amber market promotion. Thanks to the support of Tengchong government, Tengchong Amber Association and all amber working people, Tengchong will welcome its new prosperous era. Tengchong is now opening its warm arms to those who are interested in amber industry from all over the world to work together and embrace a bright future of amber market hand in hand.

Fig. 1. A. Morning trade scenes in Tengmi international amber trading center. B. Palaeoentomologists visiting office of Mr. Yong Cai, Vice-President of Tengchong Amber Association, Chief of Shi Guang Nian Amber Center. Left to right, Mr. Yong Ying (Chief of Kuan He Tang), Dr. Jacek Szwedo, Mr Cai Yong, Dr. Peter Vršanský, Mr Tong Bao.

CYTRYNIAK A., ŁYDŻBA-KOPCZYŃSKA B. Micro IR and Raman spectroscopy as operative techniques in the various fossilised resins screening

ADRIANNA CYTRYNIAK1, BARBARA ŁYDŻBA-KOPCZYŃSKA1,2

1University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Chemistry, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland, [email protected] 2 University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Cultural Heritage Research Laboratory, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland, [email protected]

Amber is a fossilised resin from certain species of trees which has been known to humankind for millennia. It was always an object of interest with wide array of uses ranging from medicine, jewellery to a worship. Amber is distributed throughout the world, however one of the biggest deposits is located on the Baltic coasts (Grimaldi et.al 1996). The modern analytical techniques are widely applied as effective tools in examination of chemical and physical properties of various fossilised resins. There are several non-destructive methods which allow to determine the identification of the various kinds of resins and their geological provenance. One of the most widely used techniques is Raman spectroscopy which has been successfully applied in archaeometric studies of amber (Smith et al. 2004, Łydżba-Kopczyńska et al. 2012). The provenance of analyzed historical samples were established due to the possibility of obtaining unique Raman spectra without necessity of any special pretreatment of samples. Page 116 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Fig. 1. Discovery of lumps of raw amber was found in 1906 during the construction of the horse racing track in Wrocław

The ATR techniques – the complementary techniques to the Raman spectroscopy might deliver the information which could lead to identification of various geological kind of amber (Łydżba-Kopczyńska et al. 2012). But the main disadvantage of this techniques with the comparison to the Raman spectroscopy is the necessity of sampling which is usually not allowed during the investigation of the archeological objects. This obstacle might be overcome by the usage of another infrared techniques – the micro infrared spectroscopy. This non-invasive and effective technique might be successfully applied in studies of amber (Katon, 1996) and do not require the collecting the samples. The goal of the study was to present the advantages and limitation of the micro IR technique in the provenance investigation of amber. During the investigations samples belonging to the enormous amber deposits (Figure 1) discovered in 1906 and 1936, nearby the horse racing track in Wroclaw-Partynice (Ger. Breslau-Hartlieb) (Seger, 1937) were analyzed. Moreover, there were analyzed commercially available imitations of the natural amber. The identification of the geological origin of analyzed amber samples was possible due to the comparative analysis with the reference spectra recorded during investigation. The gathered reference data belong to spectral database (Łydżba-Kopczyńska et al. 2012) systematically developed by Cultural Heritage Research Laboratory based on the fully documented fossilised resin samples originated from the collection of the Polish Academy of Sciences Museum of the Earth in Warsaw. Acknowledgments The investigation was carried within the framework of Koło Naukowe Chemików “Jeż", Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw.

References Grimaldi D.A. 1996. Amber: Window to the Past, Harry N. Abrams Inc., New York Katon J.E. 1996. Infrared microspectroscopy. A review of fundamentals and applications, Micron, 27, 303-314. Łydżba-Kopczyńska B., Gediga B., Chojcan J., Sachanbiński M. 2012. Provenance investigations of amber jewellery excavated in Lower Silesia (Poland) and dated back to Early Iron Age, J. Raman Spectrosc., 43, 1839-1844. Łydżba-Kopczyńska B., Krzywiecka M., Chojcan J., Madera P., Sachanbiński M. 2015. Wrocław-Partynice amber depots – the application of the comprehensive spectral database of succinate and fossil and subfossil resins, in: Czarnecka M., Łydżba-Kopczyńska B. (Eds.) 8th Congress on Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology Wroclaw, 1-5 September 2015: book of abstracts, Wrocław: Faculty of Chemistry University of Wrocław, 1-177, 146-147. Seger H. 1930. Der Bernsteinfund von Hartlieb bei Breslau, Altschlesien, 3, 171-184. Nowothnig W. 1937. Der Bernsteinhandelsplatz von Breslau-Hartlieb, Altschlesische Blätter, 12, 48-51. Smith G.D., Clark R. J.H. 2014. Raman microscopy in archaeological science, J. Archaeol. Sci. 31, 1137-1160. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 117

FRIEDMAN V., LAMBERT J.B., BUGARIN A., KAUR S., STOUT E. Amber in Texas

VIRGINIA FRIEDMAN1, JOSEPH B.LAMBERT2, ALEJANDRO BUGARIN3, SARJIT KAUR4, EDITH STOUT4

11000 Walnut Place, Mansfield, Texas 76063, USA, [email protected] 2Trinity University, Department of Chemistry, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA, [email protected] 3University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Chemistry, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA, [email protected] 4Amber Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA [email protected], [email protected]

During most of the Cretaceous, eastern Texas was underneath the waters of the adjacent and Western Interior Seaway. A short-lived regression during the Cenomanian exposed much of the region, enabling erosion of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks along the Ouachita Uplift in southern and Arkansas and subsequent deposition in a complex of nearshore environments along the margins of the broadly subsiding East Texas Basin. These fluvio-deltaic deposits are collectively known as the Woodbine Group, which crops out in a narrow irregular band about 20 miles wide in Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas, and form significant hydrocarbon reservoirs in the East Texas Basin. Three depositional systems are recognized within the Woodbine: a fluvial system, a high-destructive delta system, and a shelf-strandplain system. A newly discovered amber-bearing outcrop in north central Texas has been identified in rocks assigned to the lower part of the Woodbine Group (Dexter Member) based on stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and paleontologic data gathered at the outcrop under study.

Fig 1. Texas amber pieces as collected against a background of charcoalized wood fragments.

During deposition of the fluvial Dexter Member of the Woodbine (ca. 250 k.y. in duration), a localized Texas amber forest was established at the locality. Palynological data indicates that the paleoflora was composed for the most part of conifers and rare incipient angiosperms. The palynomorph assemblage further indicates the presence of a nearby swampy area with large numbers of ferns. A great amount of charcoal particles are found at the locality. It is believed that, at some point in time, violent fires damaged this forest causing extensive destruction. With the destruction or damage to the forest, the ancient trees released great amounts of resin which, through subsequent burial and diagenetic processes, was converted into what we now know as amber. Strictly speaking, amber is not a fossil but rather a complex mixture of cross –linked polymerized terpenes. Amber remains organic matter that has not been mineralized (e.g., a dinosaur bone). Through millions of years, amber has achieved remarkable chemical stability. The Texas amber was found in a thin carbonaceous bed (15 cm in thickness) within the Dexter member. The clasts are found randomly embedded in this horizon and, rarely, directly above in silty, lignitic layers. The chromatic variety of the amber spans from very pale yellow, yellow, orange to reddish (Figure 1). Some clasts are transparent, whereas others are white opaque or have a rough outer brownish layer. A combination of colors in some clasts was also documented. The size of the clasts varies from sand grain sized to 3 cm in diameter. When broken, the clasts present a conchoidal fracture. Other physical properties are concordant to other ambers of the world. Page 118 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

The microscopic examination of this amber is in process. To date, the inclusions found are inorganic in nature: acicular crystals, and spherical to elongated bubbles probably formed by the escape of volatile compounds. No definitive bio-inclusions have been identified yet, but it is likely that micro-inclusions in or around the plant debris inside many clasts will be identified. Chemically, the Texas amber has been assigned to Group A based on 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy and to Class 1b based on FTIR and CG/MS analysis carried out on selected pieces of amber. The taxonomical affinity of the amber tree has not been well established, but it was most likely a conifer. Based on stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and palynologic data gathered at the locality, the age of the Texas amber is assigned to the late Early Cenomanian. The Texas amber is contemporaneous to other amber deposits in the world such as Cape Sable, Magothy River, in , Ellsworth County in Kansas, Sarthe and Salignac deposits in France, Timmerdyakh, Yakutia in Russia, Agdzhakend, Azerbaijan and Alem Ketema, Ethiopia among others.

KLIKOWICZ-KOSIOR A., KOSIOR M., WAGNER-WYSIECKA E. Amber Laboratory of International Amber Association - current research activity and perspectives

AGNIESZKA KLIKOWICZ-KOSIOR1, MICHAŁ KOSIOR1, EWA WAGNER-WYSIECKA1,2

1International Amber Association, Warzywnicza 1, 80-838 Gdańsk, Poland, [email protected], [email protected] 1,2Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland, [email protected]

The need to establish an Amber Laboratory had been discussed since the beginning of the International Amber Association (IAA). The jewellery market also demanded that an efficient product certification system be designed and implemented. For years objects were tested through the IAA office at the Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials. In 2015, the International Amber Association gained its new Head Office in Gdańsk, at Warzywnicza 1, where office, gallery and laboratory were opened (Klikowicz 2016). An amber identification system has been one of the statutory objectives considered already when the IAA was established (Gierłowska 2000, 2002, Gierłowska, Gierłowski 2004). By working in an expert group of geologists, chemists, gemmologists, amber specialists and practitioners, the IAA experts elaborated a classification system for Baltic amber gemstones, raw materials and semi-finished products (IAA, 2014). This achievement is appreciated by foreign laboratories, amber researchers, wholesalers and retailers alike and is the basic criterion of Baltic amber certification in AAA Amber Laboratory. The Laboratory applies the gemstone classification by CIBJO (Confederation Internationale de la Bijouterie, Joaillerie, Orfevrerie, des Diamants, Perls et Pierres, The World Jewellery Confederation) in order the results to be unambiguously interpreted by both IAA Experts and all other gemmologists in the world. The certification system aims to increase the global customers’ confidence in manufactured amber items. Every Amber Certificate, issued by IAA Amber Laboratory, provides the confidence, security and credibility to the Consumer that the amber jewelry they purchased represents the quality they were promised. The analytical research activity of IAA Amber Laboratory is wide and covers among the others the identification of natural and modified Baltic amber and identification of inclusions. This aim would not be achieved without the collaboration with scientific and academic centers: the Polish Academy of Sciences, Museum of the Earth in Warsaw (Prof. Barbara Kosmowska-Ceranowicz, Ph.D. D.Sc.), University of Silesia (Aniela Matuszewska, Ph.D. D.Sc), Gdańsk University of Technology (Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka, Ph.D. D.Sc. Eng., Natalia Łukasik Ph.D. Eng.) and University of Gdańsk (Prof. Szadziewski’s group – Jacek Szwedo, Ph.D. D.Sc. prof. extraord. UG, Elżbieta Sontag, Ph.D). Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 119

In IAA Amber Laboratory well proved mid-infrared spectroscopy is used for the identification of natural and modified succinite (Savkievitch 1964, Schwochau 1963, Beck 1964, 1986, Kosmowska-Ceranowicz 2015, Kosmowska-Ceranowicz, Wagner-Wysiecka 2012, Wagner-Wysiecka 2018). The detection of treatment and reconstruction of the material is also supported by detailed microscopic studies in visible (day light) and UV light. The IAA Amber Laboratory tests and certifies mainly Baltic amber and products made of it. Other fossil and subfossil resins of the world also are identified in IAA Amber Laboratory. Samples of different materials are delivered from all over the world. An example can be a material identified as pseudostantienite (Figure1)

Fig.1. Specimen of pseudostantienite 560 g and its mid-infrared spectrum (ATR) (det. E.Wagner-Wysiecka)

An important case is imitations of Baltic amber (Gierłowska 2003, 2012, 2013, Wagner-Wysiecka 2013, Kosior 2017). It would be appropriate to refer here to Gabriela Gierłowska's collection – the richest private collection of Baltic amber imitations (Gierłowska 2012, 2013). The collection of imitation is also under continuous development in IAA Amber laboratory. The Experts’ competence includes identifying fake and imitation of amber. Since 2015 less than 1% of all of the ordered tests were identified as an amber imitations. A worth noting example of imitation of Baltic amber analyzed in IAA Amber Laboratory can be object shown in Figure 2. It is a two-component material (Baltic amber/synthetic resin) imitating inclusion of animal described by customer as a lizard.

Fig.2. Imitation of "lizard inclusion" identified as contemporary newt (det. J. Szwedo) in two-component: Baltic amber/epoxy type resin material. Partial infrared spectrum (ATR) of synthetic material is shown on the right.

The items for analysis may be delivered to IAA Amber Laboratory in person, but more and more samples are sent by post from both Poland and abroad. The IAA Amber Laboratory completes its tests within 1-2 business days, which has led to increased interest and therefore an increased number of the products tested. The most of the items submitted for testing are jewellery products, with a large portion consisting of raw or prefabricated natural pieces, cabochons, balls, etc. Historical artefacts, sculptures, rosaries etc are also tested. In collaboration with IAA Experts on inclusions (Museum of Amber Inclusions), the lab also identifies and describe animal and plant inclusions in fossil resins. Page 120 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

The Laboratory’s customers mainly include manufacturers willing to authenticate their products. There is increasing number of retailers, who want to verify their suppliers or certify the products in their stores. The IAA Amber Laboratory is also approached by institutions: museums, universities, galleries and — a forensic investigation authority. The IAA Amber Laboratory is available to the general public, to anyone who wants to find out something about the amber that they have had for years or just purchased. Every Tuesday, the experts evaluate the authenticity of amber products free of charge. The laboratory offers two types of documents confirming the identity of the tested material (IAA, 2018). A plastic credit-card sized card (Figure 3A) with the main information about the item (unique number, photograph, mass, colour, transparency) and an expert’s evaluation, including the information about any treatment or reconstruction in English. The card contains a QR code to allow verifying the document on the IAA website. This allows to verify the certificate’s authenticity. It is recommended as a certificate to support product authentication, for example for further sales. The other document is a examination report which additionally contains among the others the IR spectrum registered for the material and the name of the submitting entity. It is issued for all fakes and non-standard products – in Polish or English.

Fig.3 A. Example of Certificate of Amber Identification issued by IAA Amber Laboratory B. IAA Amber Laboratory as mobile lab – China International Jewellery Fair (CIJF) in Beijing (2017)

IAA Amber Laboratory has established contacts with gemmological laboratories of the world, for example National Gemstone Testing Center (NGTC) in Beijing and Shenzen (China), Laboratory of The Gem and Jewellery Institute of Thailand (Bangkok, Thailand) to discuss the most important aspects of gem identification. In 2017 IAA Laboratory was present as a mobile lab during jewellery fairs in Poland (Jubinale in Cracow, GoldExpo in Warsaw) and China International Jewellery Fair (CIJF) in Beijing organized by Gems and Jewellery Trade Association of China (GAC) (Figure 3B). Acknowledgments We wish to sincerely thank the members of the IAA who have supported establishing the IAA Amber Laboratory. Without their financial support or the equipment provided, but also their experience and achievements, it would not have been possible to launch an efficient amber testing facility. We would also like to thank all those who submit their samples for authentication and testing. Thanks this contribution the IAA Laboratory is building an extensive sample collection of Baltic amber, other resins, fakes and imitations.

References Beck C.W. 1986. Spectroscopic investigations of amber. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 22, 57-110. Beck C. W., Wilbur E., Meret S. 1964. Infrared spectra and the origin of amber. Nature 201, 256-257. Gierłowska G. 2000. Jewellery stones in amber and their classification. Bursztynisko, 12, 24-24. Gierłowska G. 2002. Ład w nazewnictwie kamieni jubilerskich z bursztynu. Polski Jubiler, 1, 32-35. Gierłowska G., Gierłowski W. 2004. The classification of amber gemstones, Bursztynisko, 21, 33-35. Gierłowska G. 2003. Guide to Amber Imitations. Wyd. Bursztynowa Hossa, Gdańsk, Poland Gierłowska G. 2012. Baltic amber in Gabriela Gierłowska’s Collection a presentation. Proceedings of the International Amber Researcher Symposium, Amber. Deposits-Collections-The Market, Gdańsk, 22-23 March, Poland, 103-107. Gierłowska G. 2013. Amber imitations in collection of Gabriela Gierlowska‐ in: Amber and its Imitations. Proceedings of the International Scientific and practical Conference, Kaliningrad, 27 June, 71-76. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 121

IAA 2018. International Amber Association. http://www.amber.org.pl/english/certificate/ (accessed 08.03.2018). IAA 2014. The Classification of Baltic Amber Gemstones adopted by the Board of the International Amber Association on November 20, 1999, as amended. Last amended on September 05, 2014, unified text, http://www.amber.org.pl/english/amber/classification-of-baltic-amber-gemstones/ (accessed 08.03.2018). Klikowicz A. 2016. A year of the IAA Amber Laboratory. Bursztynisko, 38, 18-19. Kosior M. 2017. If not amber, then what? Fakes at the IAA amber Laboratory in 2016. Bursztynisko, 40, 42-43. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B., Wagner-Wysiecka E. 2012. Modified Baltic amber identified in transmission and reflection IR spectra, Prace Muzeum Ziemi, 50, 57-65. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B., 2015. Infrared Spectra Atlas of Fossil Resins, Subfossils Resins and Selected Imitations of Amber, Vávra, N., Mineral Names Used for Fossil Resins and Similar Materials, 1st ed., Polish Academy of Sciences Museum of the Earth in Warsaw: Warsaw. Savkievitch S.S., Saks I. A. 1964. Infrakrasnyje spektra pogłoszczenija baltijskogo jantaria sukcinita. Zh. Prikl. Khim. 37, 930-931, ibid. 1120-1122. Schwochau K., Haevernick T. E., Ankner D. 1963. Zur infrarotspektroskopischen Herkunftsbestimmung von Bernstein. Jahrb. RGZM. 10, 171-176. Wagner-Wysiecka E. 2013. Amber imitations through the of a chemist. in: Amber and its Imitations, Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, Kaliningrad, 27 June, 29-34. Wagner-Wysiecka E. 2018. Mid-infrared spectroscopy for characterization of Baltic amber (succinite). Spectrochim. Acta A 196, 418-431.

