DOCSLIB.ORG

Department of History Why Lutheranism Failed in England

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

University of Newcastle upon Tyne Department of History The Lost Reformation Why Lutheranism Failed in England during the Reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy John Schofield, 2003 NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ---------------------------- 201 29626 4 ---------------------------- -1:: s\Q. \.. s ýs `iý"\\ Abstract This thesis examines the reasons why England became Reformed rather than Lutheran at the Reformation. When King Henry divorced his Catholic Queen, Catherine of Aragon, and defied the Roman See, Lutheranism seemed the natural religion for his realm. Henry authorised and supported dialogue with the Germans, hoping for a religious and political settlement, and the Lutheran message was winning English converts. Yet despite all this, both Henry and his son Edward rejected Lutheranism, though for widely different reasons. The thesis focuses on the religious beliefs and motives of Henry and his chief minister Thomas Cromwell, and studies the religious legislation of Henry's reign. It seeks to explain why, after an apparently promising start, Henry's Lutheran policy first stalled then suddenly collapsed. It also compares the English experience with that in Germany and Scandinavia, where Lutheranism succeeded. Finally it considers why the religious settlement of Edward VI, though owing much to Luther, was nonetheless decisively Reformed. Table of Contents Acknowledgements vi Terminology vii List of Abbreviations viii Introduction The Lutheran Question 1 The Theologian-King 7 Outline of the Thesis 10 Chapter 1: War and Peace Part 1: The Defender of the Faith Asserting the Seven Sacraments 15 Henry the Theologian 21 A Question of Authorship 27 Counterattack 35 Part 2: Divorce and Honeymoon The King's Great Matter 42 Thomas Cromwell: Lutheran Vice-Gerent 56 Points of Dispute 61 Chapter 2: The Six Articles Introduction 67 Part 1: The Three Disputed Points Communion in One Kind or Two 68 Private Masses 70 The Mass: Sacrificial Language in the Fathers 80 Private Masses: Summary 85 Clerical Celibacy 87 Matthew 19 91 1 Corinthians 7 94 1 Timothy 3 97 Summary 101 A Parting Shot 102 The King Awaits 104 Part 2: The Act and its Aftermath The Articles 110 Review: Henry the Theologian 120 Fallout 124 Not Yet the End 129 Chapter 3: Henry VIII and Justification by Faith Introduction 138 Penance and Repentance 139 Justification: Sola fides 145 Good Works are Necessary to Salvation 152 The Loci Communes, 1535 153 The New Obedience: A New Lutheranism? 155 The Ten Articles Reviewed 164 Justification in the Bishops' Book 167 Luther in Disguise 171 Review 177 Chapter 4: How have the Mighty Fallen Introduction 181 Part 1: Narrative A Lenten Controversy 186 The Calm and the Storm 194 Part 2: Analysis Cromwell's Treason 210 The French Connection 213 Attainted 216 Cromwell would `fight in the field' with his own sword 221 Supporting Heretical Preachers 223 Cromwell and the Sacramentaries: The Calais connection 224 The Divorce 230 Summary: Why Cromwell Fell 233 Nemesis 236 Chapter 5: The Ways of Providence Introduction 247 The Lutheran Heresy 247 The Reformation in Germany 253 The Reformation and the University of Wittenberg 255 The Reformation in Denmark, Schleswig and Holstein 259 The Reformation in Sweden 262 Denmark, Sweden and England Compared 266 Summary 270 iv A Queenly Faith 270 Chapter 6: The Edwardian Reformation Introduction 279 Images and Iconoclasts 280 The Eucharist 286 Cranmer's Conversion 289 The Faith of the Protector 294 A Last Chance Gone 297 Conclusion 299 Bibliography 306 V Acknowledgements I owe much to many I do not know personally, and in some cases have never even seen, whose writings and research have encouraged my own interest in the Reformation. In particular I should mention Professors A. G. Dickens, Diarmaid MacCulloch, and Eamon Duffy for the 'English Reformation', `Thomas Cranmer: A Life', and 'The Stripping of the Altars' respectively. I thank Newcastle University for admitting me as a post-graduate student to undertake this research. Thanks to my supervisor, Professor Euan Cameron, now in New York, for his indispensable advice, criticisms and help. His insight and immense knowledge impressed at every one of our progress meetings. Thanks to Margit for her friendship and interest - most of it from a distance, unfortunately, conveyed by email and telephone, due to circumstances beyond the control of either of us. vi Terminology Like most people who write about the Reformation, I have spent a disproportionate amount of time wondering how best to describe the main characters. I have tried to use `Lutheran' and `Reformed' in a confessionally correct way. 'Protestant' or 'Reformer' is a general umbrella term when confessional exactness is not required. Some might prefer 'evangelical' for this purpose, but words change their meaning over time, and `evangelical', in the sense that it is widely used today, is hardly a faithful description of Luther, Melanchthon, and Cranmer. For this reason, I have generally avoided this one. `Catholic' is used in a general sense, sometimes including the rebel King Henry VIII. Nothing derogatory is implied by 'Papist' or 'Papal ist'. VII List of Abbreviations AC Augsburg Confession ANF The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the writings of the Fathers down to A. D. 325, ed. A. Roberts & J. Donaldson, 10 vols. (Grand Rapids, 1951) Apology Philip Melanchthon's 'Apology of the Augsburg Confession' Assertion King Henry VIII: Assertion of the Seven Sacraments Against Martin Luther, (Heversham Tracts Vol. 5, Eng. trans. by T.W. Gent, London, 1687.) Assertion (Latin) Assertio septem sacramentorum adversus Martinum Lutherum ab Henrico Vlll, Angliae rege Leoni X. Pont. Max (Neapoli: apud Nicolaum Naso, 1728) BSLK Die Bekenntnisschriften der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche, herausgegeben im Gedenkjahr der Augsburgischen Konfession 1930 (7 Auflage, reprint Göttingen, 1976) Brecht Martin Brecht's 3 Vol. Biography of Luther: Vol. 1: Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation, 1485- 1521 (Philadelphia, 1985) Vol. 2: Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521-1532 (Minneapolis, 1990) Vol. 3: Martin Luther: The Preservation of the Church, 1532-1545 (Minneapolis, 1993) VIII Burnet G. Burnet's History of the Reformation of the Church of England, 6 vols. ed. N. Pocock (Oxford, 1865) Confutation The Roman Catholic Reply to the Augsburg Confession (from the Corpus Reformatorum) Cox Works of Archbishop Cranmer, ed. J. E. Cox, 2 vols. (Cambridge, PS, 1844) CR Corpus Reformatorum CSP, Span. Calendar of State papers, Spanish, ed. P. de Gayangos, G. Mattingly, M.A. S. Hume and R. Tyler, 15 vols. in 20 (H. M. S. O, 1862-1954) CSP, Ven. Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, ed. R. Brown, C. Bentinck and H. Brown 9 vols (H.M. S. O., 1864-98) Defence Thomas Cranmer's `Defence of the True and Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament', taken from The Work of Thomas Cranmer, ed. G. E. Duffield, CLRC (Appleford, 1964) HJ Historical Journal JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History Foxe Acts and Monuments of John Foxe, ed. Josiah Pratt, 8 vols (4th edn. London, 1877) LCC Library of Christian Classics, ed. J. Baillie et al., 26 vols (London, 1969) LP Letters & Papers, Foreign & Domestic, of the Reign of Henry Vlll, 1509-47,ed. J. S.Brewer et al., 21 vols. and 2 vols. addenda, (H. M. S. O., 1862-1932) ix LW Luther's Works, ed. J. Pelikan and H. Lehmann, 55 vols. (St. Louis & Philadelphia, 1955-86) MBW Melanchthons Briefwechsel: Kritische und Kommentierte Gesamtausgabe,ed. H. Scheible et al., 13 vols. (to date) (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1977- 2000) Misc. Writings Miscellaneous Writings and Letters of Thomas Cranmer, ed. J. E. Cox (Cambridge, PS, 1846) OL Original Letters Relative to the English Reformation, ed. H. Robinson, 2 Vols. (PS, 1846) NPNF A Select Library of the Nicene and post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, ed. P. Schaff & H. Wade, 14 vols. (2nd series, Grand Rapids, 1952-57) PG Migne's Patrologia Graeca (Paris, 1844-90) PL Migne's Patrologia Latina (Paris, 1844-90) PS Parker Society SP State Papers published under the authority of His Majesty's Commission, King Henry Vlll, 11 vols (1830-52) Tappert The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, ed. T. Tappert (Philadelphia, 1959) UP University Press WA Dr. Martin Luthers Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe,58 vols. (Weimar, 1883-1948) WA, Br Dr. Martin Luthers Werke: Briefwechsel. 18 vols. X WA, DB Dr. Martin Luthers Werke: Deutsche Bibel, 12 vols. WA, TR Dr. Martin Luthers Werke: Tischreden. 6 vols. Notes King Henry's Assertion of the Seven Sacraments is available in English and Latin. In the thesis I have usually quoted from the English. Occasionally, when an exact quote is required for comparison or analysis, the Latin is used. Confessional Documents The main European confessional documents cited throughout the thesis are Luther's Catechisms, the Augsburg Confession, The Roman Catholic Confutation, and Melanchthon's Apology of the Augsburg Confession. One of the easiest ways to access these documents in English is via the Internet (www. ctsfw. edu/etext/boc). Direct quotes are usually taken from there. The translation is F. Bente's, from the Triglot Concordia: The Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church (St. Louis, Concordia Publishing House, 1921). Unfortunately this tri-lingual edition seems virtually unobtainable in England. Also the Internet does not give page numbers. The most common English version is Tappert's 'Book of Concord. The originals are in Corpus ReformatorumVols. 27-28, but 'Die Bekenntnisschriften der Evangelische-LutherischenKirche 'seems more conveniently laid out (Latin/German side by side) and easier to refer to. Both Tappert and Die Bekenntnisschriften contain the Lutheran documents; however, neither has the Confutation. Therefore, source references for the Lutheran documents are the Internet (where relevant), Tappert and Bekenntnisschriften. Section numbers XI are from the Latin text. For the Roman Confutation, the source is the Corpus Reformatorum.
Recommended publications
  • Pax Ecclesia: Globalization and Catholic Literary Modernism

