DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change on Nepenthes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change on Nepenthes Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change On Nepenthes Lucas Barron 4/27/19 Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change On Nepenthes Lucas Barron; 4/27/2018 1 Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change On Nepenthes When Dominick Gravine, and avid Nepenthes collector and seller, visited Borneo in March of 2013 to trek up the slopes of mount Trusmadi, he not only saw the endangered Nepenthes species that inhabit the misty slopes, but also the effects of the rapid urbanization of the local villages. He saw ‘palm oil plantations as far as the eye Dominick Gravine and his collection of Nepenthes can see.’ (-Gravine). “Palm oil plantations completely clear the land of its natural biodiversity.’ (-Gravine). “While in the local villages, I was offered many plants which were obviously taken from the wild. The locals see these plants as a source of money. The over collect and sell them to collectors.” (-Gravine) While climbing the mountains, he saw many seed stalks cut of many plants from people along the trails, which has a large impact on these plants’ ability to reproduce. Habitat destruction and excessive poaching is having a severe Nepenthes Veitchii 'Candy Dreams'; created by Dominick Gravine effect on plant species not only in places like Borneo, but also worldwide. Although many people deny human caused endangerment of plant species due to excessive poaching, reckless destruction of habitats globally, and climate change, Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change On Nepenthes Lucas Barron; 4/27/2018 2 has a profound, and rather severe, effect on plant species globally, but especially in extremely delicate regions of the world, such as the Indonesian islands. Nepenthes are (typically) vining carnivorous plants that are native to the Indonesian islands, Madagascar, India, and the Philippines. They have evolved cup – shaped leaves in order to attract, trap, and drown insects. There are currently (as of April Nepenthes Platychilla x Veitchii 2018), there are 172 descried species, and 2 undescribed species. These plants grow in a variety of conditions, from ultra – lowland; (0 – 500m, Day: 85-95° / Night: 70-75° F,) lowland; (500 – 1000m, Day: 80-90° / Night: 65-70° F), intermediate; (1000 - 1500m, Day: 75-85° / Night: 55-65° F), highland (1500 - 2000m Day: 70-80° / Night: 50-60° F), and ultra – highland (2000m +, Day: 65-75° / Night: 45-55° F). (-Smith). About 75% of all Nepenthes species are in the intermediate category or higher. Almost every single species produces both lower and upper pitchers. These are pitchers produced at different times of the plants vining stage. Lower pitchers are formed when the plant is young, or when the basal shoots are young. They are usually larger, very colorful, have ‘wings’, or guiding rails that point insects towards the pitcher entrance, and have the tendril attached from the front or the Lower pitchers have evolved to attract larger, ground Forming upper pitchers of Nepenthes Sibuyanensis x Flava. Tendril attachment is at the back, curled up dwelling insects. Upper pitchers formed when the plant starts to vine and climb. They are usually smaller, less colorful, more ‘wine glass shaped, have no ‘wings’, and have the tendril attached to the back. Since they are usually formed in the air, they have evolved to attract smaller, flying insects. The tendril on the upper pitchers on the majority of Nepenthes species is capable of wrapping itself around branches. Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change On Nepenthes Lucas Barron; 4/27/2018 3 This helps the plant climb further into the canopy. A few select species are exceptions, as they either don’t form upper pitchers at all (or very rarely), or produce larger, more colorful upper pitchers. There are several Nepenthes Playchila upper pitcher categories that most species fit into, and each category is unique. Many Nepenthes can be loosely put into groups, known as complexes. Plants that share similar traits are placed into these ‘complexes.’ For example, Nepenthes species that are closely related to Nepenthes Maxima are placed in the ‘Maxima Complex’. Species that are in that complex are as follows: Nepenthes Boschiana, Nepenthes Caniana, Nepenthes Epiphytica, Nepenthes Eymae, Nepenthes Faizaliana, Nepenthes Fusca, Nepenthes Klossii, Nepenthes Maxima, Nepenthes Minima; Nepenthes Stenophylla, and Nepenthes Vogelii. All of these species share (somewhat) similar characteristics, not just in the pitcher morphology, but also in leaf structure, Nepenthes Jamban lower pitchers. The glossy inside is due to the sticky residue that this species uses to catch small flying insects Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change On Nepenthes Lucas Barron; 4/27/2018 4 tendril attachment and structure, attraction methods, and growing structure. The Nepenthaceae family