KOMLIEV O., REMEZOVA O. Lacustrine and paludal complexes of Ukraine as amber- bearing objects

OLEKSANDR KOMLIEV1, OLENA REMEZOVA2

1Kyiv National University by Taras Shevchenko, 2A Academician Glushkov St., 02000,Kyiv, Ukraine, [email protected] 2Institute of Geological Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 55 B Oles Gonchar St., 01054, Kyiv, Ukraine, [email protected]

On the current context of amber “fever” which covers many areas of the Polissya of Ukraine, the search of more promising industrial accumulations of amber natural objects conducted. For prospecting of them, it is possible to found some indicators, including relatively inexpensive and affordable. They include, in particular, the forms of relief of the exposed earth's surface. For their study and evaluation the qualitatively new operational (time detection) technical and technological capabilities, which consist in usage (separately and together) of various models of “relief” – both traditional (topographic and materials aerospace sensing) and new digital, are now opening. Taking account the detailed and informative nature of these models, their promise for the stated purposes cannot be determined with sufficient empirical means. For this purpose, an appropriate geomorphosystemic basis is need, in which the elements – extruded and buried forms of the relief of past morphocycles of development elements – extruded and buried forms of the relief of past morphocycles of development its structural-functional place. The authors of the article developed a geomorphosystem model of the vast territory of Ukraine for the Mesozoic-Cenozoic phase of its development, which includes the prospective for the amber detection fields in Polissya regions of Ukraine. Thanks to it, the concrete system-dynamic connections of exposed and buried forms of relief and between forms of the exposed surface are revealed. The purpose of the article is to show the systemic place of downsides of the exposed surface occupied by lakes and marshes and their indicative value for the detection of new amber fields within the right-bank part of the Polissya of Ukraine. The lakes and swamps are developed here as separate and often form specific paragenetic formations – morphological (morphogenetic) complexes. Page 122 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Lakes and swamps (the latstsr often form the large wetlands here) are typical elements of the landscapes of the right-bank part of the Polissya of Ukraine. The total number of lakes here is more than a thousand, and waterlogging in some areas reaches tens of percent of total area. The wide-development of lakes and marshes is facilitated by general morphology and minor differences in elevations of the exposed surface, geological structure (close to the surface of water-resistant rocks), hydrometeorological regime, and developed vegetation cover. The lakes and marshes occur on all hypsometric levels of the surface – from the watersheds and to the valleys of large rivers, mostly belonging to the Pripyat River system. They are characterized by various sources of power (atmospheric, underground and mixed). In previous years the different hypotheses of sublacustrine shelf origin were proposed for Polissya region: glacial, alluvial, relict and karst ones. The glacial hypothesis of the lakes genesis comes from their frequent occurrence in the areas of development of relief forms and sediments associated with quaternary glaciations. The alluvial origin for lakes that occur on floodplains and other elements of modern river valleys is evident. The relic hypothesis is probably connected with the biblical ideas about the flood, which in the science of the 19th century were transformed into drift theory. Some scientists (and one of the authors of this article) develop scientific ideas about the wide development in this territory in the middle and late Quaternary time of lake transgressions. In support of this hypothesis, other data are usually also cited. For example, the behavior of blackheads spawning in the Sargasso Sea, but the fry of them persistently seek to the Baltic region: they penetrate into the Polissya through the systems of small rivers, marshes, lakes (it allegedly proves that in the recent past it could exist an open water basin).The karst hypothesis of the genesis of the lake basins of the Ukrainian Polissya is the most widespread. Its main argument is that many lakes are found in the field of development and often in the roof of the karstic rocks of the marly-cretaceous formation of Volyn-Podillia. However, some researchers consider the role of karst exaggerated, as the wide development of karst processes is hampered here: a flat topography of the surface; a small power-feeding and unloading zone, which narrows the aeration zone; a high level of groundwater standing, close to the water surface level in the most lakes; sometimes a greater depth of occurrence from the surface of the karstic rocks and a greater thickness of the overlapping Cenozoic (Paleogene, Quaternary) sediments that overlap them. At the same time, within the framework of the karst hypothesis, the lakes have been associated for a long time with tectonic dislocation sites in sedimentary rocks, their position in the zones of tectonic faults and at their intersections. In the zones of the latter one can see both individual lakes and their chains. The coincidence of the strike of long axes of lakes and microkettles with tectonic cracks in marly-chalk rocks has been revealed. The attention is drawn to the structural position of the most famous lakes of Volyn – Shatsk in the border of the tectonic depression and the Ratne offset of basement. Here, a decrease in the thickness of the Quaternary deposits and an increased fracture of the marl-Cretaceous sequence are noted. The lakes associate to the large tectonic zones of sublatitudinal, submeridional and northwestern sweep, less often their basins are observed in the northeastern zones. Individual lakes are located at the intersection of multidirectional tectonic zones and are framed by systems of tectonic disturbances. The new factual material of recent years, obtained during geological, hydrogeological, geophysical operations, remote surface studies allows to make a comprehensive analysis of the features of the geological and geomorphological structure of the territory of Volyn Pollisya and the lakes development areas.The lakes have in plan the mostly round or oval outlines and straight shorelines, which is not typical for the karst lakes. The diameter of the lakes is from hundreds of meters to several kilometers. Sometimes the lakes fill several separate hollows, they have a form of the “eight” in plan with cramps – capes located opposite to each other (lakes Luka, Mshane, Orekhove). An important feature of the areas of many lakes is the widespread development of sand ridges, ramparts and ramp-like raises. The shafts and ramp-like uplands often “break up” into rectilinear, arc-shaped, isolated fragments. Many shafts directly adjoin to lakes, form a entire ring, or are situated on some distance from the coastline. The structure of the ridges in the transverse direction is asymmetric: their steep slopes face to the lakes. The ridges and hills surround the small and large lakes. Sometimes they also meet separately and surround wetlands. In the past, drilling of lakes from ice was carried out, which, in our opinion, was of great importance for understanding the genesis of the basins of large lakes in Polissya (large Volyn lakes freeze in winter but the small ones do not freeze).It showed differences in the geological structure of the water areas and adjacent areas: under many lakes there are no deposits of the Paleogene system, which have area development, sustained thickness and composition. It allows presupposing their next erosion before the occurrence of lakes Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 123 here. Under them there are also glacial and water-glacial deposits developed on the territory. The similarity of the geological structure of the sections of the lakes of the glacial and extra-glacial regions of the Ukrainian Polissya, in our opinion, may indicate the non-glacial origin of the lakes and the recent (the middle Anthropogenic) age of the lake basins. The Paleogene and Quaternary glacial deposits, in our opinion, have not been destroyed and river erosion – none of the boreholes drilled in the lakes have undergone alluvial facies. It confirmed the position of the main base level of the territory – river Pripyat. At the present time, the bottom of lake and lake-alluvial sediments filling the lakes underlays on 30 to 50 m below the bottom of Pripyat ancient alluvial horizons. There could be no karst destruction by Paleogene sediments, represented by sandstones, silts, clays, whose thickness is up to tens of meters. So, the bottom of a fairly deep Tukhove lake is composed of sandstones of the Upper Proterozoic. The significant erosion of the Paleogene deposits confirms the presence of the glauconite mineral in the Quaternary sediments (Neogene deposits occur fragmentarily) redeposited from the Paleogene deposits. The reason for the glauconite conservation in Quaternary rocks of Volyn is the nearness of provenance area, a high level of groundwater (which narrows the size of the aeration zone), and a neutral and slightly alkaline composition of groundwater. The glauconite occurs in the lower horizons of the Quaternary sediments, and on the sites of the Bile lake (Bial'ska Volia village), Ostrivske, its areas in plan have the shape of an ellipse. Under some lakes (Bile, Nobel) very sharp gradients of Cretaceous sediments are revealed. All these geological and geomorphological facts make it possible to propose the tectonic model of the lakes basins appearance of Volyn Pollissya. It uses the ideas about small tectonic blocks, anomalous in amplitude and in the nature (inversion) of their movements in the Cenozoic. In accordance with it, during the Dnieper time, the blocks under the lake basins during at least 2 phases of movements changed the direction of movements: 1) uplifting of blocks – when the the processes of denudation ruined the deposits of Paleogene, Neogene, Quaternary (and moraine of the Dnieper glacier); 2) lowering of blocks due to inversion of their movement directions, which are likely continuing even now. So on the modern surface of the Ukrainian Pollissya, lake basins formed filled by lake and lake-alluvial sediments, since many lakes are flowage or they were flowage in the past. Such mechanism is confirmed by studies on the Ukrainian Shield, where the formation of complexes of ridge relief forms is accompanied precisely by inversion motions of block structures and therefore it is quite naturally to find combined lakes, marshes, ridges, hills. At present, there is lack of data to estimate the extent of the karst processes development in the territory of the Ukrainian Polissya as a whole and separately the parts of the lake basins. The role of karst in the formation of the buried relief and the relief of the modern surface is incomprehensible. Likely that karst processes occur everywhere, but they are manifested locally. The favorable conditions for them exist on raised block structures, where karstic rocks are brought to the zone of active water exchange. This model of formation of lake basins does not exclude the active karst occurrence under the lakes, but this process was not leading in the formation of the basins themselves. The complicated block tectonic structure, sharply differentiated modern and neotectonic movements are confirmed by a complex analysis of the features of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary cover and the crystalline basement of the territory. Many of the negative forms of relief (lake basins, marsh massifs, extended areas in river valleys) are associated with similar tectonic structures within Belarus, in areas of Siberia, Kazakhstan, and the Caspian Lowland. The area bogs within the Polissya of Ukraine greatly exceed the area occupied by lakes and their expression in landscapes and are marked by greater diversity. Their parageneses are detected with many other forms of relief of the exposed surface. The links are quite diverse, there are many, and they are manifested during the process of carrying out specific works of a large scale. So, with marshes the lakes connected in different ways: as the final stage of the existence of a lake before its transformation into a swamp; but in real time due to their relationship in the plan (concentric, ring, embedded, fragmentary, etc.). The different spatial relations of wetlands with other forms are established in river valleys and interfluves, with ridges, hills, and others like that. In most cases, the structural-tectonic factor manifests itself. It is possible here to foresee different scenarios of the development of parageneses of the forms of the exposed surface and geomorphosystem of the territory, in general, to carry out their detailing, internal zoning, to plan the detection of amber traps on the basis of indicators – forms of relief of the exposed surface. Page 124 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

KOSMOWSKA-CERANOWICZ B., PIELIŃSKA A. Infrared spectra of amber and other resins – results of research by Vladas Katinas, 1988

BARBARA KOSMOWSKA-CERANOWICZ, ALICJA PIELIŃSKA

Polish Academy of Sciences Museum of the Earth in Warsaw, Al. Na Skarpie 20/26, 27, 00-488 Warsaw, Poland, [email protected], [email protected]

Vladas Katinas – geologist and doctor of physics – is an author of two monographs about amber. The first one, on the subject of Sambian amber deposits, was published in Russian (Katinas 1971). The second monograph (Katinas 1983), in Lithuanian, contains a chapter describing the properties of Baltic amber and other fossil resins, illustrated by 28 IR spectra from resin studies conducted by the author. There are 26 plates by V. Katinas (four of them shown in Figure 1. A-D) – with 136 IR spectra (listed in Table 1) of resins: fossil ("FS"), subfossil (IR) and contemporary ("S") – in the archives of the Amber Department of the Museum of the Earth in Warsaw. On the reverse, the plates were signed by the author in the presence of Barbara Kosmowska-Ceranowicz. Katinas, then an employee of the Geological Institute in Vilnius (Lithuania), gave two lectures in 1988 at the International Amber Resercher Meeting at the Museum of the Earth in Warsaw (Kosmowska-Ceranowicz 2008, Pielińska 1989): Research on the genetic relationships of fossil resins to create the principles of their mineralogical classification; The origin of succinite and the study of new families of infrared fossil resins (Kwiatkowska, Pielińska 2008; The sixth meeting 1988). The text of the paper to be printed, unfortunately, despite numerous reminders, it never arrived. Materials from this meeting were edited in 1990 in the “Prace Muzeum Ziemi", unfortunately without the work of Katinas. The analysis of 136 IR spectra contained on the plates indicates that Katinas had an interesting collection of contemporary and fossil resins. He arranged spectra in different order on plates – resins are listed according to botanical classification on the some plates, there are also plates arranged by types of fossil resins collected in groups. There are several specimens from exchange or from gifts from Katinas in the collections of the Museum of the Earth – and six of them were examined in IR (Kosmowska-Ceranowicz 2015). In view of the growing interest in resins in the world and the growing number of reports about finding them, works related to the development of amber knowledge may initiate further exploration. Paying attention to the importance of a good location of finds, as well as interesting unknown information about the type of resin, the age of the sediment in which the resin was found, can be revealing in terms of determining a new type of resin that has never been known before.

Table 1. Results of research of infrared tests of resins by Vladas Katinas – 136 IR spectra presented on 26 plates in 1988. No. Acronym/IRS No. Resin parent plant Kind of resin, locality, geological age Plate 1. CORDAITALES 1 from (USA), C* 2 from Pemberton (New Jersey, USA), K? 3 from Poland, C Plate 2. PODOZAMITACEA (?) 4 from Tkibuli (Georgia), J1 Plate 3. BURMITE, type “B” 5 PGM Ap 14255 BURMITE, type “B” Plate 4. ARAUCARIACEAE 6 S/54 Araucaria 7 FS/152 copal, New Zealand, P? 8 S/55 Agathis 9 FS/151 kauri copal, New Zealand, Q 10 FS/153 AMBRITE, New Zealand, P2 11 FS/37 Middle Ural, Kujurgazinsk Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 125

Plate 5. [ABIES, PSEUDOTSUGA, TSUGA] 12 S/33 Abies sibirica 13 FS/88 COPALITE, P2, Lower Austria 14 S/34 Pseudotsuga taxifolia 15 S/35 Pseudotsuga menziesii 16 S/36 Tsuga canadensis 17 FS/89 SIMETITE, Sicily, P3 Plate 6. [PICEA, LARIX] 18 S/29 Picea abies L. 19 S/23 Larix sibirica 20 S/24 Larix decidua Plate 7. PINUS 21 S/19 Pinus exinata 22 S/20 Pinus mugo (= montana) 23 S/22 Pinus nigra 24 S/21 Pinus strobus 25 S/3 Pinus sibirica Plate 8. PINUS SILVESTRIS L. 26 S/1-1 Pinus silvestris L. fresh resin 27 S./1-2 Pinus silvestris L. colophony 28 S/1-3 Pinus silvestris L. colophony, hydrated 29 S/1-4 Pinus silvestris L. colophony, oxygenated 30 FS/51 ALLINGITE, Switzerland, N Plate 9. [PINUS, AMBER, CEDRUS ATLANTICA] 31 S/5 Pinus oocarpa 32 S/4 Pinus caribaea 33 S/3 Pinus sibirica 34 IR/1-2 AMBER 35 S/2 Cedrus atlantica Plate 10. TAXODIACEAE 36 S/15 glyptostroboides 37 41/62 JAULINGITE, Lower Austria 38 IR/17 JAULINGITE, Lower Austria, oxygenated 39 IR/40 glassy resin, Yantarny, P3 Plate 11. CUPRESSACEAE: CUPRESSUS Cupressospermum 40 S/17 saxonicum

41 MZ/9-2 SCHEIBEITE, Bitterfeld, Germany, N1 42 S/16 Juniperus communis L. Plate 12. STYRACACEAE 43 S/45 Styrax argentea 44 FS/207 KRANTCITE 45 FS/207/4 KRANTCITE Plate 13. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 46 S/16 Shorea robusta 47 IR/36-2 copal, Sumatra 48 IR/14-8 GLESSITE 49 FS/72-1 from Arkansas (USA), type I 50 FS/72-2 from Arkansas (USA), type II 51 PGM4818/1 copal, India 52 IR/2 COPALITE, Vienna 53 after S.S. from Bulgaria Plate 14. ROSACEAE 54 FS/83 Cerasus sp. 55 FS/114 Prunus sp. 56 PM/4819 Cerasus sp. Manila, Tagalog NM Page 126 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Plate 15. FABACEAE 57 S/96 Copaifera sp. 58 FS/124, PM3276 copal, Congo 59 S/87 Trachylobium sp. 60 FS/139 copal, Mozambique Plate 16. FABACEAE: HYMENAEA 61 S/22 Hymenaea courbaril 62 FS/40 copal, Brasil (Pará) 63 FS/42 copal, Colombia (Giron) 64 FS/43-1, MZ 06 copal, Mexico (Chiapas) 65 FS/43-5,MZ 06-1 copal, Mexico (Chiapas), weathered 66 S/23 Hymenaea oblongifolia 67 FS/43-7, Ap11365 copal, Dominican Republic (Haiti) Plate 17. BURSERACEAE 68 S/76 Protium icicariba 69 FS/113-9 copal, Manila 70 FS/193 COPALITE, London 71 S/14 Bursera bipinnata 72 S/14-2 Bursera excelsa Plate 18. RUTACEAE 73 - Amyris attenuata Plate 19. AMBER GROUP, (FIG. 1) 74 IR/1 AMBER, Yantarny, P2 75 IR/9 AMBER, Anikskchiay, N1 76 IR/18. AMBER, Yantarny, N2 77 IR/8 AMBER, Klesiv, Ukraine, P3 78 AR/23 AMBER, Berezhnytsia, Ukraine, Q 79 AR/26 AMBER, Petrozavodsk, Neolithic age 80 FS/62 AMBROSINE, Charleston, USA 81 FS/101 AMBER, Kamchatka Plate 20. ROMANITE GROUP, PINACEAE 82 FS/21-3 ROMANITE, Romania, Buzau, P3 83 FS/15 ROMANITE, Ukraine, Carpathians, P3 84 FS/15-6 ROMANITE, Ukraine, Carpathians, P3, weathered 85 AR/22 ROMANITE, Ukraine, Horodok, Neolithic age 86 FS/45 ROMANITE, Romania 87 FS/17 DELATYNITE, Carpathians, P3 88 FS/47, Ap11821 BURMITE “A”, Myanmar 89 FS/55 Nigeria, P3 Plate 21. ROMANITE GROUP, PINACEAE (FIG. 2) 90 M-1 SAKHALINITE, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, P1 (yellow) 91 M-1A SAKHALINITE, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, P1 (yellow), oxygenated 92 M-2 SAKHALINITE, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, P1 (red) 93 M-3 SAKHALINITE, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, P1 (red), weathered 94 FS/101-4 SAKHALINITE, Kamchatka, K2–N 95 MZ-4 Lebanon 96 FS/142-3 Azerbaijan, Gorchu, K2 97 after B. V. Jordan, Wadi-Zerka, K1 Plate 22. ROMANITE GROUP, PINACEAE, changes 98 MZ-4 Lebanon, K1 99 MZ-4b Lebanon, K1, weathered 100 FS/97-4 VALCHOVITE, K2 Santonian 101 FS/142-6 Azerbaijan, Akdjakend, K2 102 FS/44-M BURMITE “A”, P3 103 FS/96-3 SCHRAUFITE, Romania, K2 104 FS/87 SCHRAUFITE, Chukotka, K2 105 FS/87b SCHRAUFITE, Chukotka, K2, weathered Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 127

Plate 23. VALCHOVITE GROUP, PINACEAE (FIG. 3) 106 FS/97-1 VALCHOVITE, Czech R., Obora, K2 Santonian (transparent) 107 FS/97-2 VALCHOVITE, Czech R., Obora, K2 Santonian (clouded) 108 FS/97-3 VALCHOVITE, Czech R., Obora, K2 Santonian (brown) 109 FS/97-1b VALCHOVITE, Czech R., Obora, K2 Santonian (weathered) 110 FS/98 AJKAITE, Hungary, Ajka, K2 Santonian 111 FS/99 NEUDORFITE 112 MZ-3, 16332 France, Chambeau, K2 Santonian 113 MZ-1, 17656 Greenland, P ? Plate 24. GEDANITE GROUP, CUPRESSACEAE 114 IR/22/18 GEDANITE, Yantarny, P2 115 IR/22/53 GEDANITE, Yantarny, P2, oxygenated 116 IR/22/56 GEDANITE, Yantarny, N2 117 IR/27 RETINITE, Taymyr, K2, (white) 118 IR/26 RETINITE, Taymyr, K2, (transparent) 119 FS/110 Yenisey River estuary 120 IR/27 B Taymyr, Khatanga, K2, (transparent) Plate 25. GEDANITE GROUP, CUPRESSACEAE 121 IR/27 RETINITE, Khatanga, K2 122 FS/42-1 CHEMAWINITE, Manitoba, Canada, K2, (yellow) 123 FS/42-9 CHEMAWINITE, Manitoba, Canada, K2, (red) 124 FS/94-8 UILERITE, Kamchatka, K2–N ?, (yellow) 125 FS/94/17 UILERITE, Kamchatka, K2–N ?, (white) 126 MZ/9-2 SCHEIBEITE, Bitterfeld, Germany, P3 Plate 26. BECKERITE GROUP (FIG. 4) 127 FS/16 BECKERITE, Yantarny, P2, (black) 128 FS/17 BECKERITE, Yantarny, P2, (gray) 129 FS/201 BECKERITE, Yantarny, P2, (brown) 130 FS/34, Ap20241 STANTIENITE, Yantarny, P2, (brown) 131 FS/35 A STANTIENITE, Yantarny, P2, (pale) 132 FS/35 B, Ap18239 STANTIENITE, Yantarny, P2, (white) 133 FS/34 B STANTIENITE, Yantarny, P2, (white), weathered surface 134 FS/72-3 from Arkansas (USA, Claiborne), P2 135 FS/39 Yantarny, black resin, P2 136 after S. S. Bulgaria, Trinsk * Geological age abbreviations: C – Carboniferous, J1 – Early Jurassic, K – Cretaceous, K1 – Early Cretaceous, K2 – Late Cretaceous, P – Paleogene, P1 – Paleocene, P2 – Eocene, P3 – Oligocene, N – Neogene, N1 – Miocene, N2 – Pliocene, Q – Quaternary.

