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Department of History Why Lutheranism Failed in England University of Newcastle upon Tyne Department of History The Lost Reformation Why Lutheranism Failed in England during the Reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy John Schofield, 2003 NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ---------------------------- 201 29626 4 ---------------------------- -1:: s\Q. \.. s ýs `iý"\\ Abstract This thesis examines the reasons why England became Reformed rather than Lutheran at the Reformation. When King Henry divorced his Catholic Queen, Catherine of Aragon, and defied the Roman See, Lutheranism seemed the natural religion for his realm. Henry authorised and supported dialogue with the Germans, hoping for a religious and political settlement, and the Lutheran message was winning English converts. Yet despite all this, both Henry and his son Edward rejected Lutheranism, though for widely different reasons. The thesis focuses on the religious beliefs and motives of Henry and his chief minister Thomas Cromwell, and studies the religious legislation of Henry's reign. It seeks to explain why, after an apparently promising start, Henry's Lutheran policy first stalled then suddenly collapsed. It also compares the English experience with that in Germany and Scandinavia, where Lutheranism succeeded. Finally it considers why the religious settlement of Edward VI, though owing much to Luther, was nonetheless decisively Reformed. Table of Contents Acknowledgements vi Terminology vii List of Abbreviations viii Introduction The Lutheran Question 1 The Theologian-King 7 Outline of the Thesis 10 Chapter 1: War and Peace Part 1: The Defender of the Faith Asserting the Seven Sacraments 15 Henry the Theologian 21 A Question of Authorship 27 Counterattack 35 Part 2: Divorce and Honeymoon The King's Great Matter 42 Thomas Cromwell: Lutheran Vice-Gerent 56 Points of Dispute 61 Chapter 2: The Six Articles Introduction 67 Part 1: The Three Disputed Points Communion in One Kind or Two 68 Private Masses 70 The Mass: Sacrificial Language in the Fathers 80 Private Masses: Summary 85 Clerical Celibacy 87 Matthew 19 91 1 Corinthians 7 94 1 Timothy 3 97 Summary 101 A Parting Shot 102 The King Awaits 104 Part 2: The Act and its Aftermath The Articles 110 Review: Henry the Theologian 120 Fallout 124 Not Yet the End 129 Chapter 3: Henry VIII and Justification by Faith Introduction 138 Penance and Repentance 139 Justification: Sola fides 145 Good Works are Necessary to Salvation 152 The Loci Communes, 1535 153 The New Obedience: A New Lutheranism? 155 The Ten Articles Reviewed 164 Justification in the Bishops' Book 167 Luther in Disguise 171 Review 177 Chapter 4: How have the Mighty Fallen Introduction 181 Part 1: Narrative A Lenten Controversy 186 The Calm and the Storm 194 Part 2: Analysis Cromwell's Treason 210 The French Connection 213 Attainted 216 Cromwell would `fight in the field' with his own sword 221 Supporting Heretical Preachers 223 Cromwell and the Sacramentaries: The Calais connection 224 The Divorce 230 Summary: Why Cromwell Fell 233 Nemesis 236 Chapter 5: The Ways of Providence Introduction 247 The Lutheran Heresy 247 The Reformation in Germany 253 The Reformation and the University of Wittenberg 255 The Reformation in Denmark, Schleswig and Holstein 259 The Reformation in Sweden 262 Denmark, Sweden and England Compared 266 Summary 270 iv A Queenly Faith 270 Chapter 6: The Edwardian Reformation Introduction 279 Images and Iconoclasts 280 The Eucharist 286 Cranmer's Conversion 289 The Faith of the Protector 294 A Last Chance Gone 297 Conclusion 299 Bibliography 306 V Acknowledgements I owe much to many I do not know personally, and in some cases have never even seen, whose writings and research have encouraged my own interest in the Reformation. In particular I should mention Professors A. G. Dickens, Diarmaid MacCulloch, and Eamon Duffy for the 'English Reformation', `Thomas Cranmer: A Life', and 'The Stripping of the Altars' respectively. I thank Newcastle University for admitting me as a post-graduate student to undertake this research. Thanks to my supervisor, Professor Euan Cameron, now in New York, for his indispensable advice, criticisms and help. His insight and immense knowledge impressed at every one of our progress meetings. Thanks to Margit for her friendship and interest - most of it from a distance, unfortunately, conveyed by email and telephone, due to circumstances beyond the control of either of us. vi Terminology Like most people who write about the Reformation, I have spent a disproportionate amount of time wondering how best to describe the main characters. I have tried to use `Lutheran' and `Reformed' in a confessionally correct way. 