of plants is a very diverse family of plants. With 172 described species, there is an absolutely immense amount of diversity. Even within the species, there are plants that have evolved completely different methods of attracting and attracting insects, and some even have a different method of killing captured prey. Many have evolved Nepenthes Vogelii upper pitchers in very unique situations, and one such example is a mutual symbiotic relationship. Nepenthes Lowii is infamous for its relationship with a particular species of tree shrews, Tupaia Montana. (-Clarke). Nepenthes Lowii’s pitchers produce large amounts of excaudate, which is a sugary, laxative substance that the tree shrew eats. (-Clarke). While it is doing so, it defecates in the pitcher, providing the nitrogen that the plant needs. (-Clarke).The shrew gets fed, and so does the plant. (-Clarke). The tree shrews are actually very territorial with the plants, and have been known to defend their own plants. Nepenthes Lowii has even been shown to ‘signal’ the tree shrews when it is producing exudate. (-Clarke). Currently, there are about 5 known species that have a mutual symbiotic relationships. Nepenthes Rajah, and Nepenthes Macrophylla (a species that coexists with Nepenthes Lowii). (- Walker/Clarke). Both also have symbiotic relationship with Tupaia Montana, despite drastically differing pitcher morphology. (-Walker/Clarke). However despite the differing Nepenthes Lowii upper pitchers Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change On Nepenthes Lucas Barron; 4/27/2018 5 pitcher morphology, they all serve similar purposes. Nepenthes Macrophylla peristome (Nepenthes Lowii’s upper pitchers are not designed to capture insects, however both the lower and upper pitchers of Nepenthes Rajah and Nepenthes Macrophylla.) (- Walker/Clarke). However, their rarity and uniqueness has led to an unprecedented poaching problem. Currently, poaching is currently the second biggest threat to the Nepenthaceae family. “One example is Nepenthes Attenboroughii -.”; “Since its discovery (Stewart McPherson; 2007), the wild populations have suffered severely from excessive seed collection every year, pushing this species to the IUCN status of ‘critically endangered.’ (-Harrie). Nepenthes are Nepenthes Lingulata upper pitchers extremely valuable in foreign markets, and collectors will pay obscene amounts of money for large specimen plants, which were pulled from the wild. (-Harrie). The advent of the internet has had an overall negative effect. (-Eliya). Poachers are now finding costumers through online auction sites and plant forums. (-Eliya). Unfortunately, the local people are seeing immense value of selling these plants, and some rely entirely on them for profit. (-Eliya). They are completely destroying the natural populations for the enormous profits from plant collectors around the world. (-Eliya). Although the poaching has slowed down some, they have almost driven some Nepenthes species to the brink of extinction in the Close up of the linguate of Nepenthes Lingulata Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change On Nepenthes Lucas Barron; 4/27/2018 6 Nepenthes Jacquelineae wild, such as Nepenthes Attenboroughii and Nepenthes Aristolochioides. (-Harrie/McPherson). Nepenthes Attenboroughii is a critically endangered species, and is currently only known to exist on one mountain the isolated summit of Mount Victoria, which is located in the Philippines. The entire species’ population is limited to an area estimated to be significantly less than 10km2. Unfortunately, due to the value of these plants, especially in the Taiwanese and Japanese’s markets, poaching has become this species single biggest threat. (-Harrie). Nepenthes Aristolochioides’ natural habitat is located within the Sebat National park, and there are three small (known) locations where it lives. Unfortunately, poachers have been poaching within the park itself, and have possibly already cleared one of the three locations. (-Brearley/McPherson) “This species is extremely close to extension (in the wild) due to rampant poaching.” (-McPherson). However, while it may not be possible to save Nepenthes species such as Nepenthes Attenboroughii and Nepenthes Aristolochioides in the wild, conservation is possible through cultivation. A company called Borneo Exotics specializes in the cloning and ‘mass production’ of Nepenthes through tissue culture. Borneo Exotics has had Nepenthes Aristolochioides in its tissue programs for many years now, and thanks to their efforts this Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change On Nepenthes Lucas Barron; 4/27/2018 7 plant
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Heart of Borneo HEART of BORNEO EXPEDITION ITINERARY Day 1: Meet in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