References Katinas V. 1971. Amber and amber-bearing deposits of the Southern Baltic area. Publishing Office “Mintis”, Vilnius. Transactions 20, 1-151. Katinas V. 1983. Baltijos Gintaras. Mokslas, Vilnius. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B. 2008. Amber Researchers‘ Meetings in the Museum of the Earth PAS, 1951-2007. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 49, 5-11 Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B. 2015. Infrared spectra atlas of fossil resins, subfossil resins and selected imitations of amber, in: Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B. (Ed.) Atlas. Infrared Spectra of the World’s Resins. Holotype Characteristics. Polska Akademia Nauk Muzeum Ziemi w Warszawie, Warszawa, 5-213. Kwiatkowska K., Pielińska A. 2008. Amber Meetings organized and co-organized by Amber Division of the Museum of the Earth PAS, Warsaw. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 49, 12-18. Pielińska A. 1989. Międzynarodowe forum badaczy bursztynu w Muzeum Ziemi. Przegląd Geologiczny 6, 347-348. The Sixth Meeting on Amber and Amber-Bearing Sediments, 20-21 October 1988, Warsaw. Polish Academy of Sciences Museum of the Earth, Warsaw. Page 128 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Fig. 1. A: IR Spectra of Pinaceae fossil resins from Amber Group (Plate 19 by V. Katinas 1988; see Table 1); B: IR Spectra of Pinaceae fossil resins from Romanite Group (Plate 21 by V. Katinas 1988; see Table 1); C: IR Spectra of Pinaceae fossil resins from Valchovite group (Plate 23 by V. Katinas 1988; see Table 1); D: IR Spectra of fossil fesins from Beckerite Group (Plate 26 by V. Katinas 1988; see Table 1). Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 129

KOSTYASHOVA Z. The amber industry in Kaliningrad region (2007-2017): problems and prospects

ZOYA KOSTYASHOVA

Kaliningrad Amber Museum, Rosja, 236016, Kaliningrad, Vasilevsky sq. 1, [email protected]

According to the experts of the government of the Russian Federation, the world reserves of amber (including confirmed reserves and resources) are more than 1 million tons. Significant reserves and resources of amber are known in Russia, Poland and Ukraine. In Russia, amber is concentrated mainly in the Kaliningrad region, and is located in a relatively compact deposits, while the reserves of raw amber in Poland and Ukraine are distributed over a large area of hundreds of square kilometers (Strategiya 2017). Another natural competitive advantage is that the depth of occurrence of an amber-bearing formation in the territory of the Kaliningrad region is relatively small and ranges from 10 to 60 meters (Zagorodnykh et al. 2005). The Kaliningrad amber deposit is a part of the former delta of the ancient Eridan River. About 40 million years ago, the resin of coniferous trees was transported by this river and its tributaries from Scandinavia and the adjacent areas of the present Baltic Sea towards the south. This is Chlapowo-Sambia Delta (or the Paleogene Gdańsk Delta), stretching from Chlapovo in Poland to the present settlement of Yantarny in the Kaliningrad region. There is a promising area for finding amber on the Sambian Peninsula and around, which is about 700 square kilometers (Kosmowska-Ceranowicz 1995, Kosmowska-Ceranowicz 2012). As of January 1, 2016, three deposits with total balance reserves of amber of categories A, B and C1 in 111.1 thous. tons were registered in the State balance of the mineral resources of the Russian Federation in the territory of the Kaliningrad region: Primorskoye – 109.5 thous. tons, Palmnikenskoye – 1.6 thous. tons, Filino – 41.8 tons (categories A and B as equivalent to measured resources, and category C1 as an indicated resource). In addition, amber reserves of category C2 are estimated at 54.6 thous. tons, and total off-balance reserves of all categories – 6.5 thous. tons (C2 is an inferred resource) (Prirodnye resursy 2017). Throughout most of the post-war period, the only enterprise that had a license for extraction amber in Russia was the Kaliningrad Amber Factory. In 2014 the state enterprise Kaliningrad Amber Factory was transformed into an open joint-stock company. 100% of its shares in the property of the State Corporation “Rostekh". The Amber Factory (Figure 1A) is producing amber at the Primorsky and Palmniken deposits. The Primorskoye field is located 2-3 km east of the Yantarny. The area of the deposit is 11 x 12 km, the thickness of overburden is from 45 to 92 meters, the amber layer is from 0.5 to 14 meters (usually 5-7 m). One cubic meter of “blue earth” contains from 0.6 to 4.5 kg of amber (Zagorodnykh et al. 2005). Extraction of amber on the Primorsky deposit was begun in 1976. Not all geological conditions were taken into account during open-cast mine building. And in the following years about 100 tons of amber were mined here at a design capacity of one thousand tons. That is why it was necessary to continue work on the old quarry of the Palmniken deposit and on the coast between Sinyavino and Yantarny. In addition to the three named deposits, eight more amber sites were found in the Kaliningrad region: Nadezhdinskoye, Mogaikinskoye, Romanovskoye, Pionerskoe, Pokrovskoye, Ladushkinskoye, Maiskoye and

Poiskovoe. In these deposits, amber reserves of category C2 are estimated at 161.9 thous. tons and the forecast resources of amber of category P1 as 15.5 thous. tons (P1 – prognostic resources). Currently, the Russian companies Oil Invest Ltd and Hermes Ltd are conducting geological studies looking amber deposits in Zelenograd and Gurievsk districts. In the last third of the 20th century, an average of 600 tons of amber was mined annually. The maximum production of 820 tons was recorded in 1989. In the first years of the XXI century, extraction fell to 200 tons per year, and the results of amber production over the past decade are shown in the Table 1. Page 130 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Table 1. Amber extraction at the Kaliningrad Amber Factory in 2007-2017 (tons). The table was compiled on the basis of the official annual reports of the Amber Factory published on the company's website.

2007 288 2011 342 2015 314 2008 324 2012 300 2016 316 2009 341 2013 280 2017 453 2010 342 2014 238

Extraction of amber is made by the excavator, which folds “blue earth” into the heaps, which are washed out by the hydromonitor. Large pieces of amber are extracted in the quarry by hand. The formed pulp is pumped over by the mine dredger to the factory through a pipeline length of about 1 km. In the course of enrichment the “blue earth” washed by water goes through a flat grate with holes, on which the largest pieces of the mineral are held up and collected by the workers. Then the amber is taken with the help of a conveyor to the sifter – a system of sieves with different holes placed one above the other and moving in opposite directions. As a result of vibration the amber is divided into several parts depending on the size. The smallest pieces are once again cleaned from admixture in the solution of sodium chloride and additionally sorted on the sifter. In 2014, the specialists of the Amber Factory created an Experimental Mining Complex (Figure 1B) with a new technology of extraction. The complex is serviced by only 4 people, it processes about 120 cubic meters of “blue earth” per hour and simultaneously performs the function of enrichment.

Fig. 1. A. In the open mine of the Kaliningrad Amber Factory. 2016; B. The Experimental Amber Mining Complex. 2015

It operates on the principle of a closed cycle with a small consumption of water and electricity. According to its creators, amber is extracted from the blue earth delicately, without significant damage. The management of the Amber Factory plans that in the coming years a few more such combines will be produced, which will increase the amber production by 100 tons (Kostiaszowa 2015). With the existing technology, amber losses during transportation, enrichment, drying and sorting are 6.5%. The most valuable amber with a mass of more than 5 g is only about 15% of all mined amber, and the distribution of mined amber by fractions is presented in the Table 2.

Table 2. Distribution of all mined amber by fractions for 2017 (Itogi sortirovki 2017) Fractions of amber Proportion (grams) (%) 100-1000 0.9 50-100 1.4 20-50 3.2 10-20 4.8 5-10 6.6 2-5 2.8 The smallest amber 77.7 ("amber crumb") Black lacquered amber 1.6 Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 131

In addition to the Amber Factory, since the 90s of the 20th century, diggers have been mining amber illegally on the northern shore of the Sambian Peninsula. Illegal mining is conducted on beaches, as well as on land at a depth of up to 15 meters (Kovrovo, Nadezhdino, as well as Khrabrovo near the airport). Excavators, motor pumps and bulldozers are used for the mining of amber. According to the police, annually illegal amber extraction in the last decade ranged from 70 to 100 tons. Even more impressive figures are given by experts of the Russian government, who estimate the illegal production of raw amber in 2016 in the range of 25 to 50 percent of legal production, i.е. 80-160 tons (Strategiya 2017). It seems to me that this information is greatly overpriced, since the “black diggers” are only interested in large amber, which is only about 15% of the raw materials; they neglect small fractions, so in reality, the amount of illegal extraction in the Kaliningrad region in recent years is no more than 20-30 tons of amber large factions annually. Nevertheless, the problem of illegal mining exists, in the last decade the situation has not changed, from 1 to 2.5 thousand people were prosecuted in the form of fines for illegal mining of amber annually. On December 20, 2017, president Putin signed a law that increased the penalties in this sphere 100-fold. According to the law, unauthorized mining, as well as storage, transportation and sale of illegally mined amber is punishable by a fine that increases for citizens from the previous 3-5 thousand rubles up to 200-500 thousand rubles (3-7 thous. euros), for legal entities the fine is set at a rate of 10 to 60 million rubles. (140- 850 thous. euros). At the same time, the law provides for confiscation of the equipment used for mining amber (O vnesenii 2017). One of the most important factors affecting the development of the amber industry in Russia and abroad is the price level for raw amber, which is largely determined by the pricing policy of the Kaliningrad Amber Factory. The dynamics of prices set by the monopoly enterprises in the last decade, is presented in the Table 3.

Table 3. Dynamics of prices of the Kaliningrad Amber Factory for the most popular amber fractions in 2007-2018 (per 1 kg). The table shows the prices calculated as the arithmetic mean of prices for all grades and types of amber each weight fraction per 1 kg, indicated in the official price list of the Amber Factory on the relevant dates. The conversion of the Russian currency into euros was made at the current rate of the Central Bank of Russia, effective for the dates indicated in the table.

Weight of amber Dec. 2007 Aug. 2011 Jan. 2018 in grams Rub. Euro Rub. Euro Rub. Euro

100-200 16850 472 18781 455 255879 3709

50-100 10632 298 13912 337 207900 3013

20-50 9228 330 12173 295 141372 2049

10-20 8225 230 10032 243 70686 1024 5-10 7021 197 8795 213 36757 533

The main event in the life of the Russian amber industry was the so-called “October price revolution” of 2015, as a result of which the cost of the most popular and demanded amber fractions grew 5-8 times (Figure 2). Perhaps, such a sharp rise in prices has never happened in the history of the amber business. The simultaneous price increase on average by 4-5 times caused a real shock among the producers of the amber industry in Kaliningrad. For the year from January 1, 2015 to February 1, 2016, the increase in prices on fractions was as follows: +16 mm – 459%; +23 mm – 634%; +32 mm – 820%. According to the Union of Amberworkers in Kaliningrad, because of the price increase, the number of employees in the amber industry in the region decreased by 40% for two years. At the same time, the Amber Factory announced a new strategy for selling amber in three ways: 1. Large, unique pieces should be sold at open public auctions. 2. About 80% of the extracted amber will be sold on the open electronic exchange trading. 3. The remaining 20% of amber is sold exclusively for Kaliningrad jewelers and carvers at closed auctions. Page 132 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

The auction trade in raw amber was organized at the Exchange “Saint Petersburg” in electronic form. In total from June 21, 2016 to December 28, 2017, 225 trades were held, 1044 lots were sold. The total value of concluded transactions for a year and a half amounted to 1,528 million rubles, or 21,8 million euros (Itogi torgov 2017).

Fig. 2. Amber prices in 2015-2016 ($/kg)

Formally, foreign participants were not allowed to trade on the electronic exchange, however, according to the director of the Amber Factory Mikhail Zatsepin, with the help of intermediaries, “all the amber that we sold through the St. Petersburg exchange was transported to China 10 days later” (Zatsepin 2017). As a rule, these transactions were carried out through Kazakhstan. At the last closed auction for local producers on December 21, 2017, 81 lots weighing from 5 to 500 kg were exhibited, of which 66 lots were bought. The total weight of implemented contracts was 3 tons 280 kg, with the starting price of these lots was 33,5 million rubles, or 479 thous. euros, and the purchase price was 14% lower and amounted to 29 million rubles, or 414 thous. Euros (Auktsion 2017). A total of about 13 tons of raw amber was sold at closed auctions to Kaliningrad producers in 2017 (3% of extracted amber) for the amount of 203,1 million rubles, or about 3 million euros (Torgi 2017). The Amber Factory declares stock trading, however the main channel for salling of raw amber is actually another. In early 2017, the Amber Factory concluded the contract under which it committed to sell 680 tons of various fractions of amber to the “strategic partner from China” for 10 billion rubles (143 million euros) for three years. The name of the company is not specified, but it is suggested in the press that it is Jiangsu Yulingljng Jewelry Technologu Co., Limited (JYJT). In addition, in October 2017, a “second Chinese contract” was concluded for the sale of 680 tons of amber of fine fractions to the company “Linloon Amber” for five years. It is registered in the Kaliningrad region and is a subsidiary of the “strategic Chinese partner” with which the first export contract was concluded. According to the director Zatsepin, in 2017 the Amber Factory sold amber for a total of 3,5 billion rubles (50 million euros), which is more than three times the revenue of the previous year. And the main income was obtained as a result of the implementation of “Chinese contracts” (Oshevskaya 2017). Such course of the Amber Factory does not suit independent local manufacturers of amber products, which believe that the most demanded raw amber is mainly exported. According to expert estimates, currently 150-200 enterprises and individual entrepreneurs produce jewelry, souvenirs and semi-finished products from amber in the territory of the Kaliningrad region. A total from 2 to 3 thous. people were employed in the amber industry of the region in 2015. Representatives of the amber producers have expressed the view that because of the orientation of the Amber Factory on the export the processing of raw amber decreased by 30-40% in the region over the past two years (Strategiya 2017, Nevar 2016). On September 16, 2017, the Russian government approved the “Strategy for the development of the amber industry for the period until 2025". It assumes that within 5 years the Amber Factory will build a modern mining and dressing complex worth $ 50 million. As a result, amber extraction will increase from 300 tons to 500 tons per year. By 2025, Russia must reach the level of the leading countries in the production of amber products (Poland and Lithuania), the share of raw amber on export will decrease from Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 133

80 to 15% of the total volume of its extraction; the processing of amber will increase 7-fold from 11 to 77 million euro per year, which will increase the share of the processing of raw amber to 65% in the Kaliningrad region; employment in the amber industry will grow by 3 times up to 6 thous. people. The strategy also provides for the development of so-called amber tourism – attracting travelers with excursions to the objects of the amber industry, exhibitions and festivals related to amber. As part of the Strategy, the Kaliningrad Amber Factory intends to produce IPO in 2018 – to place the company's shares on the open market (Yantarnyy 2017).

Fig. 3. The draft of a new production complex for enriching and processing of amber in the Kaliningrad Amber Factory

References Auktsion 21.12.2017 [Auction 21.12.2017]. http://www.ambercombine.ru/customers_and_partners/amber_trades/ auktsion-21-12-2017/index.php (accessed 27.12.2017). Itogi sortirovki yantarya za 2017 god [Results of amber sorting in 2017]. http://www.ambercombine.ru/customers_and_partners/itogi-sortirovki-yantarya-za-2017-god/ (accessed 17.01.2018) Itogi torgov mineralnym syryem. 2017 [Results of trading in mineral raw materials. 2017]. http://www.spbex.ru/8592 (accessed 17.01.2018). Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B. 1995. Das Bernsteinführende Tertiär des Chłapowo-Samland Delta, in: Weidert W.K. (Eds.) Klassische Fundstellen der Paläontologie. Goldschneck-Verlag, Korb, T. 3, 180-190. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B. 2012. Bursztyn w Polsce i na świecie, Warszawa. Kostiaszowa Z. 2015. Aktualności bursztynowe z Kaliningradu, in: Światowa Rada Bursztynu = World Amber Council, Gdańsk, 73-74. Kostyashova Z.V. 2007. Istoriya Kaliningradskogo yantarnogo kombinata [The history of the Kaliningrad Amber Factory], Kaliningrad. Zatsepin M. 2017. «Rostekh» deneg ne obeshchal. ["Rostekh” did not promise money]. https://rugrad.eu/interview/1008819/?sphrase_id=4047040 (accessed 27.12.2017). Nevar V. 2016. Yantarnyy klaster Kaliningrada [Amber cluster of Kaliningrad]. http://tass.ru/v-strane/3894530 (accessed 27.12.2017). O vnesenii izmeneniy v Kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii ob administrativnykh pravonarusheniyakh ot 20.12.2017 [On Amendments to the RF Code of Administrative Offenses 20.12.2017]. http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/42613 (accessed 17.01.2018). Oshevskaya O. 2017. Chto oni kuryat? Metsenat Tatuzov o yantare, kitaytsakh i toluole [What they smoke? Patron of art Tatuzov about amber, the Chinese and toluene]. 18.12.2017. https://www.newkaliningrad.ru/news/economy/16320944-chto-oni-kuryat-metsenat-tatuzov-o-yantare- kitaytsakh-i-toluole.htm (accessed 27.12.2017). Oshevskaya O. 2017a. «S potolka»: Mikhail Zatsepin o kontraktakh s kitaytsami i volneniyakh yantarshchikov ["From the ceiling": Mikhail Zatsepin on the contracts with the Chinese and the excitement of amber producers]. http://www.ambercombine.ru/press_center/news/1473 (accessed 27.12.2017). Prirodnye resursy [Natural resources] 2017. https://gov39.ru/region/natural.php (accessed 17.11.2017). Strategiya razvitiya yantarnoy otrasli RF do 2025 goda. 15.12.2017 [Strategy of development of the amber industry of the RF up to 2025]. http://government.ru/docs/29283/ (accessed 17.01.2018). Page 134 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Torgi 2017 [Trading]. http://www.ambercombine.ru/customers_and_partners/amber_trades/ (accessed 27.12.2017). Yantarnyy kombinat nachal podgotovku k vykhodu na IPO. 2017 [Amber Factory began preparations for IPO]. https://www.newkaliningrad.ru/news/briefs/economy/16404202-yantarnyy-kombinat-nachal-podgotovku-k- vykhodu-na-ipo.html (accessed 27.12.2017). Zagorodnykh V.A., Kunaeva T.A. 2005. Geologiya i poleznye iskopaemye Kaliningradskogo regiona [Geology and mineral resources of the Kaliningrad region], Kaliningrad.

