Index

Page numbers in italic refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables.

active movement 99, 102, 104, 109 Cevedale Massif 236 faulting 187, 196, 197 Champorcher Valley 116, 117 landslide 218, 219 climate 109, 127 rockslide 74, 147, 188 cohesion values 28, 73, 74 A˚ knes rockslide, structural control 74, 147–160 Colle Longue, slope deformation 14 geology and morphology 148–151 columnar failure 62, 104 potential movement 91–93 convex slope break and instability 107, 109 structures 37, 151–154 CROP II seismic profile 204 A˚ knes– project 147 Curon Venosta, slope deformation 217, 218, 219 allometric fan 256, 258 alluvial fan 253, 264 dam, risk to 4, 102 alluvium, buried 4 data acquisition 114 anhydrite 121, 122, 125, 128 debris flow deposits 253, 275, 276 Aosta Valley, slope deformation case study 113–129 deep-seated gravitational slope deformation 4, 97 Apennines, geology and geomorphology 201–206 controlling factors classification 125–129 Arbino landslide 217, 218–219 historical data 113–114 Ayasse Torrent 116, 117, 118 landforms 12–14, 206–208 Tine´e Valley 11–22 back-crack structure 62, 65, 68–71 see for example Aosta, Celentino, Cervinia, Romsdalen 45, 46, 50,58 Hoˆne, Livigno, Motto d’Arbino, Quart, Sogn, Storfjord 44, 48, 49, 59 Villeneuve basal sliding plane 81–83, 99, 107, 109 deglaciation simulation 249 A˚ knes rockslide 151, 153 dip-slip sliding 229 Gamanjunni slide 191, 193 dissolution and slope deformation 119–122, 124, 125, Biasca fan 254 126, 127, 128 block size 177, 178 dissolution, limestone 166, 173, 177 block-field, Gamanjunni slide 190, 191, 193, 194 dogtooth ridge profile 244 Boaco see Santa Lucia DSGSD see deep-seated gravitational slope deformation Bosco del Conte, slope deformation 218 ductile deformation, Aosta 124 breccia 82 ductile fabric 27 Breuil–Cervinia, slope deformation 115–116, 122–123 ductile structures and slope stability 41–58, 71, 73 brittle deformation 27, 107 brittle fracture 241, 243 early warning system 147 brittle structures and slope stability 41–70, 71 earthquake 139 building damage 121–124, 125 engineering model, slope development 208–212 bulging 238, 248 erosion 1–2 rate of 216, 229, 273, 276 caldera, Santa Lucia Depression 136–142 evaporite 121, 124, 203 Campo di Giove rock avalanche 204, 205, 206, 213 see also anhydrite Canada see Turtle Mountain exfoliation 58, 59, 63, 64, 67,89 Caramanico Basin 207–208 Caramanico Breccias 204, 205 fabric, type 1 Caramanico Fault System 202–204, 207, 208, 212 failure surface 45, 49, 82 Caramanico Valley, slope evolution 201–213 fans, catastrophic slope failure 253–276 analysis 208–212 anomalous 256, 258, 274 geology and geomorphology 202–206 area of 257–260, 264 landforms 206–208 geomorphology 254–255, 269, 272 palaeo-landslides 204 in glacial troughs 253–254 results 212–213 Malser Haide 264–273 catastrophic slope failure fans 253–276 St Valentin 273–274 source reconstruction 268-273 Val Venosta 255–264 catastrophist v uniformitarian 253, 276 fatalities due to slope failure 97, 98 catchment area, fans 256, 257, 258, 260, 261 fault evolution 196 cavities (anomalous) and fan cones 261, 262, 272 fault gouge 15 Celentino, gravitational slope deformation 235–249 see also gouge geology 236, 237, 238 fault reactivation 139 geomorphology 236, 238, 239 fault rock breccia 82 numerical modelling 243–248 fault scarp 192, 193, 195–197 Cervinia, slope deformation 115–116, 122–123 fault zones and gravitational deformation 123–125

