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Agricultural Science ISSN:1511-3701 I V^r I L C4. I I I l\ U W VS U I I 1 14 I \J i TROPICAL Agricultural Science VOLUME 27 NO.l MARCH 2004 A scientific journal published by Universiti Pitta Malaysia Press Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science I About the Journal I Submission of Manuscript Pertanika a leading agricultural journal in Malaysia began Three complete clear copies of the manuscript are to be publication in 1978. After 15yearsasamultidisciplinary submitted to journal, the revamped Pertanika Journal of Tropical The Chief Editor Agricultural Science now focuses on tropical agricultural Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science research. The journal is current and regular, bringing Universiti Putra Malaysia the latest information related to plant and animal 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan sicences, fisheries, food sciences and forestry to the attention of researchers and scientists. It is published MAIAYSIA two times a year i.e. in March and September. Tel: 03-89468854 Ext: 8854; Fax: 03-89416172 Aims and Scope I Proofs and Offprints The journal will accept contributions from managers, Page proofs, illustration proofs and the copy-edited researchers and scientists in the Fields of biochemistry, manuscript will be sent to the author. Proofs must be ecology, genetics, physiology, pathology and checked very carefully within the specified time as they management and production of plants and animals of will not be proofread by the Press editors. economic importance. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science will consider for publication articles Authors will receive 20 offprints of each article and a copy both in English and Bahasa Melayu, Articles must be of the journal. Additional copies can be ordered from original reports of research, not previously or the Secretary of the Editorial Board. simultaneously published in any other scientific or technical journal. EDITORIAL BOARD | INTERNATIONAL PANEL MEMBERS Pro!. Dr. Tan Soon Guan - Chief Editor Prof. Sifa Li Faculty of Science &f Environmental Studies Shanghai Fisheries University Prof. A.R. Egan Prof. Dr. Fatimah Mohd Yusof University of Melbourne Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies Prof. D.A Ledward Prof. Dr. Hasanah Mohd. Ghazali University of Reading Faculty of Food Science 6f Biotechnology Dr. Setijati D. Sastrapradja Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khatijah Mohd. Yusof University of California, Davis Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies Prof. Dr. E.H Roberts University of Reading Assoc. Prof. Dr. Salleh Kadzimin Faculty of Agriculture Prof. Dr. Yuan Chung Zee University of California, Davis Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sid Zauyah Darus Prof. Tom Lovell Faculty of Agriculture Auburn University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shukri Mohamed Prof. E.P Bachelard Faculty of Forestry Australian National University Prof. V.L. Chopra Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sheikh Ali Abod Indian Council of Agricultural Research Faculty of Forestry Prof. Ladda A. Dushkina Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Idrus AU Union Institute of Marine, Fisheries and Oceanography Faculty of Agriculture Richard H. Young Sumangala Pillai - Secretary UNKXF, New Delhi Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Published by Universiti Putra Malaysia Press ISSN No.: 1511-3701 DK. NAYAN ont? 9. KANWAU EXECUTIVE EDITOR Pertonike Journals Research Management Centre (RMC) Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Tel: +603 8947 1622, +6016 217 4050 E-mail: ndeeps(5)admin.upm.e<Ju.my Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science Volume 27 Number 1 (March) 2004 Contents Mechanism of Paraquat Resistance in Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. 1 Moore During Immature Stage - Ismail B. S., Chuah T S. & Khatijah H. H. Intraspecific Polymorphism in Mystus nemurus (C&V) Detected by RAPD- 11 PCR Fingerprinting - Sanga Leesanga, Siti Shapor Siraj, Siti Khalijah Baud, Soon Guan Tan & Sharr Azni Harmin Comparative Evaluation of Different Plant Residues on the Soil and Leaf 21 Chemical Composition, Growth, and Seed Yield of Castor Bean (Ricinus communis) — E.L Moyin Jesu Distribution of Food Items of Six Commercially Important Demersal Fishes 31 in the South China Sea - Sakri Ibrahim, Muhaimi Muhammad, Mohd Azmi Ambak, Mohamad Zaidi Zakaria, Mansor Mat ha & Sukree Hajisamae Kajian Terhadap Struktur Komuniti Tumbuhan Periuk Kera di Hutan 39 Pendidikan Alam, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan — Jumaat H. Adam, Dayani H.Daiman, Geri Kibe Gopir, A.K. Jalaludin Pengiran Besar, Ramlan Omar & Hafiza A. Hamid Differential Responses in Growth, Physiological Processes and Peroxidase 47 Activity of Young Mango {Mangifera indica) and Citrus {Citrus sinensis L) Plants to Water Deficit - Mohd Razi Ismail, Abd Ghani Muhammad & Ismail Iberahim Predominant Weeds of Some Cereal Crops in the Scrub Savannah Region 57 of Nigeria - Jafun, F. B. & S.D. Abdul Effect of Varying Levels and Sources of Dietary Fat on Growth Performance 65 and Nutrient Digestibility in Rabbits - M L. Egbo, T. A. Adegbola, E. O. Oyaivoye & M. M. Abubakar SHORT COMMUNICATION The Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Heavy Metal (Cd, Cu, Pb and 73 Zn) Pollution: Comparison of the Metal Levels in the Green-Lipped Mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) and in the Sediment from a High Activity Site at Kg. Pasir Puteh and a Relatively Low Activity Site at Pasir Panjang - Yap, C. K, Ismail, A., Tan, S. G. & Rahim Ismail, A. PertanikaJ. Trop. Agric. Sci. 27(1): 1 - 10 (2004) ISSN: 1511-3701 © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Mechanism of Paraquat Resistance in Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore During Immature Stage ISMAIL B. S., 'CHUAH T. S. & KHATIJAH H. H. School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia faculty of Agrotechnology and Food Science, Kolej Universiti Sains dan Teknobgi Malaysia, Mengabang Telipot, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Keywords: Resistance, herbicide, cuticle, epicuticular wax, Crassocephalum crepidioides ABSTRAK Mekanisme kerintangan Crassocephalum crepidioides terhadap parakuat pada peringkat 6 helm daun dikaji. Parakuat yang diekstrak daripada tisu daun biotip rintang dan rentan tidak mengalami metabolisme. Maka perbezaan metabolisme tidak memainkan peranan dalam mekanisme kerintangan. Biotip rentan menyerap lebih 44% 14C-parakuat berbanding biotip rintang. Namun, lebih daripada 98% MGparakuat yangdiserap oleh biotip rintang dan rentan berada pada daun yang telah diberikan perlakuan. Perbezaan penyerapan adalah berkolerasi dengan kuantiti lilin epikutikular dan kuantiti membran kutikel pada permukaan daun. Hasil kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa perbezaan penyerapan mungkin merupakan satu faktor yang menyebabkan kerintangan spesies rumpai ini terhadap parakuat. ABSTRACT The mechanism of paraquat resistance in Crassocephalum crepidioides at the six-leaf stage was investigated. The extractabk paraquat was not metabolized by the leaf tissue in the resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes. Therefore, differential metabolism does not appear to play a role in the mechanism of resistance. The S biotype absorbed 44% more HCfaraquat than the R biotype. However, more than 98% of the absorbed HC-paraquat remained on the treated leaf of both biotypes. The difference in absorption had a negative correlation with the amount of epicuticular wax as well as the cuticle of leaf surfaces in both biotypes. The results of this study suggest that differential absorption may be a factor that accounts for resistance to paraquat at the six-leaf stage. INTRODUCTION Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. Paraquat is a fast acting, contact herbicide & Mey., a perennial herb belonging to the family (McEwen and Stepheson 1979) with no activity Scrophulariaceae, is tolerant to paraquat in the soil due to strong adsorption to soil although this plant has never been sprayed with particles (Kokana and Aylmore 1993). Paraquat paraquat (Chun and Kim 1992). is used for controlling a wide range of broad- Fuerst and Vaughn (1990) have suggested leaved weeds, sedges and grasses in the rice and several hypotheses on the mechanism of paraquat vegetable agro-ecosystem for weed clearance resistance. These include reduced cuticular before embarking on a new growing season. penetration of paraquat due to differential After the first case of a paraquat-resistant weed structure and/or properties of leaf surface, (Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.) was reported in differential metabolism of paraquat, altered site Egypt in 1979 (Summer 1980), resistance to the of action, paraquat sequestration from the site herbicide paraquat has been documented for 25 of action and enzymatic detoxification of weed species worldwide due to extensive and paraquat-generated radical oxygen species. Some consecutive use of the herbicide (Heap 1997). of these mechanisms contribute to paraquat However, Chun and Kim have found that resistance in weeds such as Hordeum glaucum Steud. ISMAIL B. S., CHUAH T. S. & KHATIJAH H. H. (Bishop et al 1987), Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. specific activity 1.74 x 103 kBq mg **) was (Norman et al. 1994) and Erigeron canadensis (L.) purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., USA. Cronq. (Tanaka et al 1986). A paraquat-resistant (R) biotype of the Metabolism Study annual broadleaf weed Crassocephalum crepidioides Four plants of the R and S biotypes at the six- was first reported in 1990 in tomato fields near leaf stage were sprayed with nonlabelled paraquat Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands, Malaysia (Itoh dichloride at 0.50 kg a.i.ha1 using a
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