KRYNYTSKA M., KOVALEVYCH L. The researches of conditions of productive thickness forming of the southern part of Volodymyrets amber-bearing district

MARIIA KRYNYTSKA1, LIUDMYLA KOVALEVYCH2

1National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, 11 Soborna str., 33028 Rivne, Ukraine, [email protected] 2The Faculty of Mining and Ecology, Zhytomyr State Technological University, 103 Chudnivska str., 10005 Zhytomyr, Ukraine, [email protected]

The bedding of industrial amber placers in the earth’s interior of Rivne region’s northern part of the Ukraine is related to the large period of the geological processes development within the limits of north- western slope of the Ukrainian shield and Volyn-Podillia Plate in Paleogene. The district of researches is located in far southern part of the Volodymyrets amber-bearing district selected (as well as other productive on amber districts) from the data of modern distribution of amber-bearing Oligocene Mezhygirya deposits generative on raw amber (Figure 1). From the data of the newest researches of the Ukrainian and Polish scientists (Natkaniec-Nowak et al. 2017) the deposits of Paleogene with uncommercial (grain) amber content are exposed in the southern part of the Rivne region.

Fig. 1. Modern distribution of productive Mezhygirya deposits of Oligocene for industrial amber within the northern part of the Rivne region: 1 – the boundaries of amber-bearing areas; 2 – the occurrences and deposits of amber; 3 – paleocaster detected; 4 – the border of Ukraine; 5 – district of research and Vyrka placer.

The location of areas favorable to accumulation of industrial amber placers, associated to the common lowering of cretaceous surface of the valley-like character outlined from a western side by high position of cretaceous surface, easterly by the exposals of crystalline rocks of the Ukrainian shield (Krynickaya 2011). Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 135

The lowering is stretched out from the explored extreme southern part of Volodymyrets amber-bearing district in north-eastern direction to the borders of Ukraine and is proceeded on territory of Belarus. Within the territory of research оn formations of Obukhiv suite of Eocene here sheetlike deposits of Mezhygirya suite of Oligocene lie, filling the space of littoral zones of islands and interisland banks within the limits of submarine paleo-rises, and also ditch-like, linearly prolate in north-eastern direction, depressions on sea-bottom. The width of depressions zones varies from 120 m of to 1150 m at general length of occurrence in a 3.5 km. A plenty of micro-depression and micro-rises on the bottom of Mezhygirya basin gives to its morpostructure a mosaiс character (Krynickaya 2008). For southern part of Volodymyrets amber-bearing district the paleo-elevation located within the limits of south-eastern its part additionally served as the region of erosion, which is represented by exposals on the Pre-Quaternary surface of gabbro-dolerites and vendian sandstones. Mezhygirya deposits of Volodymyrets amber-bearing district are represented by shallow-sea and littoral- sea formations and consist of different-grained, mainly coarse-middle-grained quartz sands with the admixture of glauconite, greenish-darkly-grey, that contain layers strongly clayey sand and clayey aleurites, silty clays dark-grey with the inclusions of lignificated wood and separate amber pieces (Figure 2). The hydrodynamic regime was slow-moving ― the deposits of this occurrence are characterized by the some raised content of aleurite constituent.

Fig. 2. Scheme of correlation of Mezhygirya deposits of Volodymyrets amber-bearing district: 1 – Quaternary deposits; 2 – deposits of Bereka suite of upper Oligocene; 3 – deposits of Mezhygirya suite of low Oligocene; 4 – deposits of Obukhiv suite of upper Eocene; 5 – sands of medium-small-grained: а) – with glauconite; б) – without glauconite; 6 – sand different-grained; 7 – sand different-grained with debris of coalificated wood, sulphide concretions, gravel and certain pebbles; 8 – sands: а) – clayey; б) – with interlayers; 9 – clays: а) sandy; б) – with intersands; 10 – dense clays; 11 – bore pit and its number; 12 – revealed of amber; 13 – geological boundaries.

The thickness of productive deposits varies from the first ten centimeters on the slopes of paleo- depressions and on shoals and up to 11.5 m in depressions. The average thickness of Mezhygirya deposits within the limits of shoals makes 1-2 m and in ditch-like linear depressions — 5-7 m. Page 136 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 mineral of exogenous origin, which appears at oxidization of magnetite in the warm climate conditions. A mineral is exposed in sands of various granulometric composition. The appearance of martite in non- persistent on granulometric composition sands, presence of carbonaceous material, absence or negligible quantity of glauconite (0.1-0.2 %) indicate on forming of these deposits in the littoral conditions, where into exogenous material could get. The rocks with the presence of magnetite were influenced by the denudation. Accordingly, on this territory the paleo-islands were small on a size, and basic rocks took part in the geological structure of them – gabbro and gabbro-dolerites. For the Mezhygirya deposits of northern part of this amber-bearing district the absence or negligible quantity of minerals of heavy fraction is characteristic that can testify to sandy character of island’s soils. The light suite is represented by mainly the sign amounts of feldspars, biotite, that also testifies about additional, insignificant on a size, close located provinces of erosion. On the Vyrka area the information of the field and laboratory researches is additionally treated to one of methods of mathematical statistics. The data processing was conducted on to basic geological data which were collected by the specialists of Rivne geological expedition of Government geological survey of Ukraine as a result of conducting of prospecting and evaluation works for amber in the Volodymyrets district. For the object of analysis it is accepted the thickness of amber-bearing (Mezhygirya) layers, certain as a result of core sampling of survey pits (Figure 3, A and B). After correcting the input data the statistical treatment on the exposure of statistical changeability character of the thickness for Mezhygirya layers was conducted and the results of which as a frequency histogram are represented (Rud’ko 2011) on Figure 3, С.

Fig. 3. Characteristics of thickness of productive deposits on the Vyrka placer: A. base map of the mining holes and bore pits; B. in a plan; C. histogram.

The coefficient of variation is defined by the relation of standard deviation on the average value of Mezhygirya layers thickness:

It is in limits more than 0.5 that less after 1, that= testifies= 0.817 to absence in the array of values which strongly differ from the bulk of data. The small values of the explored layer prevail, consequently we have the negative coefficient of asymmetry, that characterizes «skewed” histogram. Except for that, a histogram has the signs of bimodality: within the limits of values 4-5 meters of thickness the second center of distributing was exposed, that testifies for dominant influences on forming of Mezhygirya productive layer of two combined processes. Changes of Mezhygirya deposits on lateral and vertical indicate on their forming within the limits of shallow sea with the frequent morpostructural differences of sea-bottom and with the variable hydrodynamic conditions. Enriched by gravel and pebble material, the presence of semi-balled quartz grains indicate on the nearby sources of terrigenous material. The productive deposits of Volodymyrets amber-bearing district formed in the shallow-marine area of the half-open shelf complicated by numerous islands. They are represented by littoral terrigenous facies (off- shore areas of islands) and sublittoral (shallow-marine areas) of Mezhygirya basin of sedimentation. The Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 137 amber accumulated in the inherited structure-geomorphological declines of sea-bottom, within the limits of slope parts of inherited local paleo-elevations and in the off-shore areas of paleo-islands. In middle and lower parts of productive layer section of Vyrka occurrence (southern part of Volodymyrets amber-bearing district) the middle-grained constituent prevails (38-50 %), and in the high part fine-grained constituent (41-48 %) prevails. The contents of rudaceous (psephitic) fraction (size 1-2 mm) is volatile between of 0.2 and 3 % for upper part and 1.5-15 % for a middle and lower parts of section of Mezhygirya layers. Heightened content of hoggin in the tests selected from middle parts of productive layer profile is in character with higher contain of coarse-grained constituent, accordingly, 27 and 30%. The higher content of aleurite constituent (9-31%) is characteristic for overhead parts of productive layer profile. The clay fraction contents vary within the limits of 1-3 %, in places arriving at 11 %. The margin parts of Vyrka occurrence with a thin productive layer, so as well as the overhead and middle parts of Mezhygirya deposits section in the places of their maximal thicknesses, represented by aleuritic middle-fine-grained sand. Locally, mainly within the limits of margin parts of occurrence, the layers are enriched by aleurite (to 31.34%) and clay (to 11.33%) constituents marked in upper parts of profile. The different-grained sands enriched by middle-grained and coarse-grained constituent, are characteristic for central part of the Vyrka occurrence, where maximal thicknesses of Mezhygirya deposits and hypsometrically lower bedding of their bottom are marked. For them it is characteristic the insignificant pebbles, hoggin and coarse-grained sand contain (from data of the field supervisions), and also insignificant admixtures of clay and aleurite constituents. Taking into account the complicated character of bottom’s relief for these deposits, here the increases of thickness in depressions take place; the processes of sandy material transportation by the marine flows and accumulation of them near the obstacles such as islands were manifested. The sedimentation basin was a marine reservoir which became shallow gradually. A coastline migrated in time. The shallow type of sedimentation was changed by the off-shore-marine type. Here is the complicated dynamics of material moving: influencing of reversing tidal currents is manifested, the formation of beach deposits and headland relief forms, accumulation of material in the interisland distributary. Consequently, on the basis of statistical analysis and coming from the features of geological structure of this layer, it is possible also to make a hypothesis, that the reason of bimodality is different processes depended on hydrodynamics and shown in different types of geological profiles. In different parts of sedimentation basin the influence of one or other process shows up anymore, that thickness within the limits of basin is formed by different types of currents.

References Krynickaya М.V. 2011. New in research methods to identify promising deposits of amber. Visnyk KNU of T.G. Shevchenko. Tom 55, 46-48. [in Ukrainian] Krynickaya M.V., Nesterovsky V. 2008. Paleogeographical conditions of amber accumulation on the Volodymyrets – Skhydny deposit. Ukrainian amber. Materials of the First international scientific-practical conference «Ukrainian amber world». Kiev, 92-94. [in Ukrainian] Natkaniec-Nowak et al. 2017 – Natkaniec-Nowak L., Dumanska-Slowik M., Naglik B., Melnychuk V., Krynickaya М.V., Smolinski W., Sikorska-Jaworowska M., Stach P., Kubica D., Ładon K. Depositional environment of Paleogen amber- bearing quartz-glauconite sands from (Rivne region, NW Ukraine): mineralogical and petrological evidences. Mineral resources management. Tom 33, 45-62. Rud’ko G.І., Nazarenko M.V., Khomenko S.A. et al. 2011. Geoinformation technologies in subsurface use (on an example of GIS K-MINE). “Аcadempress” publishing house, Kiev. [in Ukrainian] Page 138 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

SKRZYPIEC K., KOMOSA Z., MACIOŁEK U., SOFIŃSKA-CHMIEL W. GAZDA Ł., MENDYK E. Spectral and microscopic study of Lublin amber

KRZYSZTOF SKRZYPIEC1, ZOFIA KOMOSA1, URSZULA MACIOŁEK2, WERONIKA SOFIŃSKA-CHMIEL1 LUCJAN GAZDA3, EWARYST MENDYK1

1Analytical Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie – Sklodowska University, 3 Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq 20- 031 Lublin, Poland, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstancow Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland, [email protected] 3Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, St. Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland, [email protected]

Amber belongs to the class of fossil resins and is formed from exuded plant deposits by the evaporation of volatile components, maturation and natural polymerization over a geological time scale. However, deposits of ambers of different geological eras and botanical origins can also be found all over Europe. Spectral studies of Lublin amber using the FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence all spectral features characteristic for Baltic amber, including ‘the Baltic shoulder’. It can be shown, in this way, that this natural resin represents the chemical structure of succinite, which indicates the same polymerization precursors as in the case of Baltic amber. According to the chemical classification of fossil resins, as introduced by Anderson et al. (1992) and modified in the following years (Anderson and Botto 1993; Anderson 1994a, 1995b), the macromolecular structure of all ’succinites’ is primarily based on the polymers of a labdatriene (dipertenoid) carboxylic acid, especially communic or ozic acids, and belongs to Class Ia. The polymer fraction of Baltic amber is composed of the polymers of a communic acid, partially copolymerized with communol. The succinic acid, present in large amounts in the structure of amber, probably plays the role of a cross-linking agent in esterification reactions. The presence of low-molecular-phase compounds (e.g. mono-, sesqui-, di-, and triterpenes), soluble in solvents is also characteristic for fossil resins. The interesting issue is the closer understanding of the macromolecular structure and texture of this resin and its connection with the history of maturing in primary sediments and secondary accumulations. The samples of natural Lublin amber from the Eocene and Pleistocene sediments from the vicinity of Lubartów, Siemień, Niedźwiada and Międzyrzec were examined using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and by the atomic force microscopy (AFM) method. Samples of amber from each locality were studied to test the chemical composition and visualize the macromolecular structure of the resins. Two AFM methods were used in the present study: a conventional Tapping Mode and advanced Peak Force QNM (Quantitative Nano mechanical Property Mapping) techniques were tested. The information obtained from Tapping Mode AFM is primarily topography and phase. The QNM mode, apart from topography imaging, simultaneously enables the mapping of mechanical properties of the resin surface, such as: adhesion, deformation or Young’s modulus. Unlike Tapping Mode where the feedback loop keeps the cantilever vibration amplitude constant, Peak Force Tapping controls the maximum force at each tap. In this way, it is possible to identify material variations unambiguously and at high resolution across a topographic image. In this way, it is possible to identify material variations unambiguously and at high resolution across a topographic image. To separate the contributions from different material properties such as adhesion, modulus, dissipation, and deformation, it is necessary to measure the instantaneous force on the tip rather than a time-average of the force or dissipation over time, as is done in TappingMode Phase imaging. The cantilever amplitude in classic TappingMode can change due to both long range and short – range interactions. As a result, the height data represents the system response to a combination of interactions. PeakForce Tapping, on the other hand, only responds to short range interaction. The long – range interactions (adhesive and electrostatic forces) are basically ignored for height control. Short range interactions are the key to high-resolution imaging. The 3D maps of the macromolecular network topography of Lublin amber were compared with similar images of Ukrainian and Russian amber (Figures 1-2). The obtained nanoscale images of topography and material contrast of amber confirm the irregular, amorphous structure of its macromolecular network. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 139

Preliminary results indicate that Lublin amber is characterized by a mature, homogeneous structure of a dense network of polymer chains with a high degree of polymerization. Against this background, the macromolecular network of the examined Ukrainian amber distinguished itself by the high dynamics of polymeric structures and the morphological heterogeneity characteristic for younger, immature polymeric structures. The molecular network of amber resembles a sub-molecular structure, where low-molecular phase coexists with the macromolecular one. A dense network of rigid polymer chains creates a durable construction. Reorganization of the macromolecular network is possible thanks to the presence of the molecular phase in the amber structure, which acts as a natural plasticizer. The results presented in the Figures 1 – 2 shows that not only can PeakForce Tapping generate data that is equal and often better than TappingMode images.

Fig. 1. 1µm x 1µm topography scan of amber from Russia in PeakForce on the left and regular TappingMode on the right. The false colored AFM maps show that PeakForce Tapping can generate data that is equal to TappingMode images.

Fig. 2. 1µm x 1µm topography maps of amber from Ukraine in PeakForce (top left panel) and regular TappingMode (top right panel). The AFM maps (false colored) show that PeakForce Tapping can generate data that is equal to TappingMode images. In the bottom panel the false colored data for Lublin amber are shown. Differences visible in these operations a may result from the presence of the molecular phase inside the macromolecular network of Lublin amber.

