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Article 192191 A7996ff7007612 International Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality vol. 15, issue 1 (2021), 1-16 International Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality journal homepage: https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg The Iconography of Goddess Tjenenet from the Middle Kingdom to the Late Period Mina Samy Fareed,Walid Shaikh Al Arab, Taher Abdelhamid Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Fayoum University, Egypt ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The Egyptian Goddess Tjenenet was a local goddess whose evidence Tjenenet survived from Middle Kingdom to Ptolemaic and Roman Period. She Montu is known mainly as the divine consort of god Montu and a dweller in Iunit his chief cult centers, especially at Tod, Armant, and Medamoud. She Rettway is often represented anthropomorphically crowned either with two Tod cow’s horns with an integrated sun disk, or with a Bicornuate uterus. Armant Considering that her worship extended over nearly three thousand Medamoud. years, it seems inevitable that her iconography has seen some changes. This paper aims to shed light on the principal development moments of the iconography of goddess Tjenenet by responding to the following inquiries: how far is the possibility to recognize goddess Tjenenet despite the absence of her legends? Could the various aspects of her character influence her iconography? Does the form of this goddess vary according to the role she plays or the period in which she was depicted? Is it possible to consider the representations of Tjenenet as a measure of dating? Therefore, this paper tries to present and clarify the personality of Tjenenet by highlighting her iconography ©2021 Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Fayoum University All rights reserved 1. Introduction Middle Kingdom to the Ptolemaic and Roman period. Tjenenet was first appeared2 at the village The Egyptian Goddess Tjenenet 1, was a local 3 goddess whose evidence mainly survived from the of Tod , where called “7nnt Contact Mina Samy Fareed at: [email protected] 1 For further information about goddess Tjenenet, see Ch. Thiers, “Hymne à la déesse Tanent et présence latopolite sur quelques blocs d’Ermant”, in: CENiM 13, 2015, pp.295-326; G. Hart, The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Second Edition, 2005, p. 182;c R. H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddess of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, 2003, p. 168; LGG VII, pp. 475(a) - 476(b); LÄ VI, col. 610; M. Thersia, Synkretismus in Ägyptischer Ikonographie die Göttin Tjenenet, Otto Harrassowitz, 1979 2 See M. Thersia, Synkretismus in Ägyptischer Ikonographie die Göttin Tjenenet, Otto Harrassowitz, 1979, p. 6. 3 Located in the 4th Nome of Upper Egypt, on the eastern bank of the Nile approximately 20 kilometers south of houses a main dedicated temple for god Montu”طود“ Luxor, the village of Tod, El-Tod or the modern Arabic name in which the cult of goddess Tjenenet took place. Tod was called in the ancient Egyptian language “9rt or 9rty – /. Meanwhile, in the ancient Greek, it was called “Touphion – Τούφιον” and in Latin “Tuphium” while in the Coptic time, it was called “taout – toout.” For more information about Tod, see G. Bonnefois, “Tod”, in Redford, B. Donald (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 3, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 411-412; F. Mina Samy Fareed et al. / IJHTH vol 15 issue 1 (2021) 1-16 Hry(.t)-ib 9rt” meaning “goddess Tjenenet the one phenotypes. She acquires new forms and obtaining who resides at Tod”. Later she took place at her remarkable “Bicornuate uterus”11 emblem and Armant4, and Medamoud5. She was the consort of many other head-emblems. the prominent god, Montu6, who was a falcon- This paper aims to recognize and clarify the headed god with increasing importance since the principal development moments of the 11th Dynasty at Thebes region. Both were once iconography of goddess Tjenenet by responding to considered as the parents of Horus-Re the Infant7. the following inquiries: how far is the possibility to Having radiant worship for many centuries, if not recognize goddess Tjenenet despite the absence of millennia, it is understandable that the her legends? Could the various aspects of her representations of this goddess have seen many character influence her iconography? Does the changes during this long period. Her form of this goddess vary according to the role she manifestations could be traced only, starting from plays or the period in which she was depicted? Is it the Middle Kingdom (ca. 2030 – 1650 B.C.), possible to consider the representations of Tjenenet precisely during the 11th Dynasty at Tod. The as a measure of dating? Therefore, this paper tries earliest representation of the goddess Tjenenet to present and clarify the personality of Tjenenet