    Heart of Borneo HEART OF BORNEO EXPEDITION ITINERARY Day 1: Meet in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Overnight in a hotel and expedition brief at Malaysian Borneo dinner in a local restaurant. An expedition to see pitcher plants, orchids, orangutans, proboscis monkeys, caves & pinnacles Day 2: Early flight to Tawau, Overland transfer in 4×4 to the Maliau Basin (approximately 5-6 hours). Arrive at Agathis Camp in the afternoon. Explore Agathis Camp nature trail. After dinner (if weather permits) we go for a night safari in search of nocturnal animals (past groups have seen elephants, barking This intrepid jungle adventure takes you well off the tourist trail to Borneo’s ‘lost world’ – the Maliau deer, mouse deer and clouded leopards). Basin, a seldom visited, massive crater-like refuge that harbours one of Borneo’s last great tracts of pristine Day 3: After a hearty breakfast, we start a 7km trek through the rainforest to Camel Trophy Camp wilderness that is home to Bornean elephants, rhinos, clouded leopards, barking deer, mouse deer, gigantic (approximately 6 hours). This is the hardest day of trekking in Maliau. Along the way, we pass through trees, enormous waterfalls, pristine cloud forest, a plethora of orchid species, spectacular carnivorous pitcher lush forest that is home to ferns, orchids and pitcher plants. After arriving at camp, we have the option of plants (tree-hugging, climbing Nepenthes veitchii, as well as N. ampullaria, N. hirsuta, N. reinwardtiana and trekking to see two beautiful waterfalls: Giluk Falls and the spectacular Takob Akob Falls (in which we N. stenophylla), a rare species of Rafflesia and some of the most spectacular scenery Borneo has to offer.
    [Show full text]
  • Availability List
    PO Box 2 Thalawathugoda Sri Lanka tel: +94 71 8733 260 / +94 71 8733 262 [email protected] Availability List 10 Feb 2016 Updated Time : 08:28 PM How to Use this List This list shows what varieties are currently available and at which sizes. It’s linked real-time to our database and is updated very frequently. If an item is listed here, it’s available for our Distributors to order but they may not necessarily have that item in stock right now. If you see something you’re interested in purchasing through your favoured Distributor, you can ask them to obtain it for you. Price Categories The price categories are broadly as follows: A = inexpensive items, usually in good supply and also easy to grow. B = medium priced items, either quite rare and new or sometimes less easy to grow/produce. C = high prices items, usually new introductions currently in very short supply, and/or difficult to grow/produce. The actual prices charged by individual Distributors are likely to follow the general categories above but they are not bound by any obligations on pricing and if you wish to judge whether the price charged by a Distributor for a particular item is fair, the best way may be to compare prices between them. In countries with several Distributors, they are in competition with one another. It’s worth bearing in mind that price may not be the only factor to consider in choosing which Distributor to order from. Each Distributor receives exactly the same standard of produce from us but their costs of sale may vary a great deal depending upon how they handle the plants after receiving them.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Halmahera, Indonesia
    Blumea 59, 2015: 215–225 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/000651915X689091 Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) of Halmahera, Indonesia M. Cheek1 Key words Abstract Two new paniculate species of Nepenthes, N. halmahera and N. weda, both allied to N. danseri Jebb & Cheek, are described respectively from lowland and lower montane forest on ultramafic substrate. Nepenthes weda character state appears to be unique in the genus due to the adaxial tepal surfaces which in the distal portion are hairy and lack critically endangered nectar glands. This species is also unique among paniculate members of the genus in its forward-facing, concave mining subapical lid appendage. Both species are currently only known from the Weda Bay Nickel Project concession area ultramafic in Halmahera, Indonesia, and are assessed as Critically Endangered using the 2012 IUCN standard. Two character Weda Bay Nickel Project states are formally described and named for the first time in Nepenthes: nanophyll rosettes and multiseriate fringed pitcher wings. Stage-related heteromorphy in lid appendages is documented for the first time in the genus. Keys to the species of Nepenthes of Halmahera, and to the paniculate species of SE Asia are presented. Published on 13 August 2015 INTRODUCTION the basal grade of the genus, in the west (Jebb & Cheek 1997, Mullins & Jebb 2009). Halmahera, is the largest island in Indonesia’s Maluku Province Until 1997, just two species were known from Maluku, Nepen- (formerly Moluccas) after Seram. The islands of Maluku are thes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce the most globally widespread spe- situated between Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) to the west, and cies (from Indo-China to N Australia), and N.