References Anderson K. B. 1995. New evidence concerning the structure, composition and maturation of Class I (polylabdanoid) resinites, in: Anderson K. B., Crelling J. C. (Eds.) Amber, Resinite and Fossil Resins. ACS Symposium Series. Washington, 617, 105 –129. Anderson K. B. 1994. The nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere – IV. Middle and Upper Cretaceous amber from the Taimuryr, Penisula, Siberia – evidence for a new form of polylabdanoid of resinite and revision of classification of Class I resinites. Org. Geochem. 21, 209-212. Page 140 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Anderson K. B. & Botto R.E. 1993. The nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere – III. Reevaluation of the structure and composition of Highgate Copalite and Glessite. Org. Geochem. 20, 1027 – 1038. Anderson K. B., Winans R. E., Botto R.E. 1992. The nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere – II. Identification, classification and nomenclature of resinites. Org. Geochem. 18, 829 – 841. https://www.bruker.com/fileadmin/user_upload/8-PDF-Docs/SurfaceAnalysis/AFM/Brochures/PeakForce_Tapping_- _Brochure.pdf www.torontomicrofluidics.ca/cms/manuals/peak_force.pdf

SKRZYPIEC K., KOMOSA Z., MACIOŁEK U., SOFIŃSKA-CHMIEL W., MENDYK E. The study of natural resins using AFM microscopy

KRZYSZTOF SKRZYPIEC1, ZOFIA KOMOSA1, URSZULA MACIOŁEK2, WERONIKA SOFIŃSKA-CHMIEL1, EWARYST MENDYK1

1Analytical Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie – Sklodowska University, 3 Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq 20- 031 Lublin, Poland, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstancow Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland, [email protected]

Distinguishing authentic amber from its imitations is important for scientific, commercial and personal reasons. The process of fossilization of natural resins and young resinous materials may be radically accelerated by subjecting them to controlled aging procedures in laboratory conditions. Copal is not the fossilized, hardened resin, but rather an immature recent resin which is often confused with amber. The mass process of artificial maturing of copal from Africa, Latin America and Australia using autoclaves becomes a threat to the natural amber jewellery market. Furthermore, the ease of shaping amber by thermal and pressure treatment creates limitless possibilities of producing various imitations and materials based on natural amber which can be very difficult to identify. Since the technology of their production is becoming more and more advanced, it makes counterfeits even harder to recognize. The development and knowledge of the analytical methods should, though, be up to date with the changes in material types used in the production of the counterfeits. Many of the methods have been invented aiming at fossil resins identification and classification. To supervise the chemical processes of fossilization, elucidate the environmental conditions influencing fossilization and find botanical and geographical origins of fossil resins and their modern analogues, the knowledge on their chemical composition needs broadening. Distinguishing amber- like materials from the natural Baltic amber is often possible using infrared spectroscopy. Among IR techniques most frequently used are transmission (Beck et al. 1964a, 1965b; Langenheim 1969; Langenheim and Beck 1965a, 1968b), ATR (Guiliano et al. 2007, Mendyk 2012, Mendyk at.al 2013a, Sofińska – Chmiel et al. 2013) and DRIFT spectroscopy (Angelini and Belintani 2005, Kosmowska – Ceranowicz et al. 2012). The efficient and non-destructive method of identifying the Baltic amber is the technique of attenuated total reflectance, ATR spectroscopy. The FT-Raman and micro-Raman technique is an alternative method that requires little to no sample preparation, the spectra can be collected from a small volume (1-50 µm in diameter), and water does not cause interference (Brody et.al. 2001, Winkler at al.2001, Edwards and Farwell 2005; Edwards et al. 2007, Badea et al. 2015). The IR spectra from modern resins in comparison with fossil resins seem to be very similar regardless their age and botanical origin. It is caused by the dominance of diterpenoids in the resin composition. Variations in the dominant terpenoid structure are mainly reflected by these gentle differences. The dissimilarity can also be affected by the presence of extra organic components and the polymerization degree. Combining two complementary techniques, such as IR and Raman spectroscopy, can lead to a reduction in uncertainty of a spectral analysis, and allows the establishment of criteria for distinguishing between the two varieties of resins. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 141

Fig. 1. A. Natural Baltic amber from Rivne, Ukraine, B. Baltic amber, shaped from one block, Gdansk deposit. In the bottom panel the FTIR-ATR spectra for this amber are shown.

Fig. 2. Topographic AFM images (top panel) of Baltic amber from A. Ukraine, and B. Gdansk deposit, scan size: 1µm x 1µm. In the bottom panel the Young Modulus maps of this area are shown.

However, innovative analytical methods for the effective identification of quite frequently subtle structural changes, particularly in the modified amber samples, are still being sought. The presentation shows the pioneer imaging tests of the macromolecular structure of the polished slices made of natural and modified Baltic amber from Poland, Ukrainian, Russian and Columbian copal using an AFM microscopy. AFM measurements of the studied samples were performed using a NanoScope V AFM microscope equipped with NanoScope 8.10 software (Bruker-Veeco, USA). The changes in the morphology and microgeometry of the copal surface after its multiple modifications in the autoclave, as well as, in the shaped natural Baltic amber were also tested. The obtained surface topography images and Young’s modulus maps of the examined materials were confronted with their corresponding FTIR-ATR spectra. Using the AFM and ATR methods, it was shown that not only the chemical composition but also the nanomechanical properties of the polymer Page 142 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 network underwent drastic changes under thermal and thermobaric modification conditions. Exemplary results of the study for natural and modified Baltic amber are presented in the Figures 1-2. Natural amber presents the typical pattern of amorphous macromolecular network. As can be seen from the AFM maps a reorganization of polymer structure due to shaping take place. A degree of polymerization and ordering of the polymer network grows in the modified amber. Reorganization of the macromolecular network is possible thanks to the presence of the molecular phase in the amber structure, which acts as a natural plasticizer. AFM mapping clearly showed that high resolution scanning can detect even subtle changes in the molecular structure of modified resins (amber).

References Angelini I., Belintani P. 2005. Archeological amber from Northern Italy: an FT-IR study of provenance by comparison with the geological amber database, Archeometry 47, 441-454. Badea G.I., Caggiani M.C., Colomban P., Mangone A., Teodor E.D., Teodor E.S., Radue G.L. 2015. Fourier transform Raman and statistical analysis of thermally altered samples of amber. Appl. Spectrosc. 69, 1457-1463. Beck C.W., Wilbur E., Meret S. 1964. Infra-red spectra and the origin of amber. Nature 201, 256-257. Beck C.W, Wilbur E., Meret S., Kossove D., Kermani K. 1965. The infrared spectra of amber and identification of Baltic amber, Archaeometry 8, 96-109. Brody R.H., Edwards H.G.M., Pollard A.M. 2001. A study of amber and copal samples using FT-Raman sSpectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta, Part A. 57, 1325-1338. Edwards H.G.M., Farwell D.W. 2005. Fourier transform – Raman spectroscopy of amber. J. Raman Spectrosc. 35, 761- 767. Edwards H.G.M., Farwell D.W., Villar S.E. J. 2007. Raman micro spectroscopic studies of amber resins with insect inclusions. Spectrochimica Acta. Part A. (94) 68, 1089-1095. Guiliano M, Asia L., Onoratini G., Mille G. 2007. Applications of diamond crystal ATR FTIR spectroscopy to the characterization of ambers. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 67, 1407-1411. Kosmowska – Ceranowicz B., Wagner-Wysiecka E., Całka S. 2012. Prace Muzeum Ziemi. 50, 57-63. Langenheim J.H., Beck C.W. 1965. Infrared spectra as a means of determining botanical source of amber. Science. 149, 52-55. Langenheim J.H., Beck C.W. 1968. Catalogue of infrared spectra of fossil resin (ambers) I. North America and . Bot. Mus. Lealf. Harv. Univ. 22 (3), 65-120. Langenheim J.H. 1969. Amber a botanical inquiry. Science. 163, 1157-1169. Mendyk E., Komosa Z., Sofińska-Chmiel W., Strzelczyk Z. 2011. Identyfikacja bursztynu bałtyckiego metodą FTIT-ATR. Nauka i przemysł – metody spektroskopowe w praktyce, nowe wyzwania i możliwości. UMCS Lublin, 63-73. Mendyk E. 2012. Badanie bursztynu bałtyckiego metodą FTIR-ATR. Materials of the Seminar Amberif 2012. MTG SA, MZ PAN, Gdańsk-Warszawa, 12-16. Moreno Y.M., Christensen D.H., Nielsen O. F. 2000. A NIR FT-Raman spectroscopic study of amber. J. Spectrosc. 4, 49- 56. Sofińska – Chmiel W., Komosa Z., Mendyk E. 2013. Amber and its imitations. Precidings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Kaliningrad, 27 June 2013, 24-28. Winkler W., Kirchner E.C., Asenbaum A., M. Musso M. 2001. A Raman spectroscopic approach to the maturation process of fossil resins. J. Raman Spectrosc. 32, 59-63. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 143 MYTHS, COLLECTIONS AND CONSERVATION OF AMBER

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

CAUSEY F. Amber and Africa KEYNOTE lecture

FAYA CAUSEY

Getty Research Institute, 1200 Getty Center Dr, Los Angeles, USA, [email protected]

Amber was imported into Africa from the Baltic via a chain of exchanges since at least the second millennium BCE, the date of the earliest archaeological finds of amber in Egypt (Figure 1A). Extensive trade networks were introduced and expanded throughout the African continent in in the Early Islamic Period, and expanded and new networks were established from the 16th century onwards, many because of the slave trade. Still today, amber remains an important material throughout Africa and the African diaspora. The scholarship on the historic use of amber in Africa is disparate and scattered and no cohesive account exists. This story is sociological, anthropological, archaeological, historical, and art historical (Figure 1B). It brings together ancient, Medieval, and early modern art and customs; religion and ritual; literature and history; and contemporary culture, art and fashion.

Fig. 1. A. Keftiu (Cretans) Bringing Gifts, Tomb of Rekhmire, Thebes, Egypt, 1504-1425 BC. B. Pendant with Helios or Phaethon, Etruscan, circa 500-480 BC, British Museum.

Following on and derived from age-old traditions of amber use in Africa and in places of the African diaspora, amber remains today much valued as a precious material for adorning the body, clothing and hair, especially of women and girls. It is also a significant material for religious, ritual, and magical rites and is used to ensure the good health of men, women and children. Today, amber also has a strong, contemporary importance based on its connection with the history and traditions of the continent and the African diaspora, much as does the cowrie. To this art historian, amber beads (and their historic uses) are an important source for the work by contemporary African artists El Anatsui and Serge Attukwei Clottey among others, and declared as such by African fashion designers and jewelers, among them Morning Dove and RockChic. Existing alongside the contemporary interpretations of amber are traditional roles for amber in the modern world. In contemporary Cuba, some of the necklaces used in used in the Afro-Cuban Rule of Santería have need of amber beads. The necklace for Ochosi, for example, ritually requires a single amber bead in the Page 144 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 string. In West Africa, modern day Fulani brides are adorned with amber in their hair and around their necks. In North Africa, at the Marrakech market, amber is sold by spice merchants and at jewelry stalls alike; at the former, amber is presented alongside turmeric, pepper, cumin and other seasonings/health aids and at the latter, amber is displayed for sale next to trays of coral, silver, glass beads, and salt- and freshwater-pearls. The early modern period is rich in records for the trade of amber to Africa: travelers’ and traders’ accounts, export and import lists and payments, manufacturers’ lists, and ship ladings. Once the slave trade unfolded, a new, tragic and sobering story begins—one that is known through business records and other transactions, African, European, and New World. It is to be remembered that over one half of the exports were foreign goods transshipped through London –and amber from the Baltic was among the cargo. It is from 18th and 19th century slave traders that are preserved personal observations about the amber trade, such as the writings by Captain Canot who enumerates the gifts presented at Timbo: “Several packages of blue and white calicoes, ten yards of scarlet cloth, six kegs of powder, 300 pounds of tobacco, six muskets, two strings of amber, a gilded sword, and several packages of Spanish fly.” Canot is the first to describe another use for amber (one still popular amongst the Fula), the decoration of a Fulani woman’s hair which was plaited all over her skull and then adorned “with amber beads and copiously anointed with vegetable butter so the points gleamed with fire.” Until recently, there was little archaeological evidence for amber use by slaves and their close descendants in the Americas, but the remarkable 2014-15 excavation of the Valongo slave-trading wharf at Rio di Janiero yielded up many finds of amber beads and amulets of protection. First excavated in 1991 is another important archaeological site, the African Burial Ground in New York, in which were interred both enslaved and free Africans. The cowrie- and amber-rich Grave #340, that of woman buried before circa 1780, is similar to that of a female burial at the Newton Plantation site, a cemetery in Barbados where enslaved Africans were buried from the late seventeenth to the early nineteenth century. The age-old traditions in Africa of preserving amber beads for generations, the collecting of material culture by missionaries, historians, and anthropologists, the desire for owning antique beads by private individuals, museums and other institutions, and the collectibles market have coalesced. Today, alongside a contemporary and active market for newly-carved amber beads for indigenous African religions, for Islamic prayer beads, rosaries, and amber for body adornment in Africa and the African diasporic, is the international trade in old amber beads. The extensive market for old African ‘trade’ or ‘slave’ beads (amber trade beads are amongst the most sought-after) has significantly increased over the last half century and greatly stimulated in the last decade by the internet. The large beads that show wear and repair often fetch the highest prices (Figure 2). Each amber trade bead has a tale to tell, and an analysis of this trade and collecting deserves much greater attention.

Fig. 2 Young Berber Woman, 1980. Photo: Angela Fisher/Robert Estall Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 145

GUŠTIN M. Aquileia – the centre of amber production in Roman Times

MITJA GUŠTIN

Pusterla 7, SI-6330 Piran, Slovenia, [email protected]

In the antiquity the oldest written notice about amber is a necklace in Homer’s Odyssey. The presence of amber was connected with mythical river Eridanos which flows in to the North Sea, later from historians often wrongly associated with the river Po, which flows into the northern Adriatic. This could have happened because of enormous presence of the amber beads productions in Campestrin and Fratessina on the bank of river Po since late 2nd millennium BC. The amber gets its huge meaning as a part of precious jewelry in Early Iron Age between 8th and 4th century BC by Piceni, Veneti and tribes in the eastern hinterland of Adria coast. New expansion of the production of amber jewelry, amulets and other objects became in the period of Roman imperium in 1st century AD. Without a doubt one of the most important centers of amber (sucinum) productions and trade was in Aquileia along the Natiso River, not fare from Adriatic lagoons north of the river Po delta. The site inhabited since 13th century BC is well known since 181 BC when it was founded as an important Roman colony to supervise the warlike tribes, mostly of Celtic origin, but also the hostile Carni, Histri and Japodes tribes, living further to the east. The Aquileia rise in Augustan period to the important administrative and commercial centre, from where the roman tradesmen went towards Eastern Alps, Pannonian plain and Western Balkans. In the archeological collections of the museums at Aquileia, Udine and Trieste the numerous amber products are of great importance. The production is confirmed by the significant collection of iron tools which correspond to the descriptions from antiquity as also to the tools of others production centres and by the recognizing in Aquileia the main workshop of objects like p. e. fruit on leaf or special distaffs.

Fig. 1. Topusko, part of a rich grave inventory with a collection of amber objects. End of 2nd or begin of 3rd century (Arheološki muzej Zagreb, foto Ozren Domiter).

References Calvi M.C. 2005, Aquileia. Le ambre romane, Aquileia. Križ B. 2017, Amber. Jewels of the Baltic in Novo mesto, Novo mesto. Šarić M. 1979-80, Rimski grob u Topuskom, Vjesnik Zagreb XII-XIII, 125-149. Page 146 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

POLYAKOVA I.A. Collecting and displaying amber in culture and everyday life of Prussia during 16th century

IRINA A. POLYAKOVA

Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum, Marshala Vasilevskogo pl. 1, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia, [email protected]

For the young secularized Duchy of Prussia, amber was the principal source of income, just as it was for the Teutonic Order during the Middle Ages. Duke Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach (1490—1568) was interested in searching for new markets to which he could introduce surplus amber stock; he accordingly initiated a special trade-economic programme and an advertizing campaign for the main Prussia legacy. Measures aimed at reforming amber mining and trade were implemented; among these were price regulation and privileges for the purchase of amber. Not limiting his activities to economic reforms, Albrecht conducted a range of cultural events focused on drawing attention to amber. The books on amber and special marks of amber settlements on the maps of Prussia appeared as a direct result of this initiative. Having turned the attention of European countries to Prussian amber as a crude medicine, the Duke became the force behind the spread of knowledge about amber’s healing properties. White amber, reputedly a medicine of lower therapeutic value for Arabic physicians, became more popular from the second half of the 16th century. Amber artworks as well as genuine samples contained in prominent 16th century collections. Amber from Prussia took its place among the collectibles in European cabinets of curiosities and Kunstkammern. Amber items from the contemporary Italian and German collections of different types are well known and to various extents they were described in catalogues or natural history writings. As to Prussia, the collecting practices of that time are presented there by book or coin, but not amber, collecting. However, the uncompiled facts survived, which testify to interest in amber as a collectable, particularly in Albrecht’s circle. Analyzing this material permit us to understand the peculiarities of amber collecting in the country of its production, later known as Amberland. Some prominent figures in Prussia during the 16th century, who will be discussed in this paper in the context of amber collecting, earlier, have never been considered as collectors. Johann Poliander (Graumann, 1487-1541), a pastor of the Altstadt Church in Königsberg, a Counsellor to Albrecht of Prussia, and the author of a popular Lutheran hymn “Now praise, my soul, the Lord”; Johann Beler (1482-1539), Prussian Chancellor and Mayor of Königsberg; Andreas Aurifaber (1513—1559), a Physician in ordinary to Albrecht, Professor at Albertina and the author of the “History of amber” (Succini Historia; 1551); Johann Pontanus (1515— 1572), a Physician to Albrecht and Professor at the University of Königsberg; Johann Wigand (1523—1587), Bishop of Sambia and the author of the book about amber, can be listed among them. Their collections as well as their systematic descriptions (if the latter took place in any form) have not survived. There are only certain references to them in the body of 16th century literature, manuscripts and letters. Some of them were repeated many times in different sources and even had transformed into parts of explanations of the properties of amber (examples of the specimens from Paul Speratus (1484-1551) and Johann Pontanus’ collections). This paper aims to explore the theme of collecting amber in 16th century Prussia on the basis of both some new materials and well known sources in their new context. The dependence of these collecting practices on their regional location and relation of amber collections to the biographies of their owners will be also considered. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 147

KING R. Sisterly Devotion Solidified: Owning the Tears of the Heliades in Renaissance Europe

RACHEL KING

Rachel King – The Burrell Collection, Glasgow Museums, Pollokshaws Road, Pollok Country Park, G43 1AT, Glasgow, Scotland, [email protected]

Ovid and his Metamorphoses served as a rich treasure-house of motifs many of which combined man, nature and beast in ways that challenged artistic imagination and skill. Scholars have addressed the poet’s influence on paintings, frescoes, works on paper, and sculpture, but much less has been said about its impact upon the “decorative and applied arts”. This is striking given the transformative/transformed nature of many Kunstkammer objects and the fact that Ovid explains the genesis of such materials as coral, rock crystal and amber. Ovid recounts that Phaethon dies dramatically as a result of losing control of the horses drawing the chariot of the sun. His sisters scour the world for his grave. Their mourning unleashes incredible physical change. Their bodies stiffen into tree trunks. Their feet root to the spot. Their legs and arms gnarl and are sheathed in bark. And their tears fall as drops of amber. This paper asks if and how Ovid’s casting of this amber as the product of grief-stricken sisters impacted its appreciation by women in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe (Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Phaëtontis casus – Heliades in arbores: Ovid, , 1569, 22-23.

