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Proquest Dissertations NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMT mn u Ottawa L'Université canadienne Canada's university ran FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES 1^=1 FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ETPOSTOCTORALES u Ottawa posdoctoral studies L'Université canadienne Canada's university Jean-Philip Mathieu AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS M.A. (History) GRADE / DEGREE Department of History FACULTE, ECOLE, DEPARTEMENT / FACULTY, SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT Québec City's Ship Carpenters, 1840 to 1893: Working Class Self-Organization on the Waterfront TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Peter Bischoff DIRECTEUR (DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS SUPERVISOR C0-DIRECTEUR (CO-DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS CO-SUPERVISOR JBéatricejCraig_ MichelBock_ jGary_W1_SJatCT_ Le Doyen de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Quebec City's Ship Carpenters, 1840 to 1893: Working Class Self-Organization on the Waterfront by Jean-Philip Mathieu Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.A. degree in History University of Ottawa ©Jean-Philip Mathieu, Ottawa, Canada, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et ?F? Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Yourfìle Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-66234-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-66234-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada Abstract, Québec City's Ship Carpenters, 1840 to 1893: Working Class Self-Organization on the Waterfront, Jean-Philip Mathieu, 2009. In the mid-nineteenth century, the construction of wooden sailing vessels became the single most important employer in Québec City. Thousands of people worked as shipwrights in the shipbuilding industry, but ship carpenters were the backbone of the trade. These workers displayed an extraordinary capacity for mobilization, being responsible for some of Canada's earliest labour organizations, starting in 1840 with the Société amicale et bienveillante des charpentiers de vaisseaux de Québec. This study demonstrates that ship carpenters' impressive capacity for organization was the result of the trade's remarkable ethnic homogeneity, as no less than 90% of ship carpenters were French Canadian, and most lived together in the working class suburb of Saint Roch. This homogeneity allowed ship carpenters to avoid the bitter internecine conflict that plagued the early labour movement, and allowed them to become part of the vanguard of the Canadian working class. Table of Contents List ofAbbreviations 6 List of Tables 7 List of Illustrations 8 List of Figures 9 Acknowledgements 10 Introduction 1 1 Chapter 1: The Shipbuilding Industry in Québec 24 First Steps Under the Bourbon Crown 25 The Lumber Trade and the Expansion of Shipbuilding Under the British Régime 27 An Unstable Market 33 The Shipbuilders 37 Organization ofthe Shipyard 45 Ship Carpenters and their Trade 50 Chapter 2: The First Wave of Mobilization, 1840-1858 59 The 1840 Ship Carpenters' Strike 59 First Steps: la Société amicale et bienveillante des charpentiers de vaisseaux de Québec 64 The Quebec Workmen's Benevolent Society 7 1 The Panic of 1857 76 The Movement for Public Works 78 The Riots 85 Chapter 3: "The Famished Wolf is a Terrible Adversary": Unionization and Strikes, 1860-1868 91 Recovery 91 Working Class Militancy in the Mid- 1 860s 94 The Ship Carpenters Unite 99 The Ship Carpenters Strike Again 1 06 Riot at the Samsons' Shipyard 109 Québec Under Siege 1 1 3 Dénouement 1 1 7 Chapter 4: The Twilight of Shipbuilding in Québec, 1868-1893 121 Decline and Death 121 Blame 123 Structural Problems in Quebec's Shipbuilding Industry 127 New Horizons 130 The Last Gasp: The General Strike of 1878 133 The Ship Carpenters Disperse 140 Conclusion 143 Bibliography 147 Mathieu Ship Carpenters 5 List of Abbreviations AVQ Archives de la Ville de Québec BANQ Bibliothèque et archives nationales du Québec DCB Dictionary of Canadian Biography IUSCC International Union of Ship Carpenters and Caulkers JLAPC Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada JLCPC Journals of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada JHCC Journals of the House of