by depicts her in a complete human form, wearing the highlighting her iconography. The paper is divided basic vulture-style headdress with no head- chronologically into three main parts: the Middle emblems on the stone blocks of Montuhotep III at Kingdom, the New Kingdom, and the Late Period. Tod8. By the New Kingdom (ca. 1550 – 1070 Each part contains her different representations, B.C.), the popularity of Tjenenet grew, and her organized in different sets. depictions can be found on temples and funerary 2. Iconography monuments, where she was associated with 9 10 2.1 The Iconography of Tjenenet during the Middle different goddesses like Iunit and Rettawy . Her Kingdom representations have been enriched with new Bisson de la Roque, Tôd, FIFAO 17, 1937; H. Gautheir, 7 See É. Driton, G. Posener, et J. Vandier, Tôd: les Dictionnaire des noms géographiques contenus dans Inscriptions du Temple Ptolémaїque et Romain I, la salle Les texts Hiéroglyphiques VI, Le Caire, 1929, pp. 130- hypostyle, textes nos 1-172, Le Caire, p. 4, pl. 1. 131. 8 F. Bisson de la Roque, Tôd, FIFAO 17, 1937, pp. 79- 4 Located in the 4th Nome of Upper Egypt, on the 80, fig. 32. western bank of the Nile approximately 20 kilometers4 9 Iunit was a local goddess of mainly importance in the south of Luxor, the village of Armant or the modern Theban region, precisely in the town of Armant. For ,houses a mainly dedicated temple more information, see LGG I, pp. 190(a)-192(b); LÄ III ”أرمنت“ Arabic name for god Montu in which the cult of goddess Tjenenet col. 212; R. H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and took place. Armant was known in the ancient Egyptian Goddess of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, 2003, p. language with “Iwn-Smaw – the Southern Iun” 150; M. el-Weshahy, “The Goddess Iwnj.t”, in Meanwhile, in the ancient Greek, it was called Association of Arab Universities For Tourism and “Hermonthis – Ἑρμῶνθις” and in Latin “Hermuntis” Hospitality, JAAUTH, Vol.4. No 2, pp. 123-149. 10 while in the Coptic time, it was called “erment – Rettawy appeared for the first time within the texts of th armanc.” See H. Gautheir, Dictionnaire des noms the Pyramid Texts since the 5 Dynasty, where she was géographiques contenus dans Les textes assigned as the counterpart of god Re. For further Hiéroglyphiques I, 1929, p. 53. readings, see LGG IV, pp. 647(c)-649(a); LÄ V, col. 151- 5 The village of Medamoud is located within the 4th 155; R. H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddess Nome of Upper Egypt, on the eastern bank of the Nile of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, 2003, p. 164; A. approximately 5 kilometers northeast of Karnak. The Enany, “Representations of the Goddess Rait-Tawy in village of Medamoud or the modern Arabic name Ancient Egypt” in Studies in the Antiquities of the Arab .housed one day a mainly dedicated temple for World 16, pp. 123-144 ”ميدامود“ 11 For further readings about the Bicornuate uterus, see Montu in which the cult of goddess Tjenenet took place. M. Thersia, Synkretismus in Ägyptischer Ikonographie It was known in the ancient Egyptian language with die Göttin Tjenenet, p.8; R. Barone, Anatomie comparée “MAdw.” Meanwhile, in the ancient Greek, it was called des mammifères domestiques, tome 4: Splanchnotomie “τὰ Κεραμεῖα” and in Latin “Ceramice”, while in the II. Appareil uro-génital, ed. Vigot, 1990. p. 322-323; Ph. Coptic time, it was called “petemout.” Collombert, “Quelques Précisions sur la Lecture et la 6 E. K. Werner, The God Montu: From the Earliest Attestations to the End of the New Kingdom, Ph. D. Signification du Mot ”, in RDE 46, 1995, pp. 205- Dissertation, Yale University, 1985, pp. 266-268. 208. 2 Mina Samy Fareed et al. / IJHTH vol 15 issue 1 (2021) 1-16 The earliest known representation for goddess Tjenenet came out in the Middle Kingdom, as, at least, no evidence of her can be traced in the Old Kingdom (ca. 2647 – 2150 B.C.). Tjenenet appeared for the first time during the reign of king Montuhotep III on few blocks of limestone, which were found at Tod.12 These documents are considered the only pictorial depictions of goddess Tjenenet during the Middle Kingdom. Only one representation for goddess Tjenenet in complete human form has survived @Mina Freed cliché Four pictorial representations can be traced on the 15 block-stones which were unearthed by Fernand On one block of stone (E. 15144) which is housed Bisson de la Roque in 1937, as relics of the Middle nowadays in Musée du Louvre, department of Kingdom temple of Montu at Tod. Two of these Egyptian Antiquities, Tjenenet is depicted with the block-stones (JE 66337, and JE 66333)13 have only same features, holding the “wAs” scepter (fig. 3, pl. traces of goddess Tjenenet, wearing the vulture- 3) style headdress (fig. 1, pl. 1) with no head- Fig 3 emblems. Tjenenet holding the “wAs” scepter. Fig. 1 Head of goddess Tjenenet.
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