    Pax Ecclesia: Globalization and Catholic Literary Modernism

    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2011 Pax Ecclesia: Globalization and Catholic Literary Modernism Christopher Wachal Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Literature in English, North America Commons Recommended Citation Wachal, Christopher, "Pax Ecclesia: Globalization and Catholic Literary Modernism" (2011). Dissertations. 181. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/181 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2011 Christopher Wachal LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO PAX ECCLESIA: GLOBALIZATION AND CATHOLIC LITERARY MODERNISM A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN ENGLISH BY CHRISTOPHER B. WACHAL CHICAGO, IL MAY 2011 Copyright by Christopher B. Wachal, 2011 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Nothing big worth undertaking is undertaken alone. It would certainly be dishonest for me to claim that the intellectual journey of which this text is the fruition has been propelled forward solely by my own energy and momentum. There have been many who have contributed to its completion – too many, perhaps, to be done justice in so short a space as this. Nonetheless, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to some of those whose assistance I most appreciate. My dissertation director, Fr. Mark Bosco, has been both a guide and an inspiration throughout my time at Loyola University Chicago.
  • Xerox University Microfilms

    Xerox University Microfilms

    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
  • Law and Gospel Article

    Law and Gospel Article

    RENDER UNTO RAWLS: LAW, GOSPEL, AND THE EVANGELICAL FALLACY Wayne R. Barnes∗ I. INTRODUCTION Many explicitly Christian voices inject themselves frequently and regularly into the current public policy and political discourse. Though not all, many of these Christian arguments proceed in something like the following manner. X is condemned (or required) by God, as revealed in the Bible. Therefore, the explicitly-required “Christian position” on X is for the law to prohibit or limit the activity (or require it), in accordance with the advocate’s interpretation of biblical ethical standards. To be clear, I mean to discuss only those scenarios where a Christian publicly identifies a position as being mandated by Christian morality or values --- i.e., where the public is given a message that some law or public policy is needed in order to comply with the Christian scriptures or God’s will. That is, in short, this article is about explicit political communications to the public in overt religious language of what Christianity supposedly requires for law and policy. As will be seen, these voices come quite famously from the Christian Religious Right, but they come from the Religious Left as well. Political philosophers (most famously John Rawls) have posited that pluralism and principles of liberal democracy strongly counsel against resort to such religious views in support of or against any law or public policy.1 That is, in opposition to this overt religious advocacy in the political realm (though, it should be noted, not necessarily taking a substantive position on the issues, per se) is the position of Rawlsian political liberalism, which states generally that, all things being equal, such inaccessible religious arguments should not be made, but rather arguments should only be made by resort to “public reason” which all find to be accessible.2 Christian political voices counter that this results in an intolerable stifling of their voice, of requiring that they “bracket” ∗ Professor, Texas Wesleyan University School of Law.
  • Justification: Law, Gospel and Assurance of Salvation

    Justification: Law, Gospel and Assurance of Salvation

    JUSTIFICATION: LAW, GOSPEL AND ASSURANCE OF SALVATION In paragraphs 31-33, the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (JDDJ) considers the relationship of the Gospel to the Law of Moses. In keeping with the Christian teaching since Apostolic times, both Catholics and Lutherans affirm that “Christ has fulfilled the law and by his death and resurrection has overcome it as a way to salvation.” [JDDJ, #31] We are justified by faith in the Gospel, not by following the commands of the Old Law. Does this mean that the Old Testament commandments are irrelevant and we can ignore them? Not at all. Although we receive our salvation through Jesus Christ and not through the law, God’s commandments still offer us guidance for proper behavior and our failures to follow them can be accusations of our sinfulness. It is not enough for us to be justified, we must also live as the justified. By his teaching and example, Christ has shown us God’s will, which is the standard for our conduct. Christ is not a lawgiver like Moses, but is the Father’s perfect revelation of himself. Christ did not give us a listing of commands to follow, but rather showed us in his person how to live as children of God. Even as we recognize our sinfulness when we violate the commandments, we also realize that it is only the mercy of God in Christ that justifies us, not the remedies or practices of the law. “The law as a way to salvation has been fulfilled and overcome through the gospel.” [JDDC, #31] So when we repent of sin, we do not rely on our own penitential actions for our redemption, but rather put our faith in the Gospel and place ourselves at God’s mercy in Christ, our only source of salvation.
  • The Origin, Development, and History of the Norwegian Seventh-Day Adventist Church from the 1840S to 1889" (2010)

    The Origin, Development, and History of the Norwegian Seventh-Day Adventist Church from the 1840S to 1889" (2010)

