Tumbuhan Langka Indonesia
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Heart of Borneo HEART of BORNEO EXPEDITION ITINERARY Day 1: Meet in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Heart of Borneo HEART OF BORNEO EXPEDITION ITINERARY Day 1: Meet in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Overnight in a hotel and expedition brief at Malaysian Borneo dinner in a local restaurant. An expedition to see pitcher plants, orchids, orangutans, proboscis monkeys, caves & pinnacles Day 2: Early flight to Tawau, Overland transfer in 4×4 to the Maliau Basin (approximately 5-6 hours). Arrive at Agathis Camp in the afternoon. Explore Agathis Camp nature trail. After dinner (if weather permits) we go for a night safari in search of nocturnal animals (past groups have seen elephants, barking This intrepid jungle adventure takes you well off the tourist trail to Borneo’s ‘lost world’ – the Maliau deer, mouse deer and clouded leopards). Basin, a seldom visited, massive crater-like refuge that harbours one of Borneo’s last great tracts of pristine Day 3: After a hearty breakfast, we start a 7km trek through the rainforest to Camel Trophy Camp wilderness that is home to Bornean elephants, rhinos, clouded leopards, barking deer, mouse deer, gigantic (approximately 6 hours). This is the hardest day of trekking in Maliau. Along the way, we pass through trees, enormous waterfalls, pristine cloud forest, a plethora of orchid species, spectacular carnivorous pitcher lush forest that is home to ferns, orchids and pitcher plants. After arriving at camp, we have the option of plants (tree-hugging, climbing Nepenthes veitchii, as well as N. ampullaria, N. hirsuta, N. reinwardtiana and trekking to see two beautiful waterfalls: Giluk Falls and the spectacular Takob Akob Falls (in which we N. stenophylla), a rare species of Rafflesia and some of the most spectacular scenery Borneo has to offer. -
Availability List
PO Box 2 Thalawathugoda Sri Lanka tel: +94 71 8733 260 / +94 71 8733 262 [email protected] Availability List 10 Feb 2016 Updated Time : 08:28 PM How to Use this List This list shows what varieties are currently available and at which sizes. It’s linked real-time to our database and is updated very frequently. If an item is listed here, it’s available for our Distributors to order but they may not necessarily have that item in stock right now. If you see something you’re interested in purchasing through your favoured Distributor, you can ask them to obtain it for you. Price Categories The price categories are broadly as follows: A = inexpensive items, usually in good supply and also easy to grow. B = medium priced items, either quite rare and new or sometimes less easy to grow/produce. C = high prices items, usually new introductions currently in very short supply, and/or difficult to grow/produce. The actual prices charged by individual Distributors are likely to follow the general categories above but they are not bound by any obligations on pricing and if you wish to judge whether the price charged by a Distributor for a particular item is fair, the best way may be to compare prices between them. In countries with several Distributors, they are in competition with one another. It’s worth bearing in mind that price may not be the only factor to consider in choosing which Distributor to order from. Each Distributor receives exactly the same standard of produce from us but their costs of sale may vary a great deal depending upon how they handle the plants after receiving them. -
Ecological Correlates of the Evolution of Pitcher Traits in the Genus Nepenthes (Caryophyllales)
applyparastyle "body/p[1]" parastyle "Text_First" Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2018, 123, 321–337. With 5 figures. Keeping an eye on coloration: ecological correlates of the evolution of pitcher traits in the genus Nepenthes (Caryophyllales) KADEEM J. GILBERT1*, JOEL H. NITTA1†, GERARD TALAVERA1,2 and NAOMI E. PIERCE1 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 2Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain †Current address: Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan Received 20 August 2017; revised 10 November 2017; accepted for publication 10 November 2017 Nepenthes is a genus of carnivorous pitcher plants with high intra- and interspecific morphological diversity. Many