    [Show full text]
  • Recircumscription of the Nepenthes Alata Group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with Four New Species
    European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1-23 ISSN 2118-9773 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2013.69 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2013 · Martin Cheek & Matthew Jebb This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Research article Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species Martin CHEEK1 & Matthew JEBB2 1 Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, U.K. Email: [email protected] (corresponding author) 2 National Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland Email: [email protected] Abstract. An overview of Nepenthes in the Philippines is presented. Four new species, Nepenthes extincta sp. nov., N. kitanglad sp. nov., N. kurata sp. nov. and N. leyte sp. nov. are described and illustrated from the Philippines and placed in the Nepenthes alata group. An updated circumscription and key to the species of the group is provided. Delimitation and comparison with the Regiae group is given. All four of the newly described species are assessed as threatened using the International Union for the Conservation of Nature 2012 standard, and one, N. extincta sp. nov. is considered likely to be already extinct due to open-cast mining. Logging and conversion of forest habitat are thought to be the main threats to the other three species. Key words. Conservation, Nepenthes alata group, Mindanao, threatened, ultramafic. Cheek M. & Jebb M. 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ ejt.2013.69 Introduction This paper forms part of studies towards a World Monograph of Nepenthes L.
    [Show full text]
  • Pricelist March 2019
    PRICELIST MARCH 2019 About us. Passionate about carnivorous plants from a young age, Scotland Carnivorous Plants was established in 2014 by myself, Oliver Murray. At Scotland Carnivorous Plants we specialise in the sale of the highest quality potted nepenthes. We strive for excellence and precision in every detail from plant health to customer service and packaging. We are one of the largest Borneo Exotics distributors in Europe, Importing since 2015. Please share my passion for nepenthes with me and do not hesitate to contact me, I am always willing to chat anything carnivorous plants! Please have a look at the reviews on our eBay page, we are sure you will not be disappointed. Ordering from us Here are some quick details about ordering from us… o All plants are sent potted unless otherwise stated. o Plants are wrapped in the highest quality materials protected for winter, with thermally insulated packaging - heatpacks available. o All plants are sent with appropriate plant passport documentation. o Guaranteed safe arrival and the highest quality. (Europe only!). o Please contact us, to place your order. o Photos of plants provided on request. o TRADES welcome: I am always happy to trade, contact me. o Photos on this pricelist are largely supplied from Borneo exotics and give an indication of what plants will grow to look like. o Pre-orders, we offer plants due to arrive in out next shipment (end of April/early May), these can be sent to you the day we receive them, or we can acclimate free of charge. o Payment is with PayPal (3.5% of total bill service charge).
    [Show full text]
  • Testing Darwin's Hypothesis About The
    vol. 193, no. 2 the american naturalist february 2019 Natural History Note Testing Darwin’s Hypothesis about the Wonderful Venus Flytrap: Marginal Spikes Form a “Horrid q1 Prison” for Moderate-Sized Insect Prey Alexander L. Davis,1 Matthew H. Babb,1 Matthew C. Lowe,1 Adam T. Yeh,1 Brandon T. Lee,1 and Christopher H. Martin1,2,* 1. Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; 2. Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Submitted May 8, 2018; Accepted September 24, 2018; Electronically published Month XX, 2018 Dryad data: https://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h8401kn. abstract: Botanical carnivory is a novel feeding strategy associated providing new ecological opportunities (Wainwright et al. with numerous physiological and morphological adaptations. How- 2012; Maia et al. 2013; Martin and Wainwright 2013; Stroud ever, the benefits of these novel carnivorous traits are rarely tested. and Losos 2016). Despite the importance of these traits, our We used field observations, lab experiments, and a seminatural ex- understanding of the adaptive value of novel structures is of- periment to test prey capture function of the marginal spikes on snap ten assumed and rarely directly tested. Frequently, this is be- traps of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). Our field and labora- cause it is difficult or impossible to manipulate the trait with- fi tory results suggested inef cient capture success: fewer than one in four out impairing organismal function in an unintended way; prey encounters led to prey capture. Removing the marginal spikes de- creased the rate of prey capture success for moderate-sized cricket prey however, many carnivorous plant traits do not present this by 90%, but this effect disappeared for larger prey.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthesis Volume 10: 2014 -2015 Botany: an Interdisciplinary Science