    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2010 The Origin, Development, and History of the Norwegian Seventh- day Adventist Church from the 1840s to 1889 Bjorgvin Martin Hjelvik Snorrason Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, Christianity Commons, and the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Snorrason, Bjorgvin Martin Hjelvik, "The Origin, Development, and History of the Norwegian Seventh-day Adventist Church from the 1840s to 1889" (2010). Dissertations. 144. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/144 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. ABSTRACT THE ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, AND HISTORY OF THE NORWEGIAN SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH FROM THE 1840s TO 1887 by Bjorgvin Martin Hjelvik Snorrason Adviser: Jerry Moon ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: THE ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, AND HISTORY OF THE NORWEGIAN SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH FROM THE 1840s TO 1887 Name of researcher: Bjorgvin Martin Hjelvik Snorrason Name and degree of faculty adviser: Jerry Moon, Ph.D. Date completed: July 2010 This dissertation reconstructs chronologically the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Norway from the Haugian Pietist revival in the early 1800s to the establishment of the first Seventh-day Adventist Conference in Norway in 1887.
  • Law, Counsel, and Commonwealth: Languages of Power in the Early English Reformation

    Law, Counsel, and Commonwealth: Languages of Power in the Early English Reformation

    Law, Counsel, and Commonwealth: Languages of Power in the Early English Reformation Christine M. Knaack Doctor of Philosophy University of York History April 2015 2 Abstract This thesis examines how power was re-articulated in light of the royal supremacy during the early stages of the English Reformation. It argues that key words and concepts, particularly those involving law, counsel, and commonwealth, formed the basis of political participation during this period. These concepts were invoked with the aim of influencing the king or his ministers, of drawing attention to problems the kingdom faced, or of expressing a political ideal. This thesis demonstrates that these languages of power were present in a wide variety of contexts, appearing not only in official documents such as laws and royal proclamations, but also in manuscript texts, printed books, sermons, complaints, and other texts directed at king and counsellors alike. The prose dialogue and the medium of translation were employed in order to express political concerns. This thesis shows that political languages were available to a much wider range of participants than has been previously acknowledged. Part One focuses on the period c. 1528-36, investigating the role of languages of power during the period encompassing the Reformation Parliament. The legislation passed during this Parliament re-articulated notions of the realm’s social order, creating a body politic that encompassed temporal and spiritual members of the realm alike and positioning the king as the head of that body. Writers and theorists examined legal changes by invoking the commonwealth, describing the social hierarchy as an organic body politic, and using the theme of counsel to acknowledge the king’s imperial authority.
  • DISSERTATION-Submission Reformatted

    DISSERTATION-Submission Reformatted

    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Dilemma of Obedience: Persecution, Dissimulation, and Memory in Early Modern England, 1553-1603 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5tv2w736 Author Harkins, Robert Lee Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Dilemma of Obedience: Persecution, Dissimulation, and Memory in Early Modern England, 1553-1603 By Robert Lee Harkins A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ethan Shagan, Chair Professor Jonathan Sheehan Professor David Bates Fall 2013 © Robert Lee Harkins 2013 All Rights Reserved 1 Abstract The Dilemma of Obedience: Persecution, Dissimulation, and Memory in Early Modern England, 1553-1603 by Robert Lee Harkins Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Ethan Shagan, Chair This study examines the problem of religious and political obedience in early modern England. Drawing upon extensive manuscript research, it focuses on the reign of Mary I (1553-1558), when the official return to Roman Catholicism was accompanied by the prosecution of Protestants for heresy, and the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603), when the state religion again shifted to Protestantism. I argue that the cognitive dissonance created by these seesaw changes of official doctrine necessitated a society in which religious mutability became standard operating procedure. For most early modern men and women it was impossible to navigate between the competing and contradictory dictates of Tudor religion and politics without conforming, dissimulating, or changing important points of conscience and belief.
  • 159 Philipp Melanchthon These Two Volumes, the Most Recent to Appear