species produce dimorphic pitchers, and the relative production rate of the two morphs varies interspecifically. Despite their probable ecological importance to the plants, little is known about the selective context under which various pitcher traits have evolved. This is especially true of colour-related traits, which have not been examined in a phylogenetic context. Using field observations of one polymorphic species (N. gracilis) and comparative phylogenetic analysis of 85 species across the genus, we investigate correlations between colour polymorphism and ecological factors including altitude, light environment and herbivory. In N. gracilis, colour does not correlate with amount of prey captured, but red pitchers experience less herbivory. Throughout the genus, colour polymorphism with redder lower pitchers appears to be evolutionarily favoured. We found a lack of phylogenetic signal for most traits, either suggesting that most traits are labile or reflecting the uncertainty regarding the underlying tree topology. -
Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change on Nepenthes
Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change On Nepenthes Lucas Barron 4/27/19 Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change On Nepenthes Lucas Barron; 4/27/2018 1 Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change On Nepenthes When Dominick Gravine, and avid Nepenthes collector and seller, visited Borneo in March of 2013 to trek up the slopes of mount Trusmadi, he not only saw the endangered Nepenthes species that inhabit the misty slopes, but also the effects of the rapid urbanization of the local villages. He saw ‘palm oil plantations as far as the eye Dominick Gravine and his collection of Nepenthes can see.’ (-Gravine). “Palm oil plantations completely clear the land of its natural biodiversity.’ (-Gravine). “While in the local villages, I was offered many plants which were obviously taken from the wild. The locals see these plants as a source of money. The over collect and sell them to collectors.” (-Gravine) While climbing the mountains, he saw many seed stalks cut of many plants from people along the trails, which has a large impact on these plants’ ability to reproduce. Habitat destruction and excessive poaching is having a severe Nepenthes Veitchii 'Candy Dreams'; created by Dominick Gravine effect on plant species not only in places like Borneo, but also worldwide. Although many people deny human caused endangerment of plant species due to excessive poaching, reckless destruction of habitats globally, and climate change, Effects of Poaching, Habitat Destruction, and Climate Change On Nepenthes Lucas Barron; 4/27/2018 2 has a profound, and rather severe, effect on plant species globally, but especially in extremely delicate regions of the world, such as the Indonesian islands. -
Nepenthes Argentii Philippines, N. Aristo
BLUMEA 42 (1997) 1-106 A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) Matthew Jebb & Martin Chee k Summary A skeletal world revision of the genus is presented to accompany a family account forFlora Malesi- ana. 82 species are recognised, of which 74 occur in the Malesiana region. Six species are described is raised from and five restored from as new, one species infraspecific status, species are synonymy. Many names are typified for the first time. Three widespread, or locally abundant hybrids are also included. Full descriptions are given for new (6) or recircumscribed (7) species, and emended descrip- Critical for all the Little tions of species are given where necessary (9). notes are given species. known and excluded species are discussed. An index to all published species names and an index of exsiccatae is given. Introduction Macfarlane A world revision of Nepenthes was last undertaken by (1908), and a re- Malesiana the gional revision forthe Flora area (excluding Philippines) was completed of this is to a skeletal revision, cover- by Danser (1928). The purpose paper provide issues which would be in the ing relating to Nepenthes taxonomy inappropriate text of Flora Malesiana.For the majority of species, only the original citation and that in Danser (1928) and laterpublications is given, since Danser's (1928) work provides a thorough and accurate reference to all earlier literature. 74 species are recognised in the region, and three naturally occurring hybrids are also covered for the Flora account. The hybrids N. x hookeriana Lindl. and N. x tri- chocarpa Miq. are found in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo, although rare within populations, their widespread distribution necessitates their inclusion in the and other and with the of Flora. -
