Index Page numbers in italic refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables. active movement 99, 102, 104, 109 Cevedale Massif 236 faulting 187, 196, 197 Champorcher Valley 116, 117 landslide 218, 219 climate 109, 127 rockslide 74, 147, 188 cohesion values 28, 73, 74 A˚ knes rockslide, structural control 74, 147–160 Colle Longue, slope deformation 14 geology and morphology 148–151 columnar failure 62, 104 potential movement 91–93 convex slope break and instability 107, 109 structures 37, 151–154 CROP II seismic profile 204 A˚ knes–Tafjord project 147 Curon Venosta, slope deformation 217, 218, 219 allometric fan 256, 258 alluvial fan 253, 264 dam, risk to 4, 102 alluvium, buried 4 data acquisition 114 anhydrite 121, 122, 125, 128 debris flow deposits 253, 275, 276 Aosta Valley, slope deformation case study 113–129 deep-seated gravitational slope deformation 4, 97 Apennines, geology and geomorphology 201–206 controlling factors classification 125–129 Arbino landslide 217, 218–219 historical data 113–114 Ayasse Torrent 116, 117, 118 landforms 12–14, 206–208 Tine´e Valley 11–22 back-crack structure 62, 65, 68–71 see for example Aosta, Celentino, Cervinia, Romsdalen 45, 46, 50,58 Hoˆne, Livigno, Motto d’Arbino, Quart, Sogn, Storfjord 44, 48, 49, 59 Villeneuve basal sliding plane 81–83, 99, 107, 109 deglaciation simulation 249 A˚ knes rockslide 151, 153 dip-slip sliding 229 Gamanjunni slide 191, 193 dissolution and slope deformation 119–122, 124, 125, Biasca fan 254 126, 127, 128 block size 177, 178 dissolution, limestone 166, 173, 177 block-field, Gamanjunni slide 190, 191, 193, 194 dogtooth ridge profile 244 Boaco see Santa Lucia DSGSD see deep-seated gravitational slope deformation Bosco del Conte, slope deformation 218 ductile deformation, Aosta 124 breccia 82 ductile fabric 27 Breuil–Cervinia, slope deformation 115–116, 122–123 ductile structures and slope stability 41–58, 71, 73 brittle deformation 27, 107 brittle fracture 241, 243 early warning system 147 brittle structures and slope stability 41–70, 71 earthquake 139 building damage 121–124, 125 engineering model, slope development 208–212 bulging 238, 248 erosion 1–2 rate of 216, 229, 273, 276 caldera, Santa Lucia Depression 136–142 evaporite 121, 124, 203 Campo di Giove rock avalanche 204, 205, 206, 213 see also anhydrite Canada see Turtle Mountain exfoliation 58, 59, 63, 64, 67,89 Caramanico Basin 207–208 Caramanico Breccias 204, 205 fabric, type 1 Caramanico Fault System 202–204, 207, 208, 212 failure surface 45, 49, 82 Caramanico Valley, slope evolution 201–213 fans, catastrophic slope failure 253–276 analysis 208–212 anomalous 256, 258, 274 geology and geomorphology 202–206 area of 257–260, 264 landforms 206–208 geomorphology 254–255, 269, 272 palaeo-landslides 204 in glacial troughs 253–254 results 212–213 Malser Haide 264–273 catastrophic slope failure fans 253–276 St Valentin 273–274 source reconstruction 268-273 Val Venosta 255–264 catastrophist v uniformitarian 253, 276 fatalities due to slope failure 97, 98 catchment area, fans 256, 257, 258, 260, 261 fault evolution 196 cavities (anomalous) and fan cones 261, 262, 272 fault gouge 15 Celentino, gravitational slope deformation 235–249 see also gouge geology 236, 237, 238 fault reactivation 139 geomorphology 236, 238, 239 fault rock breccia 82 numerical modelling 243–248 fault scarp 192, 193, 195–197 Cervinia, slope deformation 115–116, 122–123 fault zones and gravitational deformation 123–125 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3904704/9781862395992_backmatter.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 280 INDEX faults and slope instability 58–68 Turtle Mountain 164–165 faults, active 187, 196, 197 Sogn and Fjordane 97, 100–101, 106–107 faults, A˚ knes rockslide 153 geomechanical parameters, Caramanico 209, Ferret Valley 217, 218 210–211, 222 field investigations 31–37, 69 geomechanical survey, Celentino 240–243, 249 Alpine valley shape 218–219, 231 geomorphical features, Italian Alps 215, 218 La Clapie`re 12, 14–19 geomorphology 21 Sogn and Fjordane 104, 107, 109 A˚ knes rockslide 148–151 Tine´e Valley 12–19 Apennines 201–206 Turtle Mountain 165–166 Celentino 236, 238, 239, 240, 242 finite difference method code (FLAC) 212, 219 Gamanjunni slide 191–194, 198 fjord, structural ranking study 79–93 megafans 254–273 Fjordane see Sogn numerical models 220–222, 224–230 fjords, slope instability 27–75 Turtle Mountain 164–165 Fla˚m rockslide 32 Villeneuve 122 Flatmark valley, collapse 46 geotechnical parameters (Caramanico) 208–209 fluidization 253 Gikling rockslide 37, 51, 54, 55, 56, 71 flysch, geomechanical parameters 211 glacial cirque, slope deformation 231 fold geometry 71 glacial erosion 218 fold hinges, A˚ knes rockslide 151–152, 155, 156, 158 rate of 216 fold-related fracturing, Turtle Mountain 165, 