Scholars of the ancient world have shown that women had a special relationship with the amber, particularly in death. Certain forms of objects occur only in female graves, and figured ambers are found frequently alongside women, but only occasionally alongside men. Pliny the Elder states that Roman men are not drawn to amber but that women are, and that this is because the take great satisfaction in owning what is an inessential and difficult to obtain luxury. Pliny also explores amber’s medical benefits. These have the status of a welcome bonus to be tapped by those inclined to wear the fossilized resin, but according to Pliny, bear none of the responsibility for its popularity among Rome’s matrons or maidens. Pliny presents the forms in which women engaged with amber and reasons for which this was the case in the first-century AD, but what do we know of the female relationship with the material fifteen hundred years later? Many 16th-century authors reference him, mining, cribbing and repeating his wisdom(s) in line with the scholarly standards of the time. But strikingly Pliny’s comments about the female inclination for the stone go utterly unremarked. Authors update Pliny’s catalogue of objects into which amber is fashioned without suggesting a gendered reception for any of them. This is as true of the generalist Anselmus Boethius de Boodt in 1609, as it is of the amber specialist Andreas Aurifaber, whose monograph on the material appeared in 1551. The personal physician of Albrecht of Brandenburg and living in Königsberg, Aurifaber was at the Page 148 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

“amber face”. He had up-to-date information about spectacular finds of amber and ambitious commissions. And though he thought that the commissions of the Prussian court would have impressed his Roman predecessor, he did not comment further on the fact that a woman had played an instrumental role in their genesis. “Pliny boasts that he has encountered many artistic works, well he really ought to have seen the board game which her Grace, the noble princess Dorothea, born of the house of Denmark, wife of the Margrave of Brandenburg in Prussia, Duchess, blessed be her gracious and merciful memory, presented to his Royal Majesty in Denmark. It was superior to many decorative and artistic pieces. If Pliny had seen it, he would have certainly held it above all others and given it first place on account of its great art.” Aurifaber dedicates some space to Dorothea, who had died in 1547. According to him, she had held “amber in high regard on account of its many virtues” having “many other gems and pendants made from it”, perhaps to benefit from said virtues whilst also wearing this beautiful material. These inherent positive properties can really only be understood as medical powers given the content and context of Aurifaber’s text. The commissioning of objects in amber by women associated with the Prussian court was something entirely new. Prior to 1525 Prussia had been a monastic state in the hands of a military order known as the Teutonic Knights and as the wife of the first secular duke of Prussia, Dorothea was also the first female to be in the position to commission works. Grave finds show that women were not excluded from owning amber during both the period of the Order’s rule, and the centuries before. And surviving inventories for European royal households in the late middle ages attest to women owning figures of St Catherine, St Barbara and St Margaret of Antioch. But by Dorothea’s reign, Protestantism had dismissed these female saints. One source – a papal nuncio to Poland writing during the Council of Trent – suggests that figures in amber had largely been replaced by profane objects like chess- and draughts pieces, spoons, little vases, and even birdcages. Inventories confirm that the latter certainly existed, and objects like spoons were actually gifts of choice for Duke Albrecht’s favourites. The fact that Prussia was the sole source of amber for Europe in this period meant that Albrecht and Dorothea received many a request for amber, usually in unworked form and usually to treat illness or weakness. The range of treatments in which amber was now being used had no parallel in earlier periods. An early and high-profile Protestant, who, like Luther had also abandoned monasticism and married, Albrecht appears to have aware to the opportunities opening unto amber in the treatment of expectant mothers and children now that family had become central to the Lutheran life and he used print – Aurifaber’s book being the first example – to cultivate faith in amber’s utility there as well as across the board. Albrecht’s own family was large – rich in births, if not actually in children surviving into adulthood. His second marriage eventually gave him Albrecht-Friedrich, a longed-for male heir. When his son inherited in 1568, amber was firmly established component of a wide range of medical treatments, so well trusted that Albrecht-Friedrich himself was treated with amber during the long periods of illness which saw his cousin Georg-Friedrich reign on his behalf. Like his father, Albrecht-Friedrich himself had many children. But only his daughters survived into adulthood. Numbering five, they took on the important dynastic role of lynchpins in the duchy’s still fledgling kinship network, marrying two Electors of Brandenburg, the Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, the Duke of Courland, and the Elector of Saxony. Like their grandmother Dorothea, and the spouses of proxy governor Georg-Friedrich, they too were drawn to amber. They are behind some of the highest-quality works of art in amber still extant today. Their nuptials saw them take amber to their new places of residence and mark important life moments with gifts of the material. The best-documented are those of the youngest Magdalene Sibylle, second wife of Johann Georg I of Saxony. No text like Aurifaber survives to give us the complexion of their relationship with the material. How did these female siblings relate to the material? Is any of this related to the genesis of the material – in nature, as the hardened sap or a tree, or in myth, as the tears of three sisters? Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 149

Of the many exceptional sixteenth and seventeenth-century pieces in amber, no object visibly links amber to a tree. But several contemporary pieces – all games boards – recount Phaethon’s story. In an example now in Munich (Figure 2) the scenes are positioned to heighten the extremes of flight and fall. Phaethon’s course and plummet are inlaid opposite one another on either side of the board’s hinges. They are not, however, at the heart of the object or its visual program. The boards mix and match the tropes and tales typical of Renaissance taste, and Phaethon finds himself cheek to cheek with Mucius Scaevola and Marcus Curtius. His presence does not appear to be part of any deliberate attempt to cultivate a symbiosis of material and myth.

Fig. 2. Compendium with boards for chess, nine mens’ morris and backgammon, Königsberg; early 1600s. Amber, ebony, gilded silver (with the marks of Andreas Meyer, fl. 1608-47). Munich, BNM, 79,327. Source: Reineking von Bock, Bernstein, 1981, 83 (figs. 94-102).

Perhaps because of the opportunities they offered to juxtapose the arms of two families on one object, or because the game could be related to married life and the court, boards like these were common marriage gifts within the extended Brandenburg dynasty. Just as often as they incorporated scenes from Ovid, they housed miniature portraits, which the contemporary recipients of pieces containing them – such as the enormous chandelier in Florence presented by the Elector of Brandenburg, spouse of one Albrecht- Friedrich’s daughters – understood to portray members of the widely networked Prussian ducal family. The many princely portraits and coats-of-arms that surviving objects incorporate show that amber was the material in which the dynasty choose to make statements about lineage, descent, relationships and kin. In using this home-grown substance, members of the ducal Prussian house were essentially sending a promotional post-card – one both material and dynastical. The permanent encapsulation portrait in amber recalls the insect inclusions discussed by Martial in his Epigrams, but no contemporary source links the ancient author to this type of personal perpetuation. In fact, there is very little to suggest that the House of Brandenburg sought to add extra layers of meaning to amber by leveraging any of the classical texts. A beautiful and large basin juxtaposing the arms of Brandenburg with a pair of lovers which Madgalene Sybille brought to Dresden upon her marriage shows that female family members saw the material as celebrating origin and family ties (Kappel 2005). An object made to mark the moment in which a daughter of Prussia became a wife of Saxony; one might think it was ripe for symbolic mobilization. Using amber to mark weddings echoed a tradition recounted by Ovid in which Roman brides wore amber to their nuptials. The congealed tears of sorrowing sisters could, for example, have been materially symbolic of grief at leaving a family. The convention that amber represented tears was certainly exploited by others. Writing in the second half of the fourth century, Quintus Smyrnaeus recounts the heaping of the deceased with amber, and explicitly links the sprinkling the men’s bodies with amber and the tears shed by the Heliade’s in mourning for their brother, making thus the interpretation of amber’s inclusion among grave goods as the tangible inclusion of tears shed for the dead possible and plausible (Causey 2011). As sisters whose brothers had died leaving their family heirless, why didn’t the sisters of the House of Brandenburg, cast themselves or have themselves cast as the new Heliades? Perhaps this tragic tone seemed unnecessary given the exceptionally successful marital alliances that the sisters had forged. And perhaps too, associating the family with the myth was unwise seeing as scholars frequently employed the tale of Phaethon Page 150 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 as an allegory for those consumed by bold ambitions and for those holding the “reins” of government, to discuss the “political and moral problem of overreaching one’s station” and to admonish “those who do not exercise control over their own impulses” (Looney 2005). To cast oneself as one of Phaethon’s sisters would essentially have been to imply that their brothers, had they survived, would not have been strong rulers. This was far from sensible in the light of their father’s own mental health in the latter half of his reign and the need for proxy rule in the duchy. The deliberateness with which this path was not taken seems especially clear when one considers the approach other dynasties took to the tale. The Phaethon myth was believed to have had its tragic end in Italy. The ancient Eridanos of Ovid’s tale was believed to be the modern-day Po, and this connection played out in the artistic patronage of the House of Este. It is no surprise given their affinity with the tale that the Este and the Gonzaga, through whose territory the river also flowed, were some of the earliest owners of amber on the Italian peninsula. Most famous among them, the inimitable Isabella d’Este. The greatest collectors and consumers of amber in Italy were elite women. This amber had usually come to them as a gift, meaning that the item was generally unusual and frequently tailored to its recipient. In the majority of cases, the object also fulfilled a spiritual function. The largest collection of all belonged to Maria Maddalena of Austria (Casazza 2007, Mosco 2007). There were already some pieces in Florence, when she arrived with a good many more upon her marriage to Cosimo II in 1608. Thereafter she continued to receive gifts of amber and even actively sought to expand their number. By the time of her death she owned six amber altars, three amber cruets, six altar candlesticks, three amber rosaries, two heart-shaped amber reliquary pendants, a casket of amber, and three Madonna and Child groups. Maria Maddalena expressed her love for the material in front of the agent Philip Hainhofer, who duly acted upon this and attempted to orchestrate a gift of it for the duchess. He thought a crucifix would be in order, on account of her piety and on account of its suitability for her chapel where all of the other pieces already were. He does not, however, reveal much about why she liked this material. Nothing suggests that its status as female-teardrops was behind, for example, its employment in crucifixes or cavalries, and I have brought nothing to light that suggests that its link with women at the moment of its genesis underpinned a female inclination towards it. An anecdote suggests that – as with women in Pliny’s time – its appeal can be placed at the doors of rarity and exclusivity. For when Maria Maddalena heard that her pregnant sister, Constance, wife of Sigismund III of Poland, had been honored with amber crucifix and other altar goods, she made it loudly known that the gift that Hainhofer was mediating was now out of the question. When it came to amber, it was clearly not enough for those at the top of the tree to be the mistresses of unique collections in their local sphere of influence. Maria Maddalena was not only casting sideways glances at other consorts in Europe but also going as far as measuring herself against her own sister (King 2014). But where one sister eyed the other’s ambers jealously, another sought to share its properties with her sibling. In 1629, Claudia de’ Medici was sent an amber rosary by her sister Catherine during the first trimester of her pregnancy (King 2013). By the later sixteenth century long held beliefs had combined with Albrecht’s efforts to promote amber’s medical application to make amber a common aid to pregnancy and birth in Roman Catholic and in Protestant Europe. The correspondence giving us more information as to why Catherine sent Claudia a rosary does not survive. But other exchanges do, and these reveal that the decision to give was not lightly made. In 1619, the dowager grand duchess of Tuscany, Christina of Lorraine sent a “pretty thing of amber” to Elisabeth, wife of the king-in-waiting Philip of Spain. She received a response from Elisabeth’s lady-in-waiting, Leonor Pimental, that the gift was not particularly suited to her mistress, despite, only some months before, Elisabeth herself having chosen amber beads and an amber rosary to send to her mother, Marie de’ Medici, Queen of France (King 2011). Christina was incensed that her choice would be questioned in this way and made it fiercely clear to Pimental that the piece was for absolutely no other than Elisabeth. Amber in this case was far from a mere trinket, Christina had selected the material quite specifically with this recipient in mind. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 151

Gifts of amber crop up again and again among Medici women: aunt to niece, daughter to mother, sister to sister, all three have come up so far. And the mother-daughter relationship between Maria Maddalena of Austria and Margarita, born in 1612, is believed to underlie the many similarities between the Medici ambers in Florence’s Museo degli Argenti and the Farnese ambers in Naples’ Museo di Capodimonte. Margarita, who must have known her mother’s ambers, has been credited with expanding an already existing core collection after her 1628 marriage to Odoardo Farnese (Martino 2007). Her example is conclusive evidence that any relationship between women and amber is more than incidental, for her collection was neither pulled back into the dynastical collection nor passed to her son following her death, but went to her daughter instead. As this and the other briefly touched upon examples show, in Southern Europe too, amber cemented dynastic links within and across the generations. So, what can we conclude about the relationship between women and amber? A variety of different anecdotes has illustrated that women were the principle consumers of fancy ambers. But more than this: the female members of the Prussian ruling family and those of the Medici dynasty employed the material in expressions of kinship. For them, eating sweatmeats from an amber salver, taking choice cuts from an amber presentoir, contemplating an amber altar or using an amber rosary was much more than engaging with amber as a vehicle for elegant service or as an aid to prayer. The objects themselves shone with familial affection whilst also making blood-ties visible. For those around the Prussian princesses these messages were more obvious than coded, for the Medici they lay deep with the act of exchange itself. Its utility in medicine is sure to have added further invisible layers of meaning. The role that amber played in conception, birth and infancy – intimate moments, moments during which the expectations of a family or dynasty weighed heavily, moments in which women themselves might lose their own lives or watch their children die – probably bound women to the material emotionally (King forthcoming). Meanwhile, in Southern Europe, making one’s devotions using amber bound women to the material spiritually – making it redolent of moments of communion with God and allowing it tangibly represent the intangible. Anchored in the typical modes of female engagement with amber, these invisible attractors may explain the dearth of objects clearly referencing feminine activities. The amber toilette set, and amber sewing implements first appear in the late 17th century. From the moment that its genesis had been explained as tears shed by sisters for their lost brother, amber would be associated with family. This meaning remained attached to the material, but not through any form of direct reference to the Heliades. Uncoupled from the Phaethon myth, women appear to have had little reason to cast and exploit the material as female tears in solidified form. Nor did they have grounds to associate the material to the congealed golden sap of trees. With few exceptions, the types of objects typically passing through their hands privileged the clearest types of amber devoid of all inclusions, meaning that the ways in which women engaged with amber in the period did not lead them to question the nature of the substance itself. Only the scent of these would have hinted at an arboreal origin, providing the sniffer herself was acquainted with other resins and their perfumes. For those who were not engaged in natural historical scholarship, for those who had never seen amber being collected on the shores of the Baltic Sea, and for those who had never seen a leaf or insect trapped in the yellow mass, the link between amber and plant matter was actually far from explicit. The various names for amber in German, all of which refer to stone – Bernstein, Augstein, Agststein – nominally conceal and concealed any relationship botany until the 18th century when the whispers known since Pliny’s time finally became scientifically founded proclamations. These murmurs are likely known to the physicians who treated women and who suggested amber’s use to them, but women’s bond with amber was first and foremost psychological before it was ever natural historical. Page 152 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

References Aurifaber, A. 1551. Svccini Historia, Königsberg, Lufft. Boodt, A. de. 1609. Gemmarum et Lapidum historia, Hanoviæ, Claudium Marnium & heredes Ioannis Aubrii, 1609. Casazza, O. 2007. Le ambre di Maria Maddalena d’Austria al. Museo degli Argenti, in: Nava M.L, Salerno, A. (Eds.) 2007. Ambre: trasparenze dall’antico, Milano, Electa, 39-47. Causey, F. 2011. Amber and the ancient world, Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum. Kappel, J. 2005. Bernsteinkunst aus dem Grünen Gewölbe, Dresden-München, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Grünes Gewölbe-Deutscher Kunstverlag. King, R. 2011. Baltic Amber in Early Modern Italy, Thesis submitted for the Doctor of Philosophy, The University of Manchester. King, R. 2013. The Beads with Which We Pray Are Made from It: Devotional Ambers in Early Modern Italy, in: De Boer W., Göttler C., Roodenberg H. (Eds.) 2013. Religion and the Senses in Early Modern Europe, Leiden, Brill, 153-176. King, R. 2014. Whose Amber? Changing Notions of Amber’s Geographical Origin, Gemeine Artefakte. Zur gemeinschaftsbildenden Funktion von Kunstwerken in den vormodernen Kulturräumen Ostmitteleuropas: Ostblick 2, 1-21. King, R. Forthcoming. The Reformation of the Rosary Bead: Protestantism and the Perpetuation of the Pater Noster, in: Religious Materiality in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press. Looney, D. 2005. Ferrarese Studies, in: Looney D., Shemek, D. (Eds.) 2002. Phaethon’s Children: the Este court and its culture in early modern Ferrara, 1-24. Martino, L. 2007. Le ambre Farnese del Museo di Capodimonte, in: Nava M.L, Salerno, A. (Eds.) 2007. Ambre: trasparenze dall’antico, Milano, Electa, 32-38. Mosco, M. 2007. Maria Maddalena of Austria. Amber, in: Mosco M., Casazza O. (Eds.) 2007. The Museo degli Argenti, Collections and Collectors, 5th ed, Florence, Giunti, 8-15. Ovid, 1569, Metamorphosis illustrated by Virgil Solis, Frankfurt am Main, George Corvinus, Sigmund Feyerabend and the heirs of Wygand Galli. Pliny, the Elder. 1962. Natural history, trans. D. E. Eichholz, 10 vols, vol. X, Loeb classical library, London-Cambridge, Mass., Heinemann-Harvard University Press. Reineking von Bock, G. 1981. Bernstein, das Gold der Ostsee, Munich, Callway.

TRUSTED M.H. Baltic Ambers in Britain: a rich and diverse heritage

MARJORIE (HOLLY) TRUSTED

Victoria and Albert Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 2RL, London, UK, [email protected]

A fascination for amber existed in Britain since at least medieval times. It was highly valued and collected, seen as a treasured material, and considered magical. It was fashioned to make religious objects, such as rosaries, before the Reformation. In later centuries, notably the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, works of art made of amber were avidly collected by British connoisseurs, and eventually by museums. My paper focuses on a number of lesser-known ambers at the Victoria and Albert Museum, and at other collections in Edinburgh and Liverpool. I will be looking at their individual histories and their importance as works of art. How did the use of amber dictate their forms and decorative elements? Who were their respective owners? The paper discusses the ways in which amber has been viewed and understood, partly in the context of cabinets of curiosities, and partly as a mysterious substance in its own right. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 153

SOBECKA A. A new interpretation of the mythological iconography of the Malbork Casket

ANNA SOBECKA

Institute of Art History, University of Gdansk, Bielańska 5, 80-851 Gdańsk, Poland, [email protected]

In my presentation I will verify the iconography interpretation of one of the most significant works in the history of amber art and propose a new way of reading the mythological themes depicted in the casket from the collections of the Castle Museum in Malbork. For several decades, the work has been ascribed to Christoph Maucher – one of the greatest sculptors in amber and ivory. Maucher (1642 – 1706/7), was born in Schwäbisch Gmünd. Around 1670 he arrived in Gdańsk, where he worked until his death (Ehmer 1992). He never obtained Gdansk citizenship or was admitted to the guild of amber masters. He was probably introduced by guild master Nicolaus Turow to the secrets of the amber craft. In 1677, both artists made the throne of amber and ivory, which the Great Elector – Frederick Wilhelm ordered as a gift for the emperor Leopold I. Maucher’s growing fame and the demand for his works became the reason for envy of Gdańsk amber craftsmen. The City Council ordered the artist to limit himself to sculptural works. He did not have permission to sell completed caskets or altars. Perhaps that was the reason for not signing his production in amber. The only signed and dated work by Maucher is an impressive figural ivory praising the triumph of Emperor Leopold I over the Turks and made in 1700 (Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum). On the basis of an analogy to this work and the Leopold Throne scholars have assigned a group of amber artefacts to Maucher (Pelka 1935, Trusted 1985). His style combines the South German tradition, taken from his father's workshop, with the influence of Gdańsk sculpture from the 2nd half of the 17th century, especially from the circle of Andreas Schlüter. It is characterized by rich, baroque forms visible mainly in plump floral motifs: carved floral garlands, fruit bunches and intertwined acanthus leaves. As decorative motifs, the artist enthusiastically employed medallions with relief and intaglio decorations, grotesque masks, dolphin heads, etc. Human figures are usually depicted in moments of strong emotion, which allow the introduction of dynamism. The characters he created in his unmatched artistic sculptures of amber have yet to be thoroughly analyzed by researchers. The title casket (Figure 1, 2) with rich, baroque forms is constructed of glued multi-colored amber plates, which are only partially supported by wooden structures and numerous sculptural elements. This masterpiece was made by Maucher in Danzig in about 1700. The plinth part is crafted as a sculptural openwork base with an ancient god – Poseidon/Neptune – driving a horse-drawn chariot. In the case of this character there is no doubt who is presented (Figure 1B). The ruler of the seas is shown as a bearded man lifted on the shell in the company of hippocampi and putti. The casket's body comprises transparent amber plates of various colors. In the central recess of the front wall, the sculptured figure of the goddess is presented; on the sides, large bas-relief shells, fruit festoons, and decorative vases with flowers in the corners. Vertical divisions are indicated by slender Corinthian columns. The uppermost register of the decoration takes the form of a frieze with the motifs of fronds engraved on the reverse of the plaques and carved masks. The central figure of this portion has been considered, without exception, to represent of the Goddess of Love – Aphrodite/Venus. However, without her usual clear attributes, shown against the background of shells, this figure could well be one of the Nereids – the Goddess of Salt Water – Amphitrite, the wife of Poseidon. Aphrodite was presented with a shell, but only at the time of her birth, emerging from the sea standing on it. The motif of the shell is repeated also in two side segments of this tier, suggesting continuity with the representations from the pedestal, and thus the chariot of Poseidon. Page 154 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Fig. 1 Christoph Maucher, Casket, about 1700, Castle Museum Malbork A. General view B. Lower part of the casket

The expanded lid of the casket in the lower part also presents marine motifs, on the front of its corners there are personifications of water (rivers or lakes). On the upper tier of the lid there are 3 putti bearing fruits (Figure 2A). The casket is surmounted by a group of three seated female figures and their accompanying putto. A triad of female characters is a common topos in the visual arts, think, for example, of the Charites (Graces), Nereids, and Horae, Morai and Hesperides. It was also popular to present three goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, laying claim to the of beauty. Due to the fact that three groups of the Judgement of Paris have been ascribed to Maucher, and that a contemporary source from the epoch (Schröder 1663) confirms the existence of the them, it has been taken for granted that the crowning figures also show this scene. For Elżbieta Mierzwińska, the premise that depicts the episode from Peleus and Thetis’ wedding is grounded in the presence of an apple at the feet of women (Mierzwińska 2001, 182). Other researchers (e.g. Bielak 2010) have accepted this attribution unquestioningly and did not ask why the goddesses are not accompanied by Paris (it is definitely not a child holding the dog), or Hermes – almost always present in this scene. Researchers have also yet to analyze the relationship between women on top and those presented elsewhere on the casket.