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faults and slope instability 58–68 Turtle Mountain 164–165 faults, active 187, 196, 197 Sogn and Fjordane 97, 100–101, 106–107 faults, A˚ knes rockslide 153 geomechanical parameters, Caramanico 209, Ferret Valley 217, 218 210–211, 222 field investigations 31–37, 69 geomechanical survey, Celentino 240–243, 249 Alpine valley shape 218–219, 231 geomorphical features, Italian Alps 215, 218 La Clapie`re 12, 14–19 geomorphology 21 Sogn and Fjordane 104, 107, 109 A˚ knes rockslide 148–151 Tine´e Valley 12–19 Apennines 201–206 Turtle Mountain 165–166 Celentino 236, 238, 239, 240, 242 finite difference method code (FLAC) 212, 219 Gamanjunni slide 191–194, 198 , structural ranking study 79–93 megafans 254–273 Fjordane see Sogn numerical models 220–222, 224–230 fjords, slope instability 27–75 Turtle Mountain 164–165 Fla˚m rockslide 32 Villeneuve 122 Flatmark valley, collapse 46 geotechnical parameters (Caramanico) 208–209 fluidization 253 Gikling rockslide 37, 51, 54, 55, 56, 71 flysch, geomechanical parameters 211 glacial cirque, slope deformation 231 fold geometry 71 glacial erosion 218 fold hinges, A˚ knes rockslide 151–152, 155, 156, 158 rate of 216 fold-related fracturing, Turtle Mountain 165, 166–170, glacial trimline 254 174–179, 181 glacial trough fans 253–254, 255, 276 folds and slope instability 43–50 glacial unloading 236, 247–249, 275 foliation glaciated regions and slope deformation 235, 243, 245 A˚ knes rockslide 151, 152, 154–156, 157–158 glacier fill, modelling 221, 223, 229, 247 Sogn and Fjordane 99, 100–101, 102, 103, 107 glacier retreat and slope stability 11–14, 28 80, 81–83, 85 gneiss 28, 31–37, 70, 71 potential failures 90 Aosta 116–117, 119 foliation, slope instability 41, 43, 61–63, 65, 66,71 Storfjorden 81, 93 field observation 31–37, 69 gouge 15, 43, 55, 69, 158 fracture plot, Celentino 241 recent 89, 90, 92, 93 fracture transfer 103 graben fractures 56, 60, 63, 64, 66, 82, 83 A˚ knes rockslide 152, 154 open 58, 64, 66, 67, 69, 109 Tussen rockslide 102 site investigation 100–101 granitic rocks 12, 20 fractures and slope failure, Turtle Mountain 163–181 gravitational deformation, south-west Alps 11–22 analytical methods 165–166 chronology 14, 19 fold form 165, 166–170 field investigation 12–19 geology and geomorphology 164–165 gravitational duplex 81, 82 lineaments 167, 168, 175 gravitational mass movement see deep-seated ... model 179–181 gravity and tectonics 2–3 rock conditions 170–174 groundwater 51, 52, 173 slope instabilities 175–179 and rockslide 156, 158, 160 fractures, back-bounding 104, 108 slope deformation 216, 217, 223, 231 fractures, slope instability 31–37, 173–179 France (SW Alps), slope stability 11–23 Heggursaksla, potential rockslide 91, 92,93 Frank Slide 163, 181 historical rockslide, A˚ knes 149, 157 friction angle 28, 73, 74 historical slope failure 28–41, 98, 109 Turtle Mountain 176, 179, 180 data 113–114 frost wedging 28 Hoek-Brown failure criterion 247, 248 Hoˆne, gravitational slope deformation 114–119 Gamanjunni slide 186, 188–198 hummocky topography 122, 142 geology 188, 189 hydraulic pressure 51, 52, 58, 74 geomorphology 191–194 Hyllestad unstable area 104–105 InSAR 188–191 Fjord 62 ice-river 43 Geirangerfjorden 81 inherited structure 28, 31–37, 39,43 geochronology InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperature radar) 10Be dating 14, 19 study of rock slope failure 185–198 14C dating 137, 138–139, 201 discussion 194–196 geology and slope failure methodology 185–188 A˚ knes rockslide 148–151 results 188–194 Aosta Valley 114, 115 synthesis 196–197 Celentino 236, 237, 238 intermontane basin 201–203

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Italian Alps see Aosta Valley and Celentino La Clapie`re 15–19, 21–23 Italy, megafans 253–276 slope geometry 6, 20–21, 219–223 Italy, Plio-Quaternary slope evolution 201–213 Mohr–Coulomb parameters 209, 222, 247 Italy, valley shape and deformation 215–231 monitoring mass movement 93 Ivasanen rockslide 34,56–58 A˚ knes rockslide 147, 160 Turtle Mountain 163 joint roughness coefficient 240, 241, 243, 247 Møre og Romsdal County 28, 41, 71, 109 joints 27, 41, 46, 248 Morrone Ridge 202, 206, 207, 208, 212 A˚ knes rockslide 152–153, 158 Motto d’Arbino, slope deformation 217, 218–219 Arbino 219 movement rate, slope deformation 122, 125, 231 Storfjorden 85 A˚ knes rockslide 150, 154, 159 Turtle Mountain 174, 176–179, 181 Celentino 235 Gamanjunni slide 185, 187, 188, 189, 194–198 karst 206, 213 movement, active 99, 102, 104, 109 Turtle Mountain 170, 176, 177, 181 movement, potential 100–101 kink fold 2 Mt Arezzo landslide 201 knick-point 100–101, 107, 108, 109 Mt Macellaro Fault Zone 208, 212