    159 Philipp Melanchthon These Two Volumes, the Most Recent to Appear

    Book Reviews 159 Philipp Melanchthon Briefwechsel Band t 16: Texte 4530–4790 (Januar–Juni 1547). Bearbeitet von Matthias Dall’Asta, Heidi Hein und Christine Mundhenk. Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart/Bad Cannstatt 2015, 409 s. isbn 9783772825781. €298. Band t 17: Texte 4791–5010 (Juli–Dezember 1547). Bearbeitet von Matthias Dall’Asta, Heidi Hein und Christine Mundhenk. Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart/Bad Cannstatt 2016, 356 s. isbn 9783772825798. €298. These two volumes, the most recent to appear in the edition of Melanchthon’s correspondence prepared by the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, collect Melanchthon’s correspondence from the year 1547, the year following Luther’s death, during which the Schmalkaldic wars were raging. The edition is made up of two parts: the first “Register” [r] section, comprising eight vol- umes giving German summaries of the texts of the correspondence, a volume of addenda and cross-references, and a further five volumes of indices of places and people (of which the final two are in preparation). The second section, “Texts” [t] will comprise 30 volumes in total, following Melanchthon’s corre- spondence from 1514, when he was a seventeen-year-old student at the Univer- sity of Tübingen, to 1560, the year of his death. In total, Melanchthon’s correspondence includes nearly 9500 texts, written either by him or to him. For the year 1547, the total is over 500. Volume 16 col- lects 272 texts: 243 written by Melanchthon and 29 received by him. Volume 17 is made up of 232 texts, of which 201 were composed by Melanchthon, and 31 addressed to him.
  • The Importance of the Catholic School Ethos Or Four Men in a Bateau

    The Importance of the Catholic School Ethos Or Four Men in a Bateau

    THE AMERICAN COVENANT, CATHOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATING FOR AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CATHOLIC SCHOOL ETHOS OR FOUR MEN IN A BATEAU A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Ruth Joy August 2018 A dissertation written by Ruth Joy B.S., Kent State University, 1969 M.S., Kent State University, 2001 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2018 Approved by _________________________, Director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Natasha Levinson _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Averil McClelland _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Catherine E. Hackney Accepted by _________________________, Director, School of Foundations, Leadership and Kimberly S. Schimmel Administration ........................ _________________________, Dean, College of Education, Health and Human Services James C. Hannon ii JOY, RUTH, Ph.D., August 2018 Cultural Foundations ........................ of Education THE AMERICAN COVENANT, CATHOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATING FOR AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CATHOLIC SCHOOL ETHOS. OR, FOUR MEN IN A BATEAU (213 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Natasha Levinson, Ph. D. Dozens of academic studies over the course of the past four or five decades have shown empirically that Catholic schools, according to a wide array of standards and measures, are the best schools at producing good American citizens. This dissertation proposes that this is so is partly because the schools are infused with the Catholic ethos (also called the Catholic Imagination or the Analogical Imagination) and its approach to the world in general. A large part of this ethos is based upon Catholic Anthropology, the Church’s teaching about the nature of the human person and his or her relationship to other people, to Society, to the State, and to God.
  • DISSERTATION-Submission Reformatted

    DISSERTATION-Submission Reformatted

    The Dilemma of Obedience: Persecution, Dissimulation, and Memory in Early Modern England, 1553-1603 By Robert Lee Harkins A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ethan Shagan, Chair Professor Jonathan Sheehan Professor David Bates Fall 2013 © Robert Lee Harkins 2013 All Rights Reserved 1 Abstract The Dilemma of Obedience: Persecution, Dissimulation, and Memory in Early Modern England, 1553-1603 by Robert Lee Harkins Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Ethan Shagan, Chair This study examines the problem of religious and political obedience in early modern England. Drawing upon extensive manuscript research, it focuses on the reign of Mary I (1553-1558), when the official return to Roman Catholicism was accompanied by the prosecution of Protestants for heresy, and the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603), when the state religion again shifted to Protestantism. I argue that the cognitive dissonance created by these seesaw changes of official doctrine necessitated a society in which religious mutability became standard operating procedure. For most early modern men and women it was impossible to navigate between the competing and contradictory dictates of Tudor religion and politics without conforming, dissimulating, or changing important points of conscience and belief. Although early modern theologians and polemicists widely declared religious conformists to be shameless apostates, when we examine specific cases in context it becomes apparent that most individuals found ways to positively rationalize and justify their respective actions. This fraught history continued to have long-term effects on England’s religious, political, and intellectual culture.
  • Of Catherine Howard, Henry's Fifth Wife, and How, After Ordering Her