Fig. 2. Christoph Maucher, Details of the casket A. Figure group on top B. Decoration inside the casket

The three seated women crowning the casket are clearly friends, not competitors. They are not looking for a man, but are focused on each other. One of them is sitting a bit lower on the grass, the other two are sitting on a rock embracing each other. Due to the damage and further additions, we do not know if they had any other attributes before. Perhaps it is impossible to say unequivocally what scene we are dealing with here, but we can be certain that the three women are in sisterly relationship. Inside this casket there are one relief and five cabochons of mythological scenes as well as other ornamental decoration executed in different techniques (Figure 2B). These suggest that the casket was a precious object in its own right, perhaps a gift on the occasion of marriage. This would be especially Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 155 appropriate if the three figures indeed represent the Hesperides, as the tree they protect and which bears the golden – sometimes understood to mean amber – was a wedding gift from Gaia to Hera. The main depiction inside the casket reveals Venus and Adonis resting beneath a tree. In the early modern period, this scene was linked to the myth of garden of Hesperides. In the 16th century Giovannni Pontano penned De Hortis Hesperidum sive de cultu citriorum, a poem which combines the story of Adonis – a god reborn – and that of Nymphs guarding the tree’s divine fruits (Caruso 2013). Pontano’s renaissance of the ancient myth of Adonis would become extremely influential. Since Pontano, Adonis has been identified with the orange tree in which he was reincarnated. His beloved Aphrodite planted this tree in the garden of Hesperides. The story of the sisters become very popular. Contemporary depictions show the Nymphs bringing exotic fruits as well oranges, as and lemons, to Italy (Figure 3).

Fig. 3. Cornelis Bloemaert, Engravings from G. B. Ferrari, Hesperides sive malorum… 1646 A., Hesperides offer the first lemons to the God of Lake Garda, After N. Poussin; B. Hesperides bringing the first oranges to Italy, after F. Albani

References Bielak J. 2002, Przedstawienia Sąd Parysa w nowożytnym bursztynnictwie – konwencjonalny topos czy symbol ukrytej treści, Porta Aurea 10, 48-64. Caruso C. 2013, Adonis. The Myth of the Dying God in the Italian Renaissance, London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney. Ehmer A. 1992, Die Maucher. Eine Kunsthandwerkerfamilie des 17. Jahrhunderts aus Schäbisch Gmünd, Schäbisch Gmünd. Mierzwińska E. 2001, Christophorus Maucher Sculptor – sylwetka gdańskiego bursztynnika z końca XVII wieku, in: Mierzwiński M. (Ed.) Praeterita Posteritati. Studia z historii sztuki i kultury ofiarowane Maciejowi Kilarskiemu, Malbork, 273-284. Pelka O. 1935, Christoph Maucher als Bernsteinschnitzer, Mitteilungen des Westpreussischen Geschichtsvereins 34, H. 4, 73-84. Trusted M. 1985, Catalogue of European Ambers in the Victoria and Albert Museum. London. Schröder N. 1663, Quodliebet, manuscript in the Gdańsk Library of Polish Academy of Science, Ms. 673. Page 156 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

BAGUŽAITĖ-TALAČKIENĖ S. Amber artefacts of the Palanga Amber Museum Collection. Mythological parallels

SIGITA BAGUŽAITĖ-TALAČKIENĖ

Lithuanian Art Museum Palanga Amber Museum, Vytauto str. 17, LT-00101, Palanga, Lithuania, [email protected]

Amber artefacts in the communities of West Balts played role not only as a fashion jewellery but keeps also mythological meaning, expressed people's worldview. Legend, myths, folktales are common to every culture. They all aim to provide explanations for significant phenomena that were important to the person at that time and amber was one of those. Amber attracted man since prehistoric times. Glorified in songs and legends, made famous by poets and scholars of Antiquity, it became part of the history of human culture. Just as long ago, also nowadays amber is called sun-stone, pearl of the Baltic Sea. The aim of the article is to compare mythological meaning of amber artefacts belonging to one of the Western Balts tribes, Curonians (kuršiai), and similar heritage of other communities’ folklore. The archaeological collection of the Palanga Amber Museum consists of several collections of the archaeological artefacts dating different periods. Large collection of Iron Age archaeological artefacts (1st – 13th century AD), especially artefacts representing the cultures of Curonian and Lamata, consists of various archaeological material collected during the ethnographic expeditions through destroyed coastal burial sites (for saving archaeological objects) and during the archaeological excavations. Amber artefacts in the Curonian’s graves of Viking Period become rare, but not completely eliminate it (Sidrys 1994). In that time the main articles of amber were beads of different shapes, spindle whorls, pendants – little combs, original amulets – amber plates of discs shape. Both men and women began to wear amulets – one or two small amber beads. Amulets accompanied Curonians through life and death: a large conical form and one or two small amber beads hung at a fibula or brooch, a neck-ring, a headwear, band or belt, sometimes at a spear and a bridle bit (Griciuvienė 2009:89). Lithuanian historiography mentions that amber beads or bits of raw amber were in several cases suspended from the bridle bits like an amulet for horse and rider (Varnas 1978). In archaeological collection of Palanga Amber Museum samples of amber beads are collected on the ethnographical expeditions by museum staff from 22 destroyed coastal burial sites and during the archaeological excavations. The main part of amber artefacts consists of amber beads. Beads are different forms: from double bi-truncated conical beads and spherical beads to fine worked cylindrical beads, the entire surface of which is decorated with small dots, or opposite – slightly retouched irregular-shaped beads and beads similar to semi-finished items. Almost, in all cases amber beads are mostly small and produced from round raw amber pieces. Therefore, it is not a coincidence that in legends created in different historical periods by cultures, which have lived in different territories of Europe, amber is referred to as a tear in its original form. The plot, regarding the transformation of mythological tears into amber, can be found in a well- known Greek myth about Phaethon. After Phaethon's death, his mother and sisters, the Heliades, shed tears over him day and night, and their tears turned into amber (Ovid). Similar belief is known in Poland, Kurpie region. During God's flood, when rains did not stop forty days and nights, people wept of despair. Their tears fell into the rising waters and changed into amber. Innocent people’s tears transformed to clear amber, sinners’ tears – in to darkened (Kosmowska-Ceranowicz, Konart 1989) The Lithuanian legend about unhappy love between the queen of the Baltic Sea, the goddess Jūratė, and a fisherman Kastytis was recorded and written-down by historian and poet Liudvikas Adomas Jucevičius in 1842 (Jucevičius 1959). It is possible, that this story has been partly invented by the author, because, in old sources of Lithuanian mythology it is not mentioned such a goddess Jūrate, but there is Thunder god Perkūnas (Beresnevičius 2001). Nevertheless, in this story, which has already become as Lithuanian folk legend, it is mentioned, that when storms occur in the Baltic Sea, the delicate fragments of the underwater Amber palace, which was destroyed by Perkūnas (the Thunder god), are washed up on the shore. A lot of Amber pieces resemble the shape of the tears thought to come from the grieving goddess who still cries for her lost love. Another Baltic legend of the Gauya Bird tells us Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 157 about incredibly beautiful amber beads necklace. According to Latvia researcher Janīna Kursīte-Pakule, this legend could be created in modern time. This story tells about the hunter Koso. He managed to steal necklace from bird, but on the way back Gauya caught him, took him up in the sky with the necklace and then threw into the sea. Since then nobody saw the necklace again. They say that the necklace thrust the roots in the ground and turned into a tree. And that tree is always crying, missing Gauya. And each drop of tears turns into a piece of amber (Amber Museum Kaliningrad). Nevertheless this new story show as, that in nowadays, for modern person is still important this ancient mythological elements as a miracle transformation of tears into amber. Other unique objects – amber spindle whorls – were found in Western Balts communities only women's graves. The amber grave goods in generally reflected both economic/property and mythological/belief (including disease prevention or treatment) aspects of the communities. Amber spindle whorls started to produce Western Balt’s communities already from 3rd century AD (Bagužaitė-Talačkienė 2014). In Palanga Amber Museum collection are more than 20 samples of amber spindles whorls and 12 spindle whorls made from sandstone and clay, or antler. These spindles whorls are collected from 10 different coastal burial sites. The size of the spindle whorl varies. The most common size is 2-3 – 6 centimeters in diameter. The main part of the spindle whorls is not decorated. Sometimes, the spindle whorls' surface, or even the sides, are decorated with carved holes or engraved lines. Spindle whorls are of various shapes: bi-truncated conical, spherical but mostly low cylindrical form (just average 1 centimeter in height).

Fig. 1. Amber spindle whorls from burial sites Kiauleikiai (Lithuania, Kretinga district). Lithuanian Art Museum Palanga Amber Museum. Phot. P. Makauskas.

Some amber beads are very similar to spindle whorls. During the eighth to twelfth centuries, common bi- truncated conical and round flattened amber beads were spread throughout the territory occupied by the south Curonians. Although these beads are large, but the diameter of their opening is too small for inserting a bobbin, therefore they can't have served as spindle whorls. In Curonian graves, the positions of amber beads and spindle whorls are distinct. Usually, spindle whorls, along with other accompanying grave goods, were placed inside a birch-bark box that was placed above the head of the deceased woman, together with a miniature cup. Unfortunately, the presence of tree bark or wooden box cannot always be established because of the poorly surviving organic material. However, sometimes the spindle whorl is found on the chest and in the area of the waist (Tautavičius 1996). In the Amber Museum is presented a seventh century woman’s grave goods (grave 1) from Dvyliai cemetery (Klaipėda district). The grave goods belonged to a rich woman. Her head covering was adorned with a disc of white metal (tin and lead alloy). In that time it was a rarity, which indicated rich person, with a higher social status. The pin of the head covering and the fibula which adorned the chest of the dead Page 158 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 woman were enriched by the amber beads and copper spirals necklaces. At the head level of the decedent were located two spindles made of amber and horn. This is one of the examples, when the importance of amber artefacts is revealed, examining a grave goods. Another unique example of the amber use in Curonian culture comes from women's graves: miniature spinning and weaving instruments sets produced from amber. Such amber sets are known only from Palanga (Palanga grave field woman's grave 70, 34a) and Lazdininkai (Kretinga district) grave fields (grave 26) (Griciuvienė 2009). The set of ritual instruments were composed of some rectangular plates with holes at the corners for threads, a knife, a few centimetres long and whorls, manufactured from short sticks and small round pieces of amber, resembling real whorls (Vaitkunskienė 1992). These tool sets were usually made from bronze and in essence are only symbolic copies of real tools of this kind. The amber spindles that were quite rarely found in women’s graves have a mythological meaning. In the Lithuanian mythology, the goddess Austėja, a combination of a and a woman, was imagined like an industrious weaver. Austėja was the patroness of the going-to-get-married and pregnant women. Amber spindles represent the uniqueness of women who owned them as well as their social status in the society (Greimas 1990; Gimbutienė 1985). Spinning process had mythological meaning in Ancient world and many others cultures as well as in Scandinavia (Heide 2006). The spinning remained in the cultural field of the Balts for a long time and it was an important activity, which had a mythological basement. According to the late writings of Teutonic Order priest-brother and chronologist Peter von Dusburg (died after 1326), this would be a description of the Prussian sacral activities: “women and men are used to spin, ones – the lines, the others – the wool, according to their own understanding in order to praise their gods” (Batūra 1985). Important of spinning and weaving is shown in ornament of one pendant, which belongs to Etruscan culture. This object was found in rich and high rank women grave Tomba degli Ori (Tomb of the Gold Objects) together with amber articles. There show how high-ranking women seated in expensive armchairs are spinning and weaving wool (Bonfante 1985, Figure 3A_B). According to the guess-work, the Baltic communities of the Roman and the later periods used to employ amber as a healing substance and as a material protecting against different calamities. It is reasonable to assume that amber necklaces and pendants were worn by the people in order to protect themselves from the diseases and the sinister eye (Багужайте-Талачкиене 2016). It is also testified by the etymology of the word amber: the linguists tend to relate it with the verb to defend (in Lithuanian ginti and amber in Lithuanian is gintaras) (Zinkevičius 2005: 260-261). The attribution of a noble origin to such a rare, sparkling article as amber in ancent world, was supposed to give it both protective and healing properties. This is also suggested by one of the versions of the interpretation of the Greek word ēlektron, which might be rooted in the words alexo, aleko meaning “for the protection from”. Ancient Mycenaeans could have perceived and used amber as a means of protection against evil (Hughes-Brock 1985). The protecting or safeguarding meaning in Curonian culture was given especially to the expressive amber pendants – little combs. Semi-moon-shaped and rarer, rectangular pendants, with a length and width of a few centimetres, cut from amber with more or less expressed teeth at the bottom, resembling a miniature comb. Archaeologists find them in the Curonian graves of the 7th-9th centuries AD. In men graves, such pendants were put on the chest and waist, they also used to decorate sword handles and scabbard casings (Varnas 1978; Griciuvienė 2009). The perfect interpretation of amber comb-shaped pendants (which can't have been used as real combs) was given by Laima Vaitkunskienė, who found the answer of their origins and use in Lithuanian folk tales after many centuries of Curonians existence have past. The comb created an impenetrable forest when it was thrown. This allowed the owner of the comb to protect himself from enemies or evil in general (Vaitkunskienė 1992). Comb-shaped amber pendants, which in real life were probably attached to the belt, in the 10-11th – 13th century they were replaced by comb-shaped amulets made from bronze plate (Tautavičius 1996; Griciuvienė 2009). Palanga Amber Museum presented three comb-shaped amulets made from amber (Lazdininkai (Kretinga district) (3.6 x 5.1 x 1.3 cm), Gintarai (Kretinga district) (3.1 x 3.9 x 0.7 cm) and unknown (5.5 x 2.2 cm) grave fields) and two – made from bronze plate (Gintališkė (Plungė district) (5 x 1.5 cm) and Stragnai (Klaipėda district) (4.1 x 1.6 cm) grave fields). Curonian women had another’s original amulets – amber plates, different from other sites by the East Baltic coast. In women’s graves of the 7th – 9th century, a round amber plate with a smooth surface and Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 159 without a suspension hole is found under and sometimes beside the head of the deceased. Scholars suppose that women wore such plates thrust behind their head wreaths, caps and other head dresses or rolled into the hair, which were then fastened with pins. Sometimes the discs are placed in small boxes or are found wrapped up in cloth or even placed in miniature cups (Varnas 1978; Vaitkunskienė 1992). Only the women wore amber discs. These discs are unique amber items to the entire eastern Baltic region. The amber discs are 3-6 cm in diameter and about 0.3-1.4 cm thick (Tautavičius 1996). Amber museum presented two examples of such amber plates from Girkaliai (Klaipėda district) (3.6 cm in diameter; 0.7 cm thick) and Kiauleikiai (Kretinga district) (5 cm in diameter; 0.7 cm thick) grave fields. At this time, only about more than 20 such discs are known from Curonian and Lamatian grave fields. Well known examples from Palanga cemetery, graves 34a, 112, 142, and 260. Mostly these items are not precisely polished, and sometimes only roughly carved. The discs are not ornamented, with the exception of one found in Palanga grave field grave 260. The surface of this amber disc is engraved with irregular lines (Varnas 1978). The find circumstances of the amber discs indicate that these specific objects had no practical function and served as amulets. It may be that Curonian women believed that the amber discs as amulets would remove various illnesses from their bodies. According to the other opinion, it may symbolize the magic Sun circle (Vaitkunskienė 1992). In Latvian folk songs, in which amber was mentioned, words Sun and Amber was used, but only in two related texts (Vīķis-Freibergs 1985).

Fig. 2. A. Amber comb-shaped pendants from burial sites Gintarai (Lithuania. Kretinga district). Lithuanian Art Museum Palanga Amber Museum. Phot. P. Makauskas. B. Amber disc from burial sites Girkaliai (Lithuania. Klaipėda district). Lithuanian Art Museum Palanga Amber Museum. Phot. P. Makauskas

To summarizing it could to be note, that mythological meaning of amber artefacts are very similar or close in different communities’ folklore. The main mythological motifs are transmitted from ancient world to other cultures. Even after many centuries have past the legends, created in Antique, attract modern people and inspire them to create new amber-related stories.

