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Interaccions Planta-Herbívor En Dues Espècies Exòtiques De Senecio (S

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Interaccions Planta-Herbívor En Dues Espècies Exòtiques De Senecio (S Interaccions planta-herbívor en dues espècies exòtiques de Senecio (S. pterophorus i S. inaequidens): estudi biogeogràfic i de comunitat Maria Morante Moret Directora : Eva Castells Caballé Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia Programa de Doctorat en Farmacologia Bellaterra, 2015 2 La Dra. Eva Castells Caballé, professora titular interina del Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia. Certifica: Que la memòria titulada : “Interaccions planta-herbívor en dues espècies de Senecio (S. pterophorus i S.inaequidens) : estudi biogeogràfic i comunitat” presentada per Maria Morante Moret s’ha realitzat sota la seva direcció, i considera que compleix totes les condicions exigides per optar al títol de Doctora per la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Dra. Eva Castells Caballé 3 4 AGRAÏMENTS En primer lloc voldria donar-li les gràcies a la meva directora de tesi, l’Eva Castells, per des d’un inici haver confiat amb mi i aconsellar-me durant aquest llarg camí. Desenvolupar la tesi doctoral sota la seva direcció m’ha ensenyat moltes coses tant a nivell acadèmic com personal. Aprofito també per agrair-li a la seva parella, en Francesc Cebrià, per haver-me posat en contacte amb ella. També, voldria agrair especialment a l’Anabel Blasco per tot el suport acadèmic i personal. Gràcies per estar sempre disposada a escoltar-me i per descobrir-me el món dels zeros inflats! Als companys de projecte i de despatx, moltes gràcies per el vostre suport i ànims al llarg d’aquests anys! En especial, gràcies Anna per l’ajuda i les bones estones al Montseny. Santi, Pere, Judith, Toni, Laura, Mariona i Victòria gràcies per el suport i per arrencar-me un somriure davant les dificultats. Moltes gràcies també a en Jaume per tot el seu suport, comprensió, ànims i ajuda en l’edició! Ets genial! També gràcies als meus pares per creure i confiar amb mi. Sense vosaltres no hagués estat possible. En aquests agraïments tampoc puc oblidar al meu avi, que tot i que no sabia que feia tantes hores darrera l’ordinador, sempre em va fer costat i companyia. Ni tampoc als meus ajudants incondicionals, Boleta, Bruni, Bambú, Tuc, Nanuk i Charly, que han fet tantes o més hores que jo darrera la pantalla. Als amics que han aguantat els meus “rotllos” sobre les plantetes, els insectes, les dades i els zeros també moltes gràcies! Laura, Joan i filloleta moltes gràcies per estar sempre allà animant! Ara us toca a vosaltres! Sare, Mireia, Ernest i Núria moltes gràcies pel suport i pels bons moments que sempre ajuden a tirar endavant. Rubén gràcies per acompanyar-me al Montseny més d’un dia! Gagos, Clarets, Traves, Clara, Ada, Nessim, Alícia, Anna, Quel, Dani, Albert, Maria R., Albert M., Edu, Núria, Martí, Toni C. i molts altres que perdoneu si ara no us tinc en ment, moltes gràcies! 5 6 CONTRIBUCIONS En el següent apartat es detallen les contribucions de la doctoranda en aquesta tesi doctoral: Estudi biogeogràfic (Capítol 1) Disseny del mostreig a Sud-àfrica i Catalunya contactant amb herbaris i altres fonts d’informació per poder determinar la distribució de S. pterophorus. Prospecció del terreny per a la cerca de poblacions insitu a l’àmbit natiu des de Ciutat del cap (Western Cape) fins a Durban (Kwa Zulu Natal) amb la finalitat de cobrir tota l’àrea de distribució d’aquesta espècie (novembre 2009). Prospecció del terreny per a la cerca de poblacions en l’àmbit invasor (Catalunya). Es van recórrer les principals zones on l’espècie havia estat citada per la bibliografia com també es van explorar noves zones susceptibles d’estar colonitzades (juliol 2010). Realització del mostreig de 19 poblacions a Sud-àfrica i 12 a Catalunya en les quals es van recol·lectar capítols per avaluar l’herbivorisme i fulles per anàlisis genètiques i fitoquímiques. A la vegada es van caracteritzar els hàbitats de les poblacions mostrejades. Avaluació de l’herbivorisme a través de la dissecció dels capítols recol·lectats en el mostreig de les poblacions sud-africanes i catalanes. Recompte i identificació dels herbívors trobats. Participació en les anàlisis estadístiques de les dades d’herbivorisme en col·laboració amb el servei d’estadística de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Participació en la redacció de l’article resultant d’aquest estudi: “Reduced seed predation after plant invasion supports enemy release in a broad biogeographical survey.” Oecologia 173:1397-1409. DOI 10.1007/s00442-013- 2718-4. 