A Carnivorous Plant Fed by Its Ant Symbiont: a Unique Multi-Faceted Nutritional Mutualism Vincent Bazile, Jonathan A
A Carnivorous Plant Fed by Its Ant Symbiont: A Unique Multi-Faceted Nutritional Mutualism Vincent Bazile, Jonathan A. Moran, Gilles Le Moguedec, David J. Marshall, Laurence Gaume To cite this version: Vincent Bazile, Jonathan A. Moran, Gilles Le Moguedec, David J. Marshall, Laurence Gaume. A Carnivorous Plant Fed by Its Ant Symbiont: A Unique Multi-Faceted Nutritional Mutualism. PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2012, 7 (3), pp.e36179. 10.1371/journal.pone.0036179. halsde- 00700037 HAL Id: halsde-00700037 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00700037 Submitted on 29 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. A Carnivorous Plant Fed by Its Ant Symbiont: A Unique Multi-Faceted Nutritional Mutualism Vincent Bazile1*, Jonathan A. Moran4, Gilles Le Mogue´dec1,2, David J. Marshall5, Laurence Gaume1,3 1 Universite´ Montpellier II, UMR AMAP: Botanique et bioinformatique de l’architecture des plantes, Montpellier, France, 2 INRA, UMR AMAP: Botanique et bioinformatique de l’architecture des plantes, Montpellier, France, 3 CNRS, UMR AMAP: Botanique et bioinformatique de l’architecture des plantes, Montpellier, France, 4 School of Environment and Sustainability, Royal Roads University, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 5 Biology Department, University of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam Abstract Scarcity of essential nutrients has led plants to evolve alternative nutritional strategies, such as myrmecotrophy (ant-waste- derived nutrition) and carnivory (invertebrate predation). -
Agribisnis Tanaman Perkebunan Dan Kehutanan
Buku Teks Bahan Ajar Siswa Paket Keahlian : Agribisnis Tanaman Perkebunan dan Kehutanan Agribisnis Tanaman Perkebunan dan Kehutanan Kelas X Semester 1 Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah KejuruanKementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia KATA PENGANTAR Kurikulum 2013 dirancang untuk memperkuat kompetensi siswa dari sisi sikap, pengetahuan dan keterampilan secara utuh. Keutuhan tersebut menjadi dasar dalam perumusan kompetensi dasar tiap mata pelajaran mencakup kompetensi dasar kelompok sikap, kompetensi dasar kelompok pengetahuan, dan kompetensi dasar kelompok keterampilan. Semua mata pelajaran dirancang mengikuti rumusan tersebut. Pembelajaran kelas X dan XI jenjang Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruhan yang disajikan dalam buku ini juga tunduk pada ketentuan tersebut. Buku siswa ini diberisi materi pembelajaran yang membekali peserta didik dengan pengetahuan, keterapilan dalam menyajikan pengetahuan yang dikuasai secara kongkrit dan abstrak, dan sikap sebagai makhluk yang mensyukuri anugerah alam semesta yang dikaruniakan kepadanya melalui pemanfaatan yang bertanggung jawab. Buku ini menjabarkan usaha minimal yang harus dilakukan siswa untuk mencapai kompetensi yang diharuskan. Sesuai dengan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam kurikulum 2013, siswa diberanikan untuk mencari dari sumber belajar lain yang tersedia dan terbentang luas di sekitarnya. Peran guru sangat penting untuk meningkatkan dan menyesuaikan daya serp siswa dengan ketersediaan kegiatan buku ini. Guru dapat memperkayanya dengan kreasi dalam bentuk kegiatan-kegiatan lain yang sesuai dan relevan yang bersumber dari lingkungan sosial dan alam. Buku ini sangat terbuka dan terus dilakukan perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Untuk itu, kami mengundang para pembaca memberikan kritik, saran, dan masukan untuk perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Atas kontribusi tersebut, kami ucapkan terima kasih. Mudah-mudahan kita dapat memberikan yang terbaik bagi kemajuan dunia pendidikan dalam rangka mempersiapkan generasi seratus tahun Indonesia Merdeka (2045). -
Prey Capture Patterns in Nepenthes Species and Natural Hybrids – Are the Pitchers of Hybrids As Effective at Trapping Prey As Those of Their Parents?