La Clapie`re, field investigation 12, 14–19 nappes, pre-Alpine 1 landforms and anomalous cavities 262, 263 neotectonics 1, 81, 89,90–92 landforms/geomorphology, Caramanico 206–208 Aosta 124, 127 landslide Nicaragua, palaeostress analysis 133–144 active 218, 219 village, rockfall 45 and erosion 1–2 81 Aosta Valley 116 Caramanico 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 213 rockslide study 79–93 inventory 217, 230 slope instability 27–75 mechanism 4–5, 15, 20 structure and geomorphology 97–109 very large 253, 273, 276 see also Gamanjunni slide landslide and structural control 147–160 numerical modelling 216, 235 analytical methods 151 2D finite element 243–248 faults 153 3D FLAC 219–223 folds 151–152, 155, 156, 158 back-analysis, Caramanico Valley 208–212 foliation 151, 152, 154–156, 157–158 results, Caramanico Valley 212–213 joints 152–153, 158 movement 154 olistostrome 5 scars and back-scarps 153–154, 155 opaline fill 139 LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) open cracks 67, 118, 152, 159 data analysis 3, 81, 84 orthophotography and InSAR 187, 188, 190, 193, 194 Turtle Mountain 164, 169 limestone, geomechanical parameters 210 palaeo-landslides 204 lineament mapping 83, 84, 87–88, 92 palaeostress analysis, Holocene rockslide 133–144 lineaments 240 history 136, 138–139 Gamanjunni 191 methods 135–136 Sogn and Fjordane 99, 107 stress field 139–142, 143 Turtle Mountain 167, 168, 175 tectonic features 139 listric fault 18–19, 46, 48, 49 paraglacial deformation, SW Alps 11–23 lithology, slope instability 31–37,41 La Clapie`re 14–20 Little Ice Age 122 Tine´e Valley 12–19 Livigno, gravitational slope deformation 217, 218, 219 paragneiss 12 lost mountain 270, 271, 272, 273–274, 276 Peio Valley, LiDAR 237 periglacial see paraglacial Maiella Massif 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 212 permafrost 109 Malser Haide megafan 254, 261, 263, 264–273, 274 planar failure 173 Mannen rockslide 36, 49, 50, 58, 60 planning issues 194 mass movement see deep-seated ... Plawenn Valley 270, 271, 273 mechanical processes and slope failure 20, 21 Plawenn village, destructive debris flow 275 megafan map, Alps 255 Plawennspitz ‘lost mountain’ 270, 271, 272, 273, 276 metamorphic rocks 28 Plio-Quaternary slope evolution 201–213 mine, observations in 238, 239, 245, 246 power plant (hydroelectric), damage to 121–124, 125 model, extension/compression 3 proxy volume of fans 255–257, 258 modelling, gravitational slope deformation A˚ knes 147, 150 Quart, gravitational slope deformation 115–116, Italian Alps 113, 219–223, 230 123–125, 126, 127–129