Commons of Canada LAC Library and Archives Canada NYWU New York Workingmen's Union PHSVQ Programme de recherche "Population et histoire sociale de la ville de Québec" of the Centre interuniversitaire d'études québécoises (CIEQ-Université Laval) QSLBS Quebec Ship Laborers Benevolent Society QWBS Quebec Workmen's Benevolent Society SABCVQ Société amicale et bienveillante des charpentiers de vaisseaux de Québec UPCCNQ Union de protection des charpentiers et calfats de navires de Québec Mathieu Ship Carpenters 6 List of Tables Table 1.1 Ethnicity of Québec Shipbuilders Table 1 .2 Ethnicity of Large-Scale Québec Shipbuilders Table 1 .3 Ship Carpenters in the Shipbuilding Trade (by Census Year) Table 1.4 Ethnicity of Québec Ship Carpenters, 1851-1881 Table 1.5 Geographic Disposition of Ship Carpenters, 1851-1881 Table 2.1 Composition ofthe Quebec Workmen's Benevolent Society in 1852, by Trade Table 2.2 Election Results, 3 1 December 1 857 Table 4.1 New Horizons for Ship Carpenters (1881-1891) Mathieu Ship Carpenters 7 List of Illustrations Illustration 1.1 A Panoramic View of Québec from Point Levi, 1847 Illustration 1.2 View of Wolfe's Cove, looking down at Allan Gilmour and Co. Booms for loading timber, 1860 Illustration 1.3 The Ocean Monarch in 1855 Illustration 1.4 St. Roch and the St. Charles Valley, 1864 Illustration 1.5 Fire in Saint Roch Illustration 2.1 Joseph Laurin, Notary and Friend of the Working Class Illustration 2.2 Notarial Act establishing the SABCVQ (5 January 1841) Illustration 2.3 The Honourable Charles-Joseph Alleyn Illustration 2.4 Colonel Bartholomew Gugy Illustration 3.1 Admission Form to the IUSCC Illustration 3.2 Publication of the Coroner's Report (as seen by the Mercury) Illustration 3.3 Médéric Lanctôt Illustration 4.1 The Mayor's Proclamation Mathieu Ship Carpenters 8 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Timber Imported into the United Kingdom from Europe and British North America, 1785-1820 Figure 1 .2 Cycles in British American and British Shipbuilding (Crests and Troughs) Figure 1.3 Number of Workers at the St. Lawrence, St. Charles, and Pointe-aux-Trembles Shipyards, 1818-1866 Figure 3.1 The Second Stage of Growth, 1860 to 1870 Mathieu Ship Carpenters 9 Acknowledgements This study is the culmination of three years of research, and along the way, I have been helped by innumerable people. First of all, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Peter Bischoff, who not only suggested a fascinating topic, but provided countless hours of help, and whose timely assistance and great enthusiasm for the project were invaluable and much appreciated. I would also like to thank my evaluators, Béatrice Craig and Michel Bock, whose sound comments have greatly improved this study. I owe a great debt to Richard Marcoux and Marc Hillard for allowing me to use their database of Québec City census data, without which this study would have been impossible. I also stand to thank the wonderful staffs at Library and Archives Canada, Bibliothèques et Archives Nationales du Québec, and Archives de la Ville de Québec, who were a constant help to me. Equally important was the financial assistance of the University of Ottawa, especially in the form of teaching assistantships, that made it possible for me to undertake this study. My profound gratitude also goes out to my parents Jean-Guy and Nancy, who have been the source of endless support, and Debbie-Ann Bergeron, whose constant encouragement has helped me to overcome the many challenges of this study. Finally, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to the memory of my good friend Michel Ouimet (1982-2008). Mathieu Introduction 10 Introduction On 13 February 1890, a retired shipbuilder named Narcisse Rosa published a letter in the Quebec Morning Chronicle in which he made the case for the viability of naval construction in Québec City.1 "It is universally admitted", argued Rosa, "that if ship- building were restored in Quebec it would immensely help our good city and we would once more revive le bon vieux temps, and witness prosperity on all sides [...]"z The grizzled old builder's optimistic appraisal ofthe industry was not based purely on nostalgia - for almost a century the construction of sailing vessels was by far the most important industry in the Vieille Capitale.
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