    Anthesis Volume 10: 2014 -2015 Botany: An Interdisciplinary Science Annual Publication of Gargi College Botanical Society Department of Botany Gargi College, Siri Fort Road New Delhi-110049 1 Anthesis Volume 10: 2014-2015 Special Focus: Botany: An Interdisciplinary Science Department of Botany Gargi College, Siri Fort Road New Delhi-110049 Cover Page Design: Leena Arora 2 Anthesis Volume 10: 2014-2015 Special Focus: Botany: An Interdisciplinary Science Contents All the topics listed below have been hyper-linked to the corresponding articles. Click on the topics to read the article. You can come back to the contents page by clicking on the link at the end of every article. Page S.No. Topic No. 1. From the Principal’s Desk 5 2. From the Editor’s Desk 6 Articles 3. Diamonds in My Backyard 8 4. Chemistry of Plant Life: At a Glance 11 5. Flashlight on Facts: Plant Nomenclature 15 6. What’s in a Name? 20 7. Wonders of Nature: Look alikes 23 8. Forensic Botany: Plant Detectives 28 9. Virus Induced Gene Silencing 32 Some Interesting Trees 10. 41 Dendrology: The Wood Science 11. 44 12. Gymnosperms: Treasure Trove of Medicines 48 13. Ayurveda: As Relevant Now 51 The Mushroom Story 14. 53 15. Agriculture Redefined 56 16. The Ficus Siblings 58 17. Student Research Projects 61 18. My Introduction to Floral World 64 3 19. Flamboyant Miracles: Blooms 69 20. Career Options in Horticulture 73 Students’ Opinion 21. Will I Be Educated? 76 22. Being A Botanist 78 23. Go Break Those Boundaries!!! 81 24. Famous Plant: Lavender 82 25.
    [Show full text]
  • Carnivorous Plant Newsletter of Australia
    Volume 6 September, 1980. Registered as a Publication, Category B. Page 6 CPNA Page 1 EDITORS, : : : : KEN HATLEY. SUSAN HATLEY. CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESSED TO : C.P.N.A. Wandena Rd, B~allsbrook East. West Australia. 6084. Published Quarterly by C.P.N.A. Subscriptions $6-OO Annually. Back copies issued to late subscribers. ........................................................................... FROM THE EDITORS. We would like to start this issue with an apology for its late arrival to you. Unfortunately, we experienced an unexpected delay in the arrival of replacment parts for the copying equipment. The good news this issue is of course that spring is upon us again, and with it the regrowth of our dormant varieties ready to come forward and show off their beauty for yet another year. The response for articles for the newsletter is dissappointing to say the least. There is enough experienced c.p. growers in Australia capable of contributing write-ups to ensure the success of the CPNA for many years to come, but if the lack of interest continues the newsletter is doomed to failure. To put it bluntly, if you want your newsletter to continue then get behind it and give it your support. Good Growing, Editors. ........................................................................... ........................................................................... FRONT COVER - DROSERA GLANDULIGERA, HABITAT WEST AUSTRALIA. Vol 6 CPNA Page 2 C.P. LETTERBOX. Received a letter from Mrs I.D. Anderson of 23 Harrow St, Launceston, Tasmania 7250 asking of other members in Tasmania. As we don't now publish a list of subscribers we leave it to any member in her area to drop a line and swap C.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepenthes Argentii Philippines, N. Aristo
    BLUMEA 42 (1997) 1-106 A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) Matthew Jebb & Martin Chee k Summary A skeletal world revision of the genus is presented to accompany a family account forFlora Malesi- ana. 82 species are recognised, of which 74 occur in the Malesiana region. Six species are described is raised from and five restored from as new, one species infraspecific status, species are synonymy. Many names are typified for the first time. Three widespread, or locally abundant hybrids are also included. Full descriptions are given for new (6) or recircumscribed (7) species, and emended descrip- Critical for all the Little tions of species are given where necessary (9). notes are given species. known and excluded species are discussed. An index to all published species names and an index of exsiccatae is given. Introduction Macfarlane A world revision of Nepenthes was last undertaken by (1908), and a re- Malesiana the gional revision forthe Flora area (excluding Philippines) was completed of this is to a skeletal revision, cover- by Danser (1928). The purpose paper provide issues which would be in the ing relating to Nepenthes taxonomy inappropriate text of Flora Malesiana.For the majority of species, only the original citation and that in Danser (1928) and laterpublications is given, since Danser's (1928) work provides a thorough and accurate reference to all earlier literature. 74 species are recognised in the region, and three naturally occurring hybrids are also covered for the Flora account. The hybrids N. x hookeriana Lindl. and N. x tri- chocarpa Miq. are found in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo, although rare within populations, their widespread distribution necessitates their inclusion in the and other and with the of Flora.