    Of Catherine Howard, Henry's Fifth Wife, and How, After Ordering Her

    book 1, chapter 43 Of Catherine Howard, Henry’s Fifth Wife, and How, after Ordering Her Put to Death, He Married Katherine Parr1 Within eight days, the king married Catherine Howard, the duke of Norfolk’s niece (his brother’s daughter).2 But though the king was pleased beyond mea- sure with his new bride, that did not stop him from inflicting his cruelty on Catholics. Thus, on July 30, he put to death three saintly doctors of theology for having defended the cause of Queen Doña Catherine and for now denying the king’s pontifical power. Alongside them he condemned three Zwinglian heretics, ordering that they be paraded two by two, a Catholic together with a heretic, as a blacker mockery of religion and a worse torment to the Catholics, who received more pain from this awful company than from their own deaths. When a knight of the king’s household saw them borne off to death, com- panioned in this manner, and learned that some were condemned for being Catholics and the others for not being so, he said, “On this account I will take care henceforth to be of the king’s religion—that is to say, none at all!”3 Then, on August 2, he also dispatched the prior of Doncaster with three other monks and two laymen, on the same grounds, as well as for refusing to acknowledge the royal supremacy.4 1 Sander, De origine ac progressu, 214–19. 2 Henry and Catherine were married on June 28, 1540, several weeks after the finalization of the divorce from Anne.
  • Kristilliset Arkki-Kirjat Tuoteluettelo

    Kristilliset Arkki-Kirjat Tuoteluettelo

    KRISTILLISET Arkki-kirjat Aurinko KUSTANNUS www.aurinkokustannus.fi Hyvä lukija Kun otit tämän luettelon käteesi, saatoit ihmetellä: mikä Aurinko Kustannus? Mitkä Arkki-kirjat? Aurinko Kustannus Oy perustettiin vuonna 2009, ja sen ensimmäinen toimenpide oli Kustannus Oy Arkin ostaminen sen aikaisemmalta omistajalta. Aurinko Kustannuksen ja siten Kustannus Oy Arkin omistavat kokonaan allekirjoittaneet. Toimimme Aurinko Kustannuksen nimen alla, mutta jot- ta kustannustoimintamme pitkät juuret pysyvät muistissa, kustannamme perinteikkäät kristilliset kirjamme Arkki-kirjat-logon alla. Pitkästä kustannushistoriasta, joka ulottuu 1800-luvulle, muistut- tamisen lisäksi haluamme helpottaa lukijoittemme kirjojen valintaa Arkki-kirjat-logoa käyttämällä. Arkki-kirjat-logo kertoo, että juuri nämä kirjat Auringon kustantamista kirjoista ovat niitä laaduk- kaita kristillisiä kirjoja. Haluamme tarjota kristillisissä kirjoissamme lukijoillemme vahvaa sanomaa, uskon vahvistusta ja iloa. Tuotannostamme löytyy klassikoita, muun muassa Lutherin ja Augustinuksen teoksia, mutta myös nykypäivän menestysteoksia, kuten Jorma Laulajan Turvallisesti Sinun, Juha Vähäsarjan Joka päivä Jumalan kämmenellä ja Hanna Ekolan Sano suruasi rakkaudeksi. Lisäksi olemme saaneet pal- jon kiitosta laajasta lastenraamattuvalikoimastamme. Tässä luettelossa näet nyt saatavilla olevat kris- tilliset kirjamme ja muut tuotteemme. Meiltä voit tilata kätevästi myös Fg-Naxoksen cd-levyjä. Teemme myös asiakkaiden tarpeisiin räätälöityjä kirjoja, kuten historiikkeja, juhla- ja onnittelukirjo-