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Session 4: Target and Agent Selection Session 4: Target and Agent Selection Session 4 Target and Agent Selection 123 Biological Control of Senecio madagascariensis (fireweed) in Australia – a Long-Shot Target Driven by Community Support and Political Will A. Sheppard1, T. Olckers2, R. McFadyen3, L. Morin1, M. Ramadan4 and B. Sindel5 1CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia [email protected] [email protected] 2University of KwaZulu-Natal, Faculty of Science & Agriculture, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa [email protected] 3PO Box 88, Mt Ommaney Qld 4074, Australia [email protected] 4State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Plant Pest Control Branch, 1428 South King Street, Honolulu, HIUSA [email protected] 5School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351 Australia [email protected] Abstract Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis Poir.) biological control has a chequered history in Australia with little to show after 20 plus years. Plagued by local impacts, sporadic funding, a poor understanding of its genetics and its origins, and several almost genetically compatible native species, the fireweed biological control program has been faced with numerous hurdles. Hope has risen again, however, in recent years through the staunch support of a very proactive team of local stakeholders and their good fortune of finding themselves in a key electorate. The Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry has recently funded an extendable two year project for exploration in the undisputed native range of fireweed in South Africa and a detailed search for agents that are deemed to be both effective and unable to attack closely related Australian Senecio species. This will be a tall order, but nevertheless is essential to conclude once and for all whether biological control has the potential to reduce the negative effects of the plant in south eastern Australian grazing and dairy country. Introduction Hawaii (Ramadan et al., 2010). The plant contains genotoxic carcinogens in the form of pyrrolizidine Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis Poir.) alkaloids which cause cumulative chronic liver is a toxic, short-lived, perennial, temperate to damage and fatality, especially in monogastric subtropical climate pasture weed of South African livestock like horses (Sindel et al., 1998; Bega Valley origin that has established and spread in Australia, Fireweed Association, 2008). Such toxins can enter the USA (Hawaii), Japan, Brazil, Argentina, the human food chain through nectar incorporated Venezuela, Columbia and Uruguay (Sindel et al., into honey or via dairy products from animals 1998). It is the focus of a biological control program grazing on infested land. The estimated control in Australia (Julien et al., 2012; Radford, 1997) and costs averaged around $9000 per farm per annum XIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds - 2011 124 Session 4 Target and Agent Selection in Australia, and pasture productivity and profits international collaboration on this target weed. on infested land were reduced by between 15-50% Community support in Australia comes from an (Bega Valley Fireweed Association, 2008). Owners active landholder group in Bega, in south-east New of infested land also are at risk of suffering from South Wales (the Bega Valley Fireweed Association; reduced morale and stress-associated social costs www.fireweed.org.au), which is fortunate to have via; a) perception of declining property values, b) found itself in a key electorate at both the state and increased potential for neighbourhood conflicts, federal level. The federal Member of Parliament for c) regulatory obligations around weed control, d) this electorate has since become the Parliamentary animal health issues and costs, and e) longer-term Secretary for Agriculture, and has been highly business viability and succession issues. There also supportive of the fireweed issue, which has led to remains significant debate about whether and when fireweed biological control gaining funding in the the weed can be controlled using traditional pasture last few years and to the recent successful nomination management approaches, such as herbicides and of fireweed as a Weed of National Significance in controlled grazing. A high number of land owners, Australia. including commercial grazing businesses, have What makes this plant a difficult target for weed found such interventions to be impractical and the biological control in Australia is the taxonomic close price of chemicals too costly. proximity of fireweed to a group of Australian native In Australia, fireweed is spreading from a core species in the Senecio pinnatifolious (= S. lautus) group coastal strip in the south-east to the north and to more (Scott et al., 1998; Pelser et al., 2007). Hybridization upland and inland areas, and has certainly not yet can occur between these native species and fireweed, spread to all suitable regions of Australia, being still even if the progeny are sterile (Prentis et al., 2007). largely absent from the states of Victoria, Tasmania, Any natural enemies selected as potential biological South Australia and Western Australia (Sindel et control agents for Australia therefore need to be al., 2008). As a target for weed biological control, monospecific to S. madagascariensis. fireweed has many factors in its favour. Its taxonomy and native range are now well understood, being part of a complex of Senecio species in the KwaZulu-Natal Biological control history region of South Africa (Radford et al., 2000; Lafuma et al., 2003). It exhibits much lower abundance in Fireweed was declared a target for weed its native range, where competition from native biological control by the Australian Weeds perennial grasses in summer, largely confining the Committee in 1991. At the time, the taxonomy of plant to isolated pockets in disturbed fields, dunes the target was poorly understood and all the earlier and along roadsides (A. Sheppard, pers. obs.). While surveys for natural enemies were undertaken in a community of more than 30 natural enemies can south and eastern Madagascar (Marohasy 1989). be found on fireweed in Australia (Holtkamp and These early surveys recorded two moths; a flower- Hosking, 1993), none of these are very damaging feeding pyralid (Phycitodes sp.) and a stem-boring and none of the natural enemies from the native tortricid (Lobesia sp.), which were brought into range are already present in Australia, except for a quarantine in Australia. Both, however, failed to be rust fungus that appears to be of Australian origin specific enough for release in Australia (McFadyen anyway (Morin et al., 2009). Various other weeds of and Sparks, 1996). One 18- day visit was also made similar biology and impacts to fireweed have been to KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa as part successfully controlled in Australia using classical of these activities in 1991 and identified 11 species of biological control, particularly Paterson’s curse insects feeding on the plant (Marohasy unpublished (Echium plantagineum L.) and ragwort (Jacobaea report - see Table 1 below). vulgaris Gaertn.) (Julien et al., 2012). Finally In 2002, Meat and Livestock Australia funded a fireweed, as a target for biological control, has short project to look at the potential of strains of rust very strong community support in both Australia on fireweed in South Africa as potential biological (Sindel et al., 2011) and Hawaii (M. Ramadan, pers. control agents. One such rust, Puccinia lagenophorae obs.) which has opened up new opportunities for Cooke, is considered to be native to Australia, but is XIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds - 2011 Session 4 Target and Agent Selection 125 Table 1. Natural enemies found on S. madagascariensis in South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) and Swaziland, South Africa. Nature of attack Natural enemy type (family) Scientific name (current knowledge) Stem-borers Weevil (Curculionidae) Gasteroclisus tricostalis (Thunberg) Moth (Tortricidae) Lobesia sp. Fly (Tephritidae) Coelopacidia strigata Bezzi Fly (Agromyzidae) Melanagromyza spp. Flower feeder Moth (Pyralidae) Homeosoma stenotea Hampson Moth (Pyralidae) Phycitodes sp. Moth (Pterophoridae) undetermined Fly (Tephritidae) Cryptophorellia peringueyi (Bezzi) Fly (Tephritidae) Trupanea inscia Munro Fly (Tephritidae) Sphenella austrina Munro Fly (Tephritidae) Telaletes ochraceus (Loew) Fly (Tephritidae) small undetermined Fly (Cecidomyiidae) undetermined Root feeders Weevil (Curculionidae) Proictes longehirtus Fairemaire Leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae) undetermined Sap suckers Leaf hopper (Tettigometridae) Hilda elegantula Gerstaecker Plant bug (Miridae) Ellenia sp.? Lace bug (Tingidae) undetermined Plant pathogens Yellow rust (Pucciniaceae) Puccinia lagenophorae Cooke & hybrids White rust (Albuginaceae) Albugo nr tragopogonis Flower smut (Ustilaginaceae) Ustilago sp. Stem blotch fungus undetermined cosmopolitan in distribution on a range of Senecio lagenophorae rust isolates, or less virulent, in their species. It is also found in both Australia and South response to Australian fireweed plants (Morin et al., Africa on S. madagascariensis. Surveys in KwaZulu- 2009). Natal, South Africa were used to collected rust samples at 14 of 25 sites and accessions were tested from samples from eight of these sites (Morin et al., Biological control – future activities 2009). Taxonomic and genetic sequencing evidence confirmed that these accessions were a mixture
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