    [Show full text]
  • Carnivorous Plant Newsletter Vol 48, No 2, June 2019
    Byblis in cultivation in the tropics and in temperate climates Gregory Allan • Birmingham • United Kingdom • [email protected] Cindy Chiang • Singapore • [email protected] This article has been written based mostly on the authors’ experiences in growing Byblis in the UK and in Singapore. It is hoped that growers in regions with different climates will be able to extrapo- late from the information provided here, adjusting the methods described below to suit their own growing conditions. Hopefully much of the information provided here is universal in its application. Introduction If any genus of carnivorous plants deserves to be better known, both by horticulturalists and botanists, it is Byblis. The common name (ironically rarely used by enthusiasts) for the genus is “rainbow plants”, on account of the prismatic effect that can be produced when the sun shines on their copiously-produced sticky glands. All species follow a basic morphological plan: they have a central stem from which radiate numerous filiform leaves and scapes with showy flowers that typi- cally have purple petals (although white forms of most species are known) and vivid yellow anthers. Virtually all parts of the plants are covered in mucilage-tipped stalked glands (colloquially referred to as “tentacles”), which efficiently capture small insects, as well as microscopic sessile digestive glands. Another interesting characteristic of the genus is the presence of pulvini in most, if not all, species. Pulvini are swellings at the base of pedicels which, usually after successful pollination, uti- lize hydraulics to bend the pedicel, and consequently the developing fruit, downwards towards the ground. This phenomenon was discovered by Brian Barnes in the early 21st century.
    [Show full text]
  • South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae)
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) Lendel, Anita Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-93287 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Lendel, Anita. South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae). 2013, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) _________________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr.sc.nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Anita Lendel aus Kroatien Promotionskomitee: Prof. Dr. H. Peter Linder (Vorsitz) PD. Dr. Reto Nyffeler Prof. Dr. Elena Conti Zürich, 2013 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 1. Phylogenetics and taxonomy of the tribe Cereeae s.l., with particular focus 15 on the subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae – Cactoideae) Chapter 2. Floral evolution in the South American tribe Cereeae s.l. (Cactaceae: 53 Cactoideae): Pollination syndromes in a comparative phylogenetic context Chapter 3. Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world’s major succulent 86 plant lineages Chapter 4. Tackling the molecular dating paradox: underestimated pitfalls and best 121 strategies when fossils are scarce Outlook and Future Research 207 Curriculum Vitae 209 Summary 211 Zusammenfassung 213 Acknowledgments I really believe that no one can go through the process of doing a PhD and come out without being changed at a very profound level.
    [Show full text]
  • Mount Kinabalu-Abotanist'sview Rhododendron Volume 35,No.2,Spring1981 Dr
    Mount Kinabalu - a Botanist's View Dr. L. K. Wade from the Journal of the American Rhododendron Society Volume 35, No.2, Spring 1981 Ever since a mid-1960's fifteen month sojourn at 11,600 in the Pindaunde Valley of New Guinea's 14,793' Mt. Wilhelm, I have cherished am ambition to visit Borneo's Mt. Kinabalu, at 13,455' the highest mountain between New Guinea and the Himalayas. The two great peaks have much in common, their height and great physical mass, their locations on very large tropical islands near or on the equator, their almost unbelievably rich floras, in both cases derived from both Asian and Australian origins, and of perhaps greatest interest here, their rhododendron floras. Although the islands Borneo and New Guinea are separated by about 800 miles of island-studded sea, both are part of the botanical province of Malesia, which consists, in contrast to the political entity of Malaysia, the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, and New Guinea with its associated islands. Perhaps nowhere else on earth does such a mixture of www.vireya.net plant genera of northern temperate, southern temperate, and tropical affinities occur as on the high mountains of this great botanical province, making these mountains objects of unequalled biogeographical interest. One of the prominent genera of distinctly Asian origin found in the mountains throughout Malesia is of course Rhododendron, which, according to Sleumer, numbers in this region some 280 species. All but five of these belong to the lepidote section Vireya, which interestingly enough has only two species outside Malesia.
    [Show full text]