'Protestant' or 'Reformer' is a general umbrella term when confessional exactness is not required. Some might prefer 'evangelical' for this purpose, but words change their meaning over time, and `evangelical', in the sense that it is widely used today, is hardly a faithful description of Luther, Melanchthon, and Cranmer. For this reason, I have generally avoided this one. `Catholic' is used in a general sense, sometimes including the rebel King Henry VIII. Nothing derogatory is implied by 'Papist' or 'Papal ist'. VII List of Abbreviations AC Augsburg Confession ANF The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the writings of the Fathers down to A. D. 325, ed. A. Roberts & J. Donaldson, 10 vols. (Grand Rapids, 1951) Apology Philip Melanchthon's 'Apology of the Augsburg Confession' Assertion King Henry VIII: Assertion of the Seven Sacraments Against Martin Luther, (Heversham Tracts Vol. 5, Eng. trans. by T.W. Gent, London, 1687.) Assertion (Latin) Assertio septem sacramentorum adversus Martinum Lutherum ab Henrico Vlll, Angliae rege Leoni X. Pont. Max (Neapoli: apud Nicolaum Naso, 1728) BSLK Die Bekenntnisschriften der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche, herausgegeben im Gedenkjahr der Augsburgischen Konfession 1930 (7 Auflage, reprint Göttingen, 1976) Brecht Martin Brecht's 3 Vol. Biography of Luther: Vol. 1: Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation, 1485- 1521 (Philadelphia, 1985) Vol. 2: Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521-1532 (Minneapolis, 1990) Vol. 3: Martin Luther: The Preservation of the Church, 1532-1545 (Minneapolis, 1993) VIII Burnet G. Burnet's History of the Reformation of the Church of England, 6 vols. ed. N. Pocock (Oxford, 1865) Confutation The Roman Catholic Reply to the Augsburg Confession (from the Corpus Reformatorum) Cox Works of Archbishop Cranmer, ed. J. E. Cox, 2 vols. (Cambridge, PS, 1844) CR Corpus Reformatorum CSP, Span. Calendar of State papers, Spanish, ed. P. de Gayangos, G. Mattingly, M.A. S. Hume and R. Tyler, 15 vols. in 20 (H. M. S. O, 1862-1954) CSP, Ven. Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, ed. R. Brown, C. Bentinck and H. Brown 9 vols (H.M. S. O., 1864-98) Defence Thomas Cranmer's `Defence of the True and Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament', taken from The Work of Thomas Cranmer, ed. G. E. Duffield, CLRC (Appleford, 1964) HJ Historical Journal JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History Foxe Acts and Monuments of John Foxe, ed. Josiah Pratt, 8 vols (4th edn. London, 1877) LCC Library of Christian Classics, ed. J. Baillie et al., 26 vols (London, 1969) LP Letters & Papers, Foreign & Domestic, of the Reign of Henry Vlll, 1509-47,ed. J. S.Brewer et al., 21 vols. and 2 vols. addenda, (H. M. S. O., 1862-1932) ix LW Luther's Works, ed. J. Pelikan and H. Lehmann, 55 vols. (St. Louis & Philadelphia, 1955-86) MBW Melanchthons Briefwechsel: Kritische und Kommentierte Gesamtausgabe,ed. H. Scheible et al., 13 vols. (to date) (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1977- 2000) Misc. Writings Miscellaneous Writings and Letters of Thomas Cranmer, ed. J. E. Cox (Cambridge, PS, 1846) OL Original Letters Relative to the English Reformation, ed. H. Robinson, 2 Vols. (PS, 1846) NPNF A Select Library of the Nicene and post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, ed. P. Schaff & H. Wade, 14 vols. (2nd series, Grand Rapids, 1952-57) PG Migne's Patrologia Graeca (Paris, 1844-90) PL Migne's Patrologia Latina (Paris, 1844-90) PS Parker Society SP State Papers published under the authority of His Majesty's Commission, King Henry Vlll, 11 vols (1830-52) Tappert The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, ed. T. Tappert (Philadelphia, 1959) UP University Press WA Dr. Martin Luthers Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe,58 vols. (Weimar, 1883-1948) WA, Br Dr. Martin Luthers Werke: Briefwechsel. 18 vols. X WA, DB Dr. Martin Luthers Werke: Deutsche Bibel, 12 vols. WA, TR Dr. Martin Luthers Werke: Tischreden. 6 vols. Notes King Henry's Assertion of the Seven Sacraments is available in English and Latin. In the thesis I have usually quoted from the English. Occasionally, when an exact quote is required for comparison or analysis, the Latin is used. Confessional Documents The main European confessional documents cited throughout the thesis are Luther's Catechisms, the Augsburg Confession, The Roman Catholic Confutation, and Melanchthon's Apology of the Augsburg Confession. One of the easiest ways to access these documents in English is via the Internet (www. ctsfw. edu/etext/boc). Direct quotes are usually taken from there. The translation is F. Bente's, from the Triglot Concordia: The Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church (St. Louis, Concordia Publishing House, 1921). Unfortunately this tri-lingual edition seems virtually unobtainable in England. Also the Internet does not give page numbers. The most common English version is Tappert's 'Book of Concord. The originals are in Corpus ReformatorumVols. 27-28, but 'Die Bekenntnisschriften der Evangelische-LutherischenKirche 'seems more conveniently laid out (Latin/German side by side) and easier to refer to. Both Tappert and Die Bekenntnisschriften contain the Lutheran documents; however, neither has the Confutation. Therefore, source references for the Lutheran documents are the Internet (where relevant), Tappert and Bekenntnisschriften. Section numbers XI are from the Latin text. For the Roman Confutation, the source is the Corpus Reformatorum.
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