166–170, glacial trimline 254 174–179, 181 glacial trough fans 253–254, 255, 276 folds and slope instability 43–50 glacial unloading 236, 247–249, 275 foliation glaciated regions and slope deformation 235, 243, 245 A˚ knes rockslide 151, 152, 154–156, 157–158 glacier fill, modelling 221, 223, 229, 247 Sogn and Fjordane 99, 100–101, 102, 103, 107 glacier retreat and slope stability 11–14, 28 Storfjorden 80, 81–83, 85 gneiss 28, 31–37, 70, 71 potential failures 90 Aosta 116–117, 119 foliation, slope instability 41, 43, 61–63, 65, 66,71 Storfjorden 81, 93 field observation 31–37, 69 gouge 15, 43, 55, 69, 158 fracture plot, Celentino 241 recent 89, 90, 92, 93 fracture transfer 103 graben fractures 56, 60, 63, 64, 66, 82, 83 A˚ knes rockslide 152, 154 open 58, 64, 66, 67, 69, 109 Tussen rockslide 102 site investigation 100–101 granitic rocks 12, 20 fractures and slope failure, Turtle Mountain 163–181 gravitational deformation, south-west Alps 11–22 analytical methods 165–166 chronology 14, 19 fold form 165, 166–170 field investigation 12–19 geology and geomorphology 164–165 gravitational duplex 81, 82 lineaments 167, 168, 175 gravitational mass movement see deep-seated ... model 179–181 gravity and tectonics 2–3 rock conditions 170–174 groundwater 51, 52, 173 slope instabilities 175–179 and rockslide 156, 158, 160 fractures, back-bounding 104, 108 slope deformation 216, 217, 223, 231 fractures, slope instability 31–37, 173–179 France (SW Alps), slope stability 11–23 Heggursaksla, potential rockslide 91, 92,93 Frank Slide 163, 181 historical rockslide, A˚ knes 149, 157 friction angle 28, 73, 74 historical slope failure 28–41, 98, 109 Turtle Mountain 176, 179, 180 data 113–114 frost wedging 28 Hoek-Brown failure criterion 247, 248 Hoˆne, gravitational slope deformation 114–119 Gamanjunni slide 186, 188–198 hummocky topography 122, 142 geology 188, 189 hydraulic pressure 51, 52, 58, 74 geomorphology 191–194 Hyllestad unstable area 104–105 InSAR 188–191 Geiranger Fjord 62 ice-river 43 Geirangerfjorden 81 inherited structure 28, 31–37, 39,43 geochronology InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperature radar) 10Be dating 14, 19 study of rock slope failure 185–198 14C dating 137, 138–139, 201 discussion 194–196 geology and slope failure methodology 185–188 A˚ knes rockslide 148–151 results 188–194 Aosta Valley 114, 115 synthesis 196–197 Celentino 236, 237, 238 intermontane basin 201–203 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3904704/9781862395992_backmatter.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 INDEX 281 Italian Alps see Aosta Valley and Celentino La Clapie`re 15–19, 21–23 Italy, megafans 253–276 slope geometry 6, 20–21, 219–223 Italy, Plio-Quaternary slope evolution 201–213 Mohr–Coulomb parameters 209, 222, 247 Italy, valley shape and deformation 215–231 monitoring mass movement 93 Ivasanen rockslide 34,56–58 A˚ knes rockslide 147, 160 Turtle Mountain 163 joint roughness coefficient 240, 241, 243, 247 Møre og Romsdal County 28, 41, 71, 109 joints 27, 41, 46, 248 Morrone Ridge 202, 206, 207, 208, 212 A˚ knes rockslide 152–153, 158 Motto d’Arbino, slope deformation 217, 218–219 Arbino 219 movement rate, slope deformation 122, 125, 231 Storfjorden 85 A˚ knes rockslide 150, 154, 159 Turtle Mountain 174, 176–179, 181 Celentino 235 Gamanjunni slide 185, 187, 188, 189, 194–198 karst 206, 213 movement, active 99, 102, 104, 109 Turtle Mountain 170, 176, 177, 181 movement, potential 100–101 kink fold 2 Mt Arezzo landslide 201 knick-point 100–101, 107, 108, 109 Mt Macellaro Fault Zone 208, 212 La Clapie`re, field investigation 12, 14–19 nappes, pre-Alpine 1 landforms and anomalous cavities 262, 263 neotectonics 1, 81, 89,90–92 landforms/geomorphology, Caramanico 206–208 Aosta 124, 127 landslide Nicaragua, palaeostress analysis 133–144 active 218, 219 Norddal village, rockfall 45 and erosion 1–2 Norddalsfjorden 81 Aosta Valley 116 Norway Caramanico 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 213 rockslide study 79–93 inventory 217, 230 slope instability 27–75 mechanism 4–5, 15, 20 structure and geomorphology 97–109 very large 253, 273, 276 see also Gamanjunni slide landslide and structural control 147–160 numerical modelling 216, 235 analytical methods 151 2D finite element 243–248 faults 153 3D FLAC 219–223 folds 151–152, 155, 156, 158 back-analysis, Caramanico Valley 208–212 foliation 151, 152, 154–156, 157–158 results, Caramanico Valley 212–213 joints 152–153, 158 movement 154 olistostrome 5 scars and back-scarps 153–154, 155 opaline fill 139 LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) open cracks 67, 118, 152, 159 data analysis 3, 81, 84 orthophotography and InSAR 187, 188, 190, 193, 194 Turtle Mountain 164, 169 limestone, geomechanical parameters 210 palaeo-landslides 204 lineament mapping 83, 84, 87–88, 92 palaeostress