7 Estudi de comunitat (Capítols 2, 3 i 4) Prospecció del terreny per a la cerca de poblacions on coexistissin les espècies natives i exòtiques al Parc Natural del Montseny. Determinació de les poblacions i marcatge dels individus. Estructuració del calendari de mostreig i creació dels fulls de camp. Mostreig de les sis poblacions seleccionades durant els anys 2009 i 2010. Les poblacions eren visitades amb una freqüència entre 7 i 15 dies. A cada visita s’anotava l’estadi fenològic de les plantes, s’eliminaven els involucres i es recol·lectaven els capítols per poder estimar l’herbivorisme a posteriori. Dissecció dels capítols recol·lectats, conservació i cria dels insectes. Participació en la identificació dels herbívors recol·lectats. Realització de les anàlisis fitoquímiques utilitzant les llavors recol·lectades a de les poblacions mostrejades. Aquestes anàlisis es van dividir en dues etapes. En primer lloc es va realitzar l’extracció d’alcaloides pirrolizidinics a partir de material vegetal triturat al laboratori. En segon, es van analitzar els alcaloides per cromatografia de gasos i de masses al Servei d’Anàlisis Químiques de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Capítol 4) Anàlisis de les dades d’herbívorisme amb la col·laboració d’Anabel Blasco- Moreno del Servei d’Estadística de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Capítol 2, 3 i 4). Participació en la redacció de l’article resultant d’aquest estudi: “Herbivores on native and exotic Senecio plants: is host switching related to plant novelty and insect diet breadth under field conditions?” Insect Conservation and Diversity 7: 420-431. DOI 10.1111/icad.12064. Redacció dels capítols 3 i 4. 8 RESUM La invasió de les espècies exòtiques és una de les causes més importants de la pèrdua de biodiversitat. Un dels reptes actuals en l’estudi de les invasions és determinar quins factors afecten a la capacitat d’invasió quan una espècie exòtica colonitza un nou ambient. Entre els diferents factors, els herbívors destaquen per la seva capacitat per controlar les poblacions vegetals. Segons les hipòtesis actuals, els herbívors influiran en l’èxit d’invasió de les espècies exòtiques a través de dos processos contraposats: l’alliberament dels enemics naturals de la zona d’origen, que facilitaria la invasió i l’establiment de noves interaccions amb els herbívors de l’àrea envaïda, que podria frenar-la. L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi ha estat avaluar les interaccions planta–herbívor en dues espècies exòtiques de Senecio (S. pterophorus i S. inaequidens) mitjançant un estudi a nivell biogeogràfic, comparant poblacions natives i invasores d’una mateixa espècie, i a nivell de comunitat, comparant espècies exòtiques i natives en una zona d’introducció. Els resultats de l’estudi biogeogràfic (Capítol 1) han evidenciat que les plantes de S. pterophorus s’han alliberat dels enemics naturals de la zona d’origen però que també han establert noves interaccions amb els herbívors locals. En l’estudi de comunitat (Capítol 2, 3, 4) s’ha demostrat que les plantes exòtiques S. pterophorus i S. inaequidens estableixen noves interaccions amb herbívors locals especialistes. Les interaccions entre els herbívors locals i les plantes de Senecio no han estat influïdes per les defenses químiques vegetals, al contrari del què prediuen les hipòtesis vigents, mentre que altres característiques de les plantes, com la fenologia o la grandària dels individus, hi han influït significativament. En general, la intensitat d’herbivorisme en les plantes exòtiques no ha estat superior en comparació als congèneres natius. Per tant, es conclou que els herbívors no esdevenen un element important en el control d’aquestes dues espècies invasores. Els resultats obtinguts han contribuït a la comprensió de les interaccions planta–herbívor en el procés d’invasió així com han posat de manifest la complexitat de les condicions naturals. 9 ABSTRACT The invasion of exotic species is one of the most significant factors affecting biological diversity at global scale. An important challenge in the study of invasions is to understand what factors determine the capacity of invasion when an exotic species colonizes a new habitat. Among these ones, herbivores stand out for their capacity to control plant populations. The current hypotheses postulate that herbivores may influence the invasions success through two opposite mechanisms: the release of native herbivores from the native area, which may favor invasibility, and the establishment of new interactions with herbivores from the invaded area, which could decrease plant fitness and reduce the invasion capacity. The general objective of this thesis was to study plant–herbivore interactions in two exotic species from the genus Senecio, S. pterophorus and S. inaequidens through a biogeographical study, comparing native and exotic populations of a species, and a community study, comparing native and exotic species in an invaded area. Results of the biogeographical study (Chapter 1) have demonstrated that plants of S. pterophorus are release from their native enemies from the native area and, at the same time, establish new interactions with local herbivores in the invaded areas. The study at community level (Chapter 2, 3 and 4) has shown that exotic species, S. pterophorus and S. inaequidens, establish new interactions with local specialist herbivores. Interactions between local herbivores and Senecio plants are not influenced by chemical defenses, contrary to the current hypotheses; while other plant characteristics such plant size or phenology have a significant influence.
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