Technical Refereed Contribution Prey capture patterns in Nepenthes species and natural hybrids – are the pitchers of hybrids as effective at trapping prey as those of their parents? Heon Sui Peng • Charles Clarke • School of Science • Monash University Malaysia • Jalan Lagoon Selatan • 46150 Bandar Sunway • Selangor • Malaysia • [email protected] Keywords: Nepenthes, natural hybrids, prey capture, arthropods, trap structure. Introduction The carnivorous pitcher plant genus Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) is thought to comprise more than 120 species, with a geographical range that extends from Madagascar and the Seychelles in the west, through Southeast Asia to New Caledonia in the east (Cheek & Jebb 2001; Chin et al. 2014). There are three foci of diversity – Borneo, Sumatra, and the Philippines – which account for more than 75% of all known species (Moran et al. 2013). The pitchers of Nepenthes have three main components – the pitcher cup, the peristome (a collar-like band of lignified tissue that lines the pitcher mouth), and the lid (Fig. 1A-G). In most species, the lid is broad and flat and overhangs the mouth (Fig. 1B-D), but in some specialized species it is small and oriented away from the mouth (Fig. 1A,E). The inner walls of the pitcher cup may be divided into two discrete zones – a lower “digestive” zone in which the pitcher walls lack a waxy cuticle and are lined with digestive glands; and an upper “conductive” zone, which lacks digestive glands but is covered by a complex array of wax crystals (Juniper et al. 1989; Bonhomme et al. 2011). Insects that make their way onto the conductive surface often lose their footing and fall into the digestive zone, which contains a viscoelastic fluid that facilitates the retention and drowning of prey. -
Flora Malesiana Nepenthaceae
Flora Malesiana Series I - Seed Plants Volume 15 - 2001 Nepenthaceae Martin Cheek & Matthew Jebb ISBN 90-71236-49-8 All rights reserved © 2001 FoundationFlora Malesiana No the this be in part of material protected by copyright notice may reproduced or utilized any electronic form or by any means, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any and retrieval without written the information storage system, permission from copyright owner. Abstract Flora Malesiana. Series I, Volume 15 (2001) iv + 1—157, published by the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden branch, The Netherlands, under the aus- pices of FoundationFlora Malesiana. ISBN 90-71236-49-8 for i.e. the Contains the taxonomicrevision ofone family, Nepenthaceae, Malesia, area covering the countries Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, the Philip- pines, and Papua New Guinea. Martin Cheek & Matthew Jebb, Nepenthaceae, pp. 1—157*. A palaeotropical family of lianas, shrubs and herbs, with a single genus, Nepenthes. three There are 83 species of the family in the Malesian area, including nothospecies and one little known species. Most of the species are cultivated and traded across the value. in world as ornamental plants with curiosity Locally Malesia, some species are used for cooking specialist rice dishes, for medicinal uses or for making rope. habitat and ecol- The introductory part consists of chapters on distribution, fossils, ogy, reproductive biology, morphology and anatomy, pitcher function, cytotaxonomy, and characters. conservation, taxonomy, uses, collecting notes, spot Regional keys to the species are given. These are based largely on vegetative charac- ters. distribution, notes Foreach species full references, synonymy, descriptions, ecology, on diagnostic characters and relationships withother species are presented. -
Nepenthes Pitcher Plants Capture Prey with the Peristome, a Fully Wettable Water-Lubricated Anisotropic Surface
Insect aquaplaning: Nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface Holger F. Bohn and Walter Federle* Zoologie II, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Wu¨rzburg, Germany Communicated by Bert Ho¨lldobler, University of Wu¨rzburg, Wu¨rzburg, Germany, August 11, 2004 (received for review July 23, 2004) Pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes have highly specialized insects are trapped when they step on the waxy zone while leaves adapted to attract, capture, retain, and digest arthropod visiting the nectaries on the inner side of the pitcher rim prey. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the capture of (peristome) (e.g., refs. 2, 5, 7). The waxy zone of Nepenthes insects, ranging from slippery epicuticular wax crystals to down- pitchers is characterized by platelet-shaped aldehyde crystals ward-pointing lunate cells and alkaloid secretions that anesthetize protruding perpendicularly from the surface (9). These platelets insects. Here we report that perhaps the most important capture not only detach and contaminate the surface of insect adhesive mechanism has thus far remained overlooked. It is based on special pads but also appear to interact with the insect’s adhesive surface properties of the pitcher rim (peristome) and insect ‘‘aqua- secretion to form an amorphous substance that impedes attach- planing.’’ The peristome is characterized by a regular microstruc- ment (10). ture with radial ridges of smooth overlapping epidermal cells, However, the consensus about the waxy zone as the principal which form a series of steps toward the pitcher inside. This surface trapping mechanism in Nepenthes pitchers is impaired by the fact is completely wettable by nectar secreted at the inner margin of that in several Nepenthes species (e.g., Nepenthes ampullaria, the peristome and by rain water, so that homogenous liquid films Nepenthes bicalcarata, and Nepenthes ventricosa), the waxy zone cover the surface under humid weather conditions. -
The Plant-Ant Camponotus Schmitzi Helps Its Carnivorous Host-Plant Nepenthes Bicalcarata to Catch Its Prey
Journal of Tropical Ecology (2011) 27:15–24. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010 doi:10.1017/S0266467410000532 The plant-ant Camponotus schmitzi helps its carnivorous host-plant Nepenthes bicalcarata to catch its prey Vincent Bonhomme∗, Isabelle Gounand∗, Christine Alaux∗, Emmanuelle Jousselin†, Daniel Barthel´ emy´ ∗ and Laurence Gaume∗ ∗ Universite´ Montpellier II, CNRS, INRA, UMR AMAP: Botanique et Bioinformatique de l’Architecture des Plantes, CIRAD – TA A51/PS2 Boulevard de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France † INRA, UMR CBGP, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France (Accepted 24 August 2010) Abstract: The Bornean climber, Nepenthes bicalcarata, is unique among plants because it is both carnivorous and myrmecophytic, bearing pitcher-shaped leaves and the ant Camponotus schmitzi within tendrils. We explored, in the peat swamp forests of Brunei, the hypothesis that these ants contribute to plant nutrition by catching and digesting its prey.Wefirsttestedwhetherantsincreasedplant’scapturerate.Wefoundthatunlikemostplant-ants,C.schmitzidonot exhibit dissuasive leaf-patrolling behaviour (zero patrol on 67 pitchers of 10 plants) but lie concealed under pitcher rim (13 ± 6 ants per pitcher) allowing numerous insect visits. However, 47 out of 50 individuals of the largest visitor dropped into the pitchers of five plants were attacked by ants and the capture rate of the same pitchers deprived of their ambush hunting ants decreased three-fold. We then tested whether ants participated in plant’s digestion. We showed in a 15-d long experiment that ants fed on prey and returned it in pieces in seven out of eight pitchers. The 40 prey deposited in ant-deprived pitchers remained intact indicating a weak digestive power of the fluid confirmed to be only weakly acidic (pH ∼5, n = 67). -
Nepenthes Clipeata
Nepenthes clipeata Merciadri Luca [email protected] Abstract. Nepenthes clipeata is, according to [1], one of the most endangered species in the world. Few articles were written about it, and we here want to give a summary about its current situation. We finally give some growing tips which allowed the present author to make it grow. Keywords: Nepenthes clipeata, Nepenthes, endangered species. 1 Introduction The genus Nepenthes includes a number of species which are highly endangered because of habitat de- struction, fire and collection pressures. Probably no other Nepenthes species is as endangered as Nepenthes clipeata. We here give some complementary pieces of information about this plant. [1] 2 Background Nepenthes clipeata has a rich background. We here cite [1]. Prior to 1980, population stresses due to field collection were not significant because few people visited the remote cliff faces of Gunung Kelam. Subse- quently, collectors began to visit the mountain frequently and collect large numbers of plants through the 1980’s. Local guides, enlisted by tourists, became impressed by the plants and harvested specimens for their villages near the foot of the mountain. Such plants rapidly perished and were replaced by new, freshly gathered specimens. Despite these significants pressures, populations of this plant were small but stable as recently as 1990. [1] No plante were observed during a search for the species in 1993. As few as 15 plants may have remained in the wild by that date. [1] Conditions have changed since the last decade. Drought conditions in 1997–1998 resulted in significant plant mortality.