References Bagužaitė-Talačkienė S. 2014. Material Amber Tradition in the West Lithuanian Cemeteries with Stone Circles in the Comparative Context of Balt Cultures. Social Aspect. Summary of doctoral dissertation Humanities, History (05H). Klaipėda. Batūra R. (Eds.) 1985. Petras Dusburgietis. Prūsijos žemės kronika. Vilnius. Beresnevičius G. 2001. Trumpas Lietuvių ir Prūsų religijos žodynas. Vilnius. Bonfante L. 1985. Amber, Women and Situla Art. Journal of Baltic Studies. Vol. 16, no. 3, 277—291. Gimbutienė M. 1985. Baltai priešistoriniais laikais. Vilnius. Greimas A. J. 1990. Tautos atminties beieškant. Vilnius – Chicago. Griciuvienė E. (Eds.) 2009. Kuršiai. Genties kultūra laidosenos duomenimis/The Curonians. Tribe Culture According to the Burial Data. Baltic Archaeological Exibition. Catalogue. Vilnius Heide E. 2006. Spinning seiðr, in: Andren A., Jennbert K. (Eds.) Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions (Vägar Till Midgård 8). An international conference in Lund, Sweden, June 3-7, 2004, 164-170. Hughes-Brock H. 1985. Amber and the Mycenaeans. Journal of Baltic Studies. Vol. 16, no. 3, 257—267. Jucevičius L. A. 1959. Raštai. Vilnius. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B., Konart T. 1989. Tajemnice bursztynu. Warszawa. Page 160 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Ovid. Metamorphosis. II. Song 365. Sidrys R. V. 1994. Vakarų baltų gintaro įkapės geležies amžiuje, in: Nikžentaitis A., Žulkus V. (Eds.) Klaipėdos miesto ir regiono archeologijos ir istorijos problemos. Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis II. Klaipėda, 59-106 Tautavičius A. 1996. Vidurinis geležies amžius Lietuvoje (V – IX a.). Vilnius. Vaitkunskienė L. 1992. Amber in the Art and Religion of the Ancient Balts, in: Hårdn B., Wyszomirska-Werbart B. (Eds.) Contacts across the Baltic Sea during the Late Iron Age (5th–12th Centuries) Baltic Sea. Conference, Lund, October 25-27, 1991, 49-57. Varnas A. 1978. Gintaro apdirbimas, in: Volkaitė-Kulikauskienė R. (Eds) Lietuvių materialinė kultūra IX-XIII amžiuje. Vilnius, 117-124. Vīķis-Freibergs V. 1985. Amber in Latvian folk songs and folk beliefs. Journal of Baltic Studies. Vol. 16, no. 3, 321—339 Zinkevičius Z. 2005. Lietuvių tautos kilmė. Vilnius Багужайте-Талачкиене С. 2016. Следы античной идеи о лечебных свойствах янтаря в культуре западных балтов. In: Полякова И. А., Суворова Т.Ю. (Eds.) Янтарь в истории медицины: Материалы международной научной конференции. Калининград: Калининградский областной музей янтаря, 53 – 61. Amber Museum Kaliningrad. Legend of the Gauya Bird http://www.ambermuseum.ru/en/home/about_amber/legends/gauja_the_bird/ (accessed 10.12.2017)

PAWLĘGA E. Amber in myths, legends and folk tales.

EWA PAWLĘGA

Amber Museum, department of Museum of Gdańsk, Targ Węglowy 26, Gdańsk, Poland, [email protected]

Amber is associated with human activity since the dawn of time. It occur in many different colors and is distinctly diverged than common stones. Its beauty and “difference” have been raising a human interest and made a significant contribution to many legends and tales where amber has a key role to play. Such stories appears in many cultures who came into contact with amber, regardless the distance between them and the origin place of occurrences. As an example could be taken a Korean folk tale explaining an eternal conflict about cats and dogs which started when the animals tried to regain the lost amber lump of their owner. The tale also underlines the magic nature of amber by attributing the miraculous ability of doubling every objects touched by it, which skill, as a consequence, was a source of an incredible wealth of its owner.

Fig.1 Heliades mourning Phaeton’s death, Aleksander Krylov, St Petersburg, Russia, 2007, Museum of Amber, photo: M.K. Szczerek

Fascination with amber generated a need of explanations of its beginning. One of the oldest interpretation derive from a Greco-Roman culture. The myth of a tragic story of Phaeton, connects the origin of amber with a grief of Heliades, Phaeton’s sisters, which tears were transformed into amber. Many of tales, in spite of coming from a different regions, identify the amber genesis with a tears. This is a case with a Lithuanian legend about Jurate and Kastytis, which is also known in Poland. In one of the version of this legend, amber is nothing else but a tears of goddess, mourning the death of her lover, however, the other version, Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 161 gives a slightly different interpretation, according to which amber pieces come from Jurate’s palace, shattered by Perkunas. Also, one of the version of Nordic myth of Freyja, goddess of love and magic, shares the same concept – after being abandoned by her husband Freyja wept and her tears touching ground changed into the gold or in amber when they fell into the sea. Thanks to Adam Chętnik, who studied the folk culture of Kurpie region, we know another tale of amber associated with tears. In this legend, tears of all people, despairing due the biblical flood, turned into the amber. This folk tales also explains the diversity of amber colors, suggesting that the most beautiful amber pieces were created from the tears of pure and innocents while the inferior ones – from a tears of the sinners. The amber creation is a very popular subject but is not the only topic of legends and tales. Those, which not attempt to discover this mystery, are focused on amazing power and abilities attributed to amber. On folk tale from Kaszuby region, amber is a treasure, drowned by a gryphon in the lake, waiting to emerge in times of need to provide a rescue from poverty to all Kashubian people. In one of the legends from Gdańsk, our hero compares the yellow cat’s eyes to amber, decides to trade it which soon makes him a very rich and respectable man. Amber could be also an object of desire, like the one kept in the nest by Gauja Bird from Lithuanian legends. Amber myths and legends from the past are finding the continuation in the stories creating today, by a contemporary authors. Irena Kwinto in her tale from Mazury brings the story of cruel Miller’s daughter punished by a Fisher King for rejecting a love of a fishermen. The amber necklace worn by her is transformed into a kingcup flowers, the only trace that remained after her disappearance. An unusual, almost supernatural piece of amber organically joined with a priestess who was wearing it is described by Elżbieta Cherezińska in her “Reborn kingdom” book series. Such examples evidently proves unceasing literary popularity of amber, which still inspire the new stories.

KRIEGSEISEN J. Amber in the Sicilian fine arts and crafts

JACEK KRIEGSEISEN

Institute of Art History, University of Gdansk, Bielańska 5, 80-851 Gdańsk, Poland, [email protected]

It is since time immemorial that rare, precious or unique materials, applied in sculpture (for example ivory, amber, coral), in painting (semi-precious stones as painting base, for example alabaster or agate) and in handicraft (amber, coral, seashells, nut shells) have generated interest among both patrons and artists as materials used to make items that were stunning in their artistic expression, sometimes also endowed (in their entirety or part) with a secondary meaning of an antidote against spells or sickness. Due to these features, such items were the object of desire of a presumably wider population but only the wealthy of the world were able to afford them. Apart from the size of the available source material and its visual assets (structure, colour, transparency or translucency), being easily workable is one of the basic features which qualify a sculpting material for popular use. For this reason, Sicily, along with mainly Southern Italy, is one of the centres in which amber items are manufactured in Southern Europe, where the craftspeople, specialised in making artefacts predominantly from coral, but also from ivory, tortoiseshell, mother-of-pearl and several types of rare gemstones, including alabaster and its varieties (for example pietra incarnata), were very good at crafting amber. As for Sicilian amber artefacts, we are familiar with remarkably simple pieces, such as strings of irregularly faceted beads of dark amber with a red tint. Jewellery is more complex in technological and artistic terms, as it makes use of amber sculpted in figural scenes, in silver settings. Sometimes the amber material was used to decorate elaborate frames for central figural scenes. Most often, however, amber was not used Page 162 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018 on its own but contributed to a rich and colourful ornamental composition, to harmonise with silver, coral, mother-of-pearl or coloured gemstones. The most spectacular example of such a work of art was made in Western Sicily, presumably in Trapani, its best known and most dynamic centre for sculpture; it is a sculpture of the Virgin Mary, currently at the Gdańsk Museum (Figure 1). The fact that the sculpture was made at the said centre could be evidenced by its characteristic base made of alabaster, composed of a central cartouche and volutes which surround it. This particular component was developed in Trapani and can be identified in many variants in artefacts that were definitely made there, out of alabaster, ivory or coral. If we are to recognise this artefact, already published and considered to be a North German piece from the 2nd half of the 17th century, as authentic, then due to the stylistic features of the base sculpture, it will be necessary to re-date it at the early 18th century. For this reason, and also due to the use of two colour types of amber in the sculpture of the Virgin (dark honey-coloured, somewhat transparent, for the whole figure, and yellowish, opaque for the face and presumably the hands—now missing), which is encountered in analogous sculptures, one needs to take into account, however, the possibility that we are dealing with an artefact that may be an antiquarian creation: the North German (Gdańsk?, Königsberg?) sculpture of Mary is attached to a well-proportioned Sicilian alabaster base. But the most important premise to rule out the Sicilian origin of the artefact is the sculpture’s iconographic type because Sicilian artefacts most frequently represent Our Lady of Trapani or the Immaculata type. As has already been addressed in the literature, the Gdańsk artefact seems to be a sculpture of Mary detached from a complete scene of the Lamentation of Christ.

Fig. 1 Amber Madonna (2nd half of the 17th century) on the 18th Century alabaster plinth. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 163

ATTULA A. Amber. Reflections on the “political myth” of a fossil resin – The last exhibition in 1943

AXEL ATTULA

Deustesches Bernsteinmuseum, Im Kloster 1-2, D 18311 Ribnitz-Damgarten, Germany, [email protected]

The First World War touched the German Reich, especially in East Prussia. The country was terribly devastated in 1914/15. The war left a ruined country. Through the creation of the “Polish Corridor” East Prussia lost its direct connection to the rest of the empire. Hindenburg's victory over the Russian troops at “Tannenberg” was all the more inflated, historically interpreted as revenge for the defeat of the Teutonic Order in 1410, and East Prussia stylized into a “Germanic bulwark", “invincible in the far Slavic East.” The reconstruction of the country started with great commitment. The founding of the Staatliche Bernsteinmanufaktur GmbH in Königsberg in February 1926 was thus above all a reaction to economic instability and sales problems of individual amber-processing companies. Immediately in 1933 the National Socialists made amber ther priority project. In July of that year, a “day of amber” took place in Palmnicken, where Gauleiter Ernst Koch promised to work for the revitalization of the amber market (Tomczyk 1990). The search for a “German stone” came with the “amber” to success and quickly merged with the myth of East Prussia. In 1938 Alfred Rohde put it in the words: “The belief in an original German material.” – Let the artistic work with the amber “for the first time have a success of lasting importance” (Rohde 1938). In 1938 the Preußische Akademie der Künste organized a large exhibition in Berlin in under the title: “Preußische Staatsmanufakturen". Here historical amber works and products of the Staatliche Bernsteinmanufaktur were represented. The selection of the pieces probably also formed the basis for the special exhibition “Amber – Gold of the Sea", shown in 1943 at the Nemzeti Szalon in Budapest (Figure 1). The exhibition was organized by the Werberat der Deutschen Wirtschaft (Advertising Council of the German Economy) in association with the Staatliche Bernsteinmanufaktur Königsberg. In addition to some natural history exhibits, the exhibition showed products for the African, Arab and Asian markets. Three showcases were dedicated to the “amber in the cultural history of the peoples” (Krauszmüller, 1943). Here also the allegedly “oldest swastikas of the world” were admired on stone-temporal circular amber pieces.

Fig. 1. Catalogue, Führer durch die Ausstellung Bernstein – Gold des Meeres, Budapest Nemzeti Szalon (Erzébet-Tér) 21. September – 20. Oktober 1943. Page 164 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

Precious works from the 16th to the 18th century from courtly surroundings supplemented the collection. (Figure 2A). In addition, jewellery, pipes and cigarette holders were presented. Five other showcases showed amber jewellery, craft carvings and modern work, including modern church equipment. The small unregistered catalogue featured a sculpture “the figure of an angel cut out of a single large amber piece". Meant was the “Schwebende” by Hermann Brachert. Two more showcases exhibited honor and state awards, “above all the honorary prizes of the Führer". “Reichaußenminister von Ribbentrop loaned out of his possession an amber shrine which bears the arms of the East Prussian cities.” “Pictures of the visit of the Führer Adolf Hitler in the factories of the Staatliche Bernsteinmanufaktur Königsberg” rounded off the exhibition, “they should clarify the great interest that the new German amber culture... is shown". The highlight of the exhibition was the great Danziger “Amber cog", whose value Rudolf Krauszmüller, who was responsible for the catalogue, estimated at 50,000 Reichsmarks. The small catalogue is very superficial and gives only a rough overview. A short report from the Budapest newsreel about the opening of the exhibition on September 21, 1943 offers further clues. Most of the exhibits shown at the time have been preserved through fortunate circumstances. Today the collection is owned by Tui AG, the legal successor of Preussag Aktiengesellschaft. After the war, she was accidentally discovered in a sealed railroad car in Istanbul.The exhibition tried to convey the myth of “German gold from East Prussia” with high-ranking exhibits. This presentation would like to reconstruct the show on the basis of the verifiable pieces (Figure 2B).

Fig. 2. A. Littel family altar, around 1680. B. Ostpreußenschrein (Ostlandschrein) by Jan Holschuh, Königsberg 1938.

References Tomczyk L., 1990, Deutsche Bernsteinkunst im 20. Jahrhundert, Nürnberg, 32. Rohde A., 1938, Bernstein, ein Deutscher Werkstoff, in der Vergangenheit, in: catalogue, Preußische Staatsmanufakturen, Ausstellung der Preussischen Akademie der Künste zum 175jährigen Bestehen der Staatlichen Porzellan-Manufaktur Berlin. Krauszmüller R., 1943, Führer durch die Ausstellung Bernstein – Gold des Meeres, veranstaltet vom Werberat der Deutschen Wirtschaft in Gemeinschaft mit der Staatlichen Bernsteinmanufaktur Königsberg, Budapest Nemzeti Szalon (Erzébet-Tér) 21. September – 20. Oktober 1943, 8 Seiten. One exemplar can be found in the University Library Hamburg. (II 1Ber). Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 165

JABŁOŃSKI G. The Fall of Phaeton – myth, legend or secret knowledge. An artistic hypothesis

GIEDYMIN JABŁOŃSKI

The Eugeniusz Geppert Academy of Art & Design, Traugutta 19/21, 50-416 Wrocław, Poland, [email protected]

And far fell Phaethon with flaming hair; as haply from the summer sky appears a falling star... Far distant from his home the deep Eridanus received the lad And all the daughters of the Sun went there giving their tears Ovidius, Metamorphoses

The knowledge of amber is very old but it developed rapidly during last decades due to the general progress in lab techniques and instruments and in general the development of the natural sciences (Kosmowska-Ceranowicz 2017). I think I’m not mistaken expressing the opinion that the Amberif fair considerably stimulated the development of this knowledge. Amber is studied by scientists of different specialisations and interests – mineralogists, geologists, palaeontologists, biologists, chemists, physicists, art hisorians (Trusted 1985). My hypothesis tries to add a new approach to the attempts of solving the riddle of the origins of the (nomen omen) Sunstone. The line of the presented thought is based on the analysis of one of the widely known legends about the origins and nature of amber – the ancient Greek myth of Phaeton (Rappengluck 2006). It appears that despite the multiple translations and interpretations, the story of the son of the god of Sun, could be still a source of a new interesting view about the main hero of our meeting – Baltic Amber.

Fig. 1. A. Statue, marble, the Fall of Phaeton, by Dominique Lefevre, France, ca. 1700 – 1711 Victoria & Albert Museum, London, B. An asteroid striking Earth, setting off a mass extinction event by Ben Guarino (The Washington Post).

References Trusted M., 1985. Catalogue of European Ambers in the Victoria & Albert Museum, Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B., 2017, Bursztyn w Polsce i na świecie, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego Rappengluck B.& M., 2006, Does the myth of Phaeton reflect an impact? Revising the fall of Phaeton and considering a possible relation to the chiemgau Impact, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Special Issue, Vol. 6, No 3, pp 101 – 109 Wikipedia 2018. https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Phaethon.html The Washington Post 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/11/09/dinosaurs- would-have-survived-if-asteroid-hit-earth-elsewhere-scientists-claim/?utm_term=.e11b8fcbfd42 Page 166 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Amberif 2018

POSTERS

ADAMOWICZ R. Rebuilding and adaptation of the Great Mill in Gdańsk for the needs of a new premises of the Amber Museum

RENATA ADAMOWICZ

Department of Museum of Gdańsk, Targ Węglowy 26, 80-836 Gdańsk Poland, [email protected]

The exhibition space of the Amber Museum in the Great Mill will be almost three times larger than the current one, will be available for all, including the person with disabilities, also, will deliver rich educational values and will be people and environmentally friendly. The Great Mill, built circa 1350, was the largest industrial plant of medieval Europe and thanks to the new adaptation will be completely renovated.

Fig. 1. A. The Great Mill, P. Willer, a figure from R. Curicke: Der Stadt Danzig historische Beschreibung, Gdańsk 1687 r., Museum of Gdańsk collection. B. Visualization of a new Amber Museum in the Great Mill designed by Anna Bocek.

RATUSZNA J. Conservation of the 17th century amber altar from the Malbork Castle Museum collection

JOLANTA RATUSZNA

Jolanta Ratuszna – The Malbork Castle Musem, Starościńska St. 1, 82-200 Malbork, Poland, [email protected]

Amber artifacts usually underwent many repairs and conservations due to their vulnerability to weathering factors and damage. The aim of a poster is to present one of the objects from the precious amber collection in the Malbork Castle Museum, Poland. Previous repairs evidently caused many harmful changes in the construction and aesthetics of the small altar with crucifix. The complex conservation of the object was performed. There is going to be shown a process of conservation and renovation, which, among others, included laser ablation method adapted to removing harmful contaminants and materials, and the final result after filling amber gaps and consolidation of all the fragments of the altar. Amberif 2018 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART” Page 167

SADO A. Amber myths – today

ANNA SADO

Amber Portal amber.com.pl, Poland, [email protected]

Many of the old myths and beliefs about amber have survived to this day – the Chinese believe that it is a stone that emanates with good energy and brings happiness, the inhabitants of Western Europe buy amber necklaces to suppress the pain of teething, the Russians invariably treat themselves with amber-based medications, in Poland there is a growing interest in cosmetics with the addition of powdered amber. They perfectly complement the image of Baltic Gold and contribute to the success of commercial amber manufacturers. O R G AN I SE RS

Gdańsk Internaonal Fair Co.

Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry

University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Evoluonary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions University of Gdańsk, Faculty of History

Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Instute of Archaeology

Internaonal Amber Associaon

S C I EN T IF IC PA R T N ER S

Palaeoentomological Secon of the Polish Entomological Society

The Museum of the Earth in Warsaw, Polish Academy of Sciences

The Malbork Castle Museum

Museum of Gdansk

INTERNATIONA L SYMPOSIUM “AMBER. SCIENCE AND ART”

Abstracts Publisher: , Gdansk Interna tional Fair Co. Amberif 2018

ISBN 978-83-908187-1-9