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ranking matrix, rockslide development 86 Sogn and Fjordane County, slope failure 28, 38, 41, rebound 109, 236, 249, 276 51, 68,73 ridge evolution, Celentino 235, 236, 238, 243–247 analysis 97–109 rock avalanche 28, 41, 163 database 99 rock avalanche deposits 254 sole detachment, Caledonian structures 50–58 Maiella 203, 208 source reconstruction for megafan 260–264, rock bridge 5, 105, 158 268–274, 276 rock mass characteristics 170–173 spring 51, 52, 54,58 rock mass properties 222 St Valentin fans 254, 256, 261, 262, 273–274 rock mass strength 248 Storfjord 28, 40, 41–50, 58–68, 70–72 rock slope failure, InSAR study 185–198 field observations 32–37 rock slope instability, Norway 27–75 Storfjorden, rockslide and structural ranking study geology 28–41 79–93 field observations 31–37 Strandanipa unstable area 105, 106 reactivated structures 27, 41–70 strength index 166 rockfall 20, 27, 28, 41–45, 47, 60 Celentino 240, 242, 243, 247, 248, 249 field observations 31–37 strength of rock mass, Turtle Mountain 176–179, 181 rockslide 51, 59, 64 strength reduction and weathering 20 active 74, 147, 188 stress and slope instability 215–217, 225, 227, development 68–70, 71, 73 228–230 potential 91, 92, 187–188 stress field 139, 140–141, 143 structural ranking 79–93 stress ratio 247 rockslide, La Clapie`re 14, 16, 17,19 stress, Plio-Quaternary 208, 209, 212 Romsdalen Valley 28, 39, 43, 60, 107, 109 stress–strain analysis 202, 213 back-crack 45, 46, 50 structural control and rockslide 79–93 development 68–70, 82–89 sackung 12, 92, 215, 235, 243, 248 ranking 89–90, 92 sag 235, 271, 275 structural criterion and rock slides 86, 88 Santa Lucia volcanic complex Sunndalen Valley 28, 39, 51, 56–58, 107 geology 133, 134–135 Sunnylyvsfjorden, potential rockslide 81, 90–91, 93 palaeostress analysis 135–144 surficial deformation, Aosta Valley 125–129 scars and back-scarps 54 Switzerland, morphostructures 217, 218–219 A˚ knes rockslide 153–154, 155, 156, 157 Gamanjunni slide 190, 191–196 , potential rockslide 81, 93 Schmidt hammer test 240 tensile failure 244, 246 sediment fans in glacial troughs 253–254 terminal moraine, reinterpretation 254 shear failure 246, 248 thrust fault, modelling 19 shear moduli 211, 212, 223 time-dependent factors in slope deformation 114, shear plane 47, 49, 65, 128 127, 129 shear zone, Celentino 238 time-dependent model 20, 21 shear zones and slope stability 114–119, 124, 125, 127 Tine´e Valley, field investigation 13,12–19 sinkhole 121, 191, 193, 194 toe zone compression 196, 217 slickenside record 139 toe zone movement 159, 160 slickenside, Turtle Mountain 175 topographical analysis 30, 165 sliding block 193 topography and active faults 196, 197 sliding plane 19, 50, 57, 60, 66, 73, 74 topography and slope instability 217 breccia 89–90 toppling 3, 4, 6, 14, 31, 73, 104 field observation 31–37 Alps 218, 219, 225, 229 Storfjord 45, 47–49, 61 Turtle Mountain 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180 slope deformation see deep-seated ... Trafjord rockslide 90–91 slope evolution chronology 19 trench 122, 135, 206, 213 slope failure, historical 28–41, 51, 68, 73, 98, 109 trench, ridge-top Celentino 235, 236, 238, 240, 248 slope geometry modelling Troms County, rockslides 186, 187, 188–198 2D, La Clapie`re 15–19, 21–23 troughs and faults 15, 19 3D 6, 219–223 tsunami 97, 105, 147 4D 20–21 tunnel damage 119, 123, 124 slope instability, Turtle Mountain 175–179 Turtle Mountain, fractures and slope failure 163–181 slope profile and instability 107 geology and morphology 163–165 numerical model 220–222, 223, 224–229 structures 166–174 slope tectonics Tussen instability 51, 53, 99, 102, 107 definitions 1–2 mechanism 5–6 ultramafics 31, 41, 42,70 structures 3–5 uniformitarian v catastrophist 253, 276 summary 6–7 uplift and instability 1, 81

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uplift, Apennines 201–202, 204, 212, 213 volume of fans 254–256, 261 rate of 207, 208 Malser Haide 265, 268, 273, 274, 275, 276 uplift, fjords 30 volume of instabilities and slides 70, 72,73 uplift, post-glacial 109 field observation 31–37, 104 U-shaped valley 28, 39 Gamanjunni slide 194 Santa Lucia volcanic complex 133, 136 Val Venosta fans 254, 255–264, 265, 274, 276 Sogn and Fjordane 99, 105 Valentinkopf ‘lost mountain’ 271, 272, 273, 274, 276 Storfjord 66,71 valley shape and deformation 215–231 Storfjorden 87,90–93 numerical models 220–222, 224–229 Turtle Mountain 173 Vallunga Curon, slope deformation 219 volume of rock avalanche 204, 206 Viddalen instability 32, 51, 52, 74, 102–104, 107 Arbino 219 Vik rockslide 31 Villeneuve, slope deformation 115–116, 119–122 water pressure 51, 74 Vivana Valley 270, 271, 272 weathering 41, 70 volcanic terrain, slope failure 133 and strength reduction 20 Vollan 31,56–58 weathering, limestone 166 Vollein necropolis 125 Western Gneiss Region 28, 79, 81

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