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Senecio Inaequidens DC

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Senecio Inaequidens DC CCCOMMUNAUTÉ FFFRANÇAISE DE BBBELGIQUE AAACADEMIE UUUNIVERSITAIRE WWWALLONIE ---E-EEEUROPE FFFACULTE UUUNIVERSITAIRE DES SSSCIENCES AAAGRONOMIQUES DE GGGEMBLOUX SSSOURCES DE VARIATION PHÉNOTYPIQUE DES TRATRAITSITS DDD’’’HISTOIRE DE VIE D ’’’UNE ESPÈCE INVASIVE ,,, SSSENECIO INAEQUIDENS DC. (A(A(A STERACEAE ).).). Arnaud MMMONTY EEESSAI PRÉSENTÉ EN VUE DE L '''OBTENTION DU GRADE DDEE DOCTEUR EN SCIENCESCIENCESS AGRONOMIQUES ET INGINGÉNIERIEÉNIERIE BIOLOGIQUE Promoteur : Pr. Grégory MMMAHY Année 2009 CCCOMMUNAUTÉ FFFRANÇAISE DE BBBELGIQUE AAACADEMIE UUUNIVERSITAIRE WWWALLONIE ---E-EEEUROPE FFFACULTE UUUNIVERSITAIRE DES SSSCIENCES AAAGRONOMIQUES DE GGGEMBLOUX SSSOURCES DE VARIATION PHÉNOTYPIQUE DES TRATRAITSITS DDD’’’HISTOIRE DE VIE D ’’’UNE ESPÈCE INVASIVE ,,, SSSENECIO INAEQUIDENS DC. (A(A(A STERACEAE ).).). Arnaud MMMONTY EEESSAI PRÉSENTÉ EN VUE DE L '''OBTENTION DU GRADE DDEE DOCTEUR EN SCIENCESCIENCESS AGRONOMIQUES ET INGINGÉNIERIEÉNIERIE BIOLOGIQUE Promoteur : Pr. Grégory MMMAHY Année 2009 Monty Arnaud. (2009). Sources de variation phénotypique des traits d’histoire de vie d’une espèce invasive, Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae)(thèse de doctorat). Gembloux, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques. 18 p., 1 fig., 1 tableau, 7 articles. Résumé L’importance des différentes sources de variation phénotypique que sont l’adaptation, la plasticité phénotypique, les effets maternels environnementaux, le niveau de ploïdie et la dérive génétique, a été analysée pour différents traits d’histoire de vie, au sein de l’aire colonisée par une espèce végétale invasive. A cette fin, plusieurs expériences en jardins communs ont été installées, dont deux en transplantations réciproques. Les populations considérées étaient localisées en Belgique, en France, ainsi que dans l’aire d’indigénat de l’espèce. Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae), l’espèce étudiée dans ce travail, est une plante d’origine africaine accidentellement introduite en Europe par le commerce lainier, vers la fin du 19 ème siècle. Dans son aire d’indigénat, elle présente deux niveaux de ploïdie, diploïde et tétraploïde. Seuls des plants tétraploïdes sont recensés en Europe. L’espèce présente un historique de colonisation particulier, bien documenté, qui en fait un modèle idéal pour les études évolutives. Les traits d’histoire de vie considérés ont été scindés en deux groupes. Les premiers concernaient la germination, la croissance et la reproduction sexuée. Les sources de variation phénotypique dans ces traits ont été principalement analysées en relation avec les variations climatiques dans l’aire d’invasion, le long de gradients d’altitude, ainsi qu’en relation avec le niveau de ploïdie et l’aire d’origine (aire d’indigénat vs aire d’invasion). Le deuxième groupe de traits considérés concernaient les capacités de dispersion de l’espèce. Celles-ci ont été modélisées. La variabilité phénotypique dans ces traits a ensuite été analysée, parmi les populations françaises, en relation avec l’éloignement depuis le site de première introduction. Les résultats ont montré des différences entre les cytotypes de l’espèce, principalement dans les capacités de survie hivernale. Le long des gradients d’altitude, les populations de S. inaequidens présentaient des différenciations phénotypiques de type clinal, dans les traits de croissance. Ces différenciations étaient d’origine génétique, même si les effets maternels environnementaux sont apparus comme des sources non-négligeables de variation phénotypique dans les zones à climat rigoureux. Parmi les traits liés à la dispersion, le plume loading était le mieux corrélé aux capacités de dispersion par le vent. Des différenciations clinales ont été détectées dans les traits de dispersion, en jardin commun, mais n’ont pas été vérifiées en populations naturelles. Monty Arnaud. (2009). Sources of phenotypic variation of life history traits in an invasive species, Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae). (thèse de doctorat in French). Gembloux, Belgium. Gembloux Agricultural University. 18 p., 1 fig., 1 table, 7 articles. Summary The importance of different sources of phenotypic variation, namely adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, environmental maternal effects, ploidy level and genetic drift, were estimated in several life history traits among populations of an invasive plant species within its invasion range. Several common garden experiments were set out, two of which in a reciprocal transplants experiment. The populations considered in this study were located in Belgium, in France and in the native range of the model species. Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae), the model plant species, is native to Africa. It was accidentally introduced in Europe via wool trade in the late 19 th century. In the native range, the species occurs at two co-existing cytotypes: diploid and tetraploid. Only tetraploid individuals are reported in Europe. The particular and well-documented invasion history of S. inaequidens makes it an excellent plant model for evolutionary studies. Two groups of life history traits were measured. The first group of traits is related to germination, growth and sexual reproduction. The sources of phenotypic variation in those traits were analysed with respect to climatic variation along altitudinal gradients in the invaded areas. The influence of the ploidy level and the range (native vs introduced) on those traits was also analysed. The other group of traits were related to dispersal. First, dispersal capacity was modelled. Second, phenotypic variability in dispersal traits was analysed, among French populations, with respect to the distance between populations and the primary introduction French site. Results showed that diploid and tetraploid populations differed, mainly in winter survival capacity. Along altitudinal gradients, clinal phenotypic differentiations with a genetic basis were observed among populations. However, environmental maternal effects were found to significantly influence phenotypic variation in areas with harsh climatic conditions. Among dispersal-related traits, the plume loading showed the highest correlations with wind-dispersal capacity. Clinal variations were found among populations for dispersal traits, in controlled conditions. In the field, however, such patterns were not confirmed. Copyright . Aux termes de la loi belge du 30 juin 1994, sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins, seul l'auteur a le droit de reproduire partiellement ou complètement cet ouvrage de quelque façon et forme que ce soit ou d'en autoriser la reproduction partielle ou complète de quelque manière et sous quelque forme que ce soit. Toute photocopie ou reproduction sous autre forme est donc faite en violation de la dite loi et de des modifications ultérieures. Avant de rendre compte du travail scientifique exercé ces quelques 1200 derniers jours, je tiens à remercier… …mon promoteur … les collaborateurs dans la mise en place des Grégory Mahy, qui depuis le début de ce travail, expériences et même avant, n’a cessé d’aiguiser mon intérêt pour la botanique et l’écologie végétale par ses Christian Collin, du Centre d’Ecologie remarques et commentaires. Merci de m’avoir Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), pour l’aide à accueilli au Laboratoire d’Ecologie et de m’avoir la mise en place du jardin commun de permis d’obtenir les financements utiles à mes Montpellier. Merci également à David. Le recherches. Merci aussi pour la convivialité qui personnel de l’Office National des Forêts (ONF) : règne sur notre lieu de travail, car elle ne serait pas Bernard Kazandjian, Jean-Luc Martin, Gérard la même si le patron n’était pas d’un naturel aussi Malot et son équipe pour celle du jardin de La sympathique ! Cabanasse. Egalement, Bernard Bodson et son équipe de la ferme expérimentale de l’Unité de … les encadrants Phytotechnie des Régions tempérées, pour l’installation des expériences gembloutoises en Sandrine Maurice, Pierre Meerts, Patrick du plein air, pendant deux années consécutives. Jardin, Eric Haubruge, Jean-Pierre Baudoin et André Théwis, pour avoir accepté de participer à … les autres collaborateurs mon jury de thèse. Merci encore à Sandrine pour les graines diploïdes et les données d’occurrences, Julie Lebeau, pour l’aide dans le suivi des qui m’ont permis de commencer ce travail dans de expériences lors de son travail de fin d’études, bonnes conditions. Un tout grand merci aussi à Filip Verloove pour les données d’occurrences de José Escarré, pour ses conseils avisés et ses coups l’espèce en Belgique, Yves Brostaux pour les de main répétitifs. conseils statistiques et Ivan Nijs pour les conseils sur mon premier manuscrit. …les bailleurs de fonds …tous mes amis Le présent travail n’a été rendu possible que grâce à un mandat d’aspirant octroyé par le Fonds Pour leur soutien moral et/ou festif : ils se National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS). Par reconnaîtront ! ailleurs, les projets FRFC 2.4556.05 et FRFC 2.4605.06, émanant eux aussi du FNRS, ont été … et mes proches indispensables dans la réalisation matérielle des différentes expériences. Mes parents, pour leurs encouragement et leur soutien quotidien, tant matériel que moral, non … l’équipe de l’Unité SolEcoTer seulement tout au long de cette thèse mais en fait, depuis toujours. Merci aussi à Solange et Sébastien Merci à tous les membres du Laboratoire qui eux aussi, ont appris depuis longtemps à d’Ecologie, tant pour la qualité des échanges supporter la distraction qui me caractérise professionnels que nous avons eu ces dernières parfois… années, que pour la bonne
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