Weed Control Assessment of Brewer`s Spent Grain, Paper Mulch, and Local Cover Crops as Carbon Sources for Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation(ASD)
DANYANG LIU, JAYESH SAMTANI
Hampton Roads Agriculture Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Background of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation (ASD) ❖ASD, known also as Biological Soil Disinfestation or as Reductive Soil Disinfestation. ❖Developed as an alternative to methyl bromide and other soil chemical fumigants independently in Japan and in the Netherlands. ❖ASD is considered one of the most promising non- chemical methods for the control of soil-borne pathogens, nematodes and weeds.
2 ASD effects ❖ Phytophthora (Rosskopf et al. 2010) ❖ Pythium spp (Hewavitharana et al. 2014) ❖ F. oxysporum (Momma et al. 2010) ❖ V. dahliae (Shennan et al. 2010) ❖ Rhizoctonia solani (Hewavitharana et al. 2014) ❖ Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) (Muramoto et al.2008)
3 ASD and weed control in strawberry ❖Weed control is important for strawberry, especially during early growth stages. ❖Herbicide options in strawberry plasticulture are limited. ❖Current herbicides have limitations such as: 30 day pre-plant application period (oxyfluorfen and flumioxazin); may cause phytotoxicity (flumioxazin and napropamide) to strawberry. ❖Studies about ASD on weeds suppression are still few, and most studies were conducted in pots.
4 ASD mechanisms ❖Accumulation of toxic/suppressive products deriving from the anaerobic decomposition (e.g. organic acids, volatile organic compounds) ❖Biological control by facultative anaerobic microorganisms ❖Low pH ❖Low oxygen ❖Generation of Fe2+ and Mn2+ ions ❖Combination of all of these
5 ASD 3-Steps ❖Incorporate organic material (Optimal C:N 20:1 to 30:1, recommend C rate 4mg/g soil). ❖Cover with oxygen impermeable tarp. ❖Irrigate to field capacity.
6 ASD: Carbon sources ❖Japan: Rice bran, wheat bran, ethanol . ❖California: Rice bran (4.5 to 9 t/acre), mustard cake, mustard seed meal, almond hulls. ❖Florida: Liquid molasses, cover crop residue. ❖Tennessee: Dry molasses, cover crop residue, wheat bran. ❖The Netherlands: Grass, potato haulms, crop residues.
7 Local C sources ❖Cover crop Sorghum-Sudangrass, Cowpea, Buckwheat ❖Brewer`s spent grain(BSG) ❖Paper mulch ❖Peanut shell ❖Used ground coffee
8 Hypotheses ❖Enhance ASD effect Hypothesis: distilled yeast could enhance the efficiency of carbon sources in achieving ASD. 1. Bioethanol fermentation could be conducted in field using forage crop with enzymes (Honda et al.,2008 and Kitamoto et al., 2011). 2. Residual organic substances in the bioethanol fermentation products enhanced the effect of the ASD treatment (Horita & Kitamoto, 2015). 3. BSG could be used to produce bioethanol (Liguori et al, 2015).
9 Objectives 1. Evaluate the effect of local carbon sources in ASD treatments under controlled greenhouse environment.
2. Evaluate the optimized ASD methods such as carbon source with ethanol/yeast in greenhouse environment.
10 Experimental design ORP sensor VIF(Virtually impermeable film) ❖Completely Randomized Weed Weed Design inoculum inoculum ❖Four replicates bag 1 bag 2 ❖Experiment unit: bioreactor ❖Experiment period: 3 Temp sensor weeks
bone voile fabric 8" height x 6" diameter
11 12 Measurements
❖Redox Potential (Eh) Cumulative soil anaerobicity (mV · hr) =∑|Eh-CEh(critical redox potential)| ❖Temperature * Data were recorded every hour for 3wks
13 ❖Weed count Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) 10 tubers/bag White clover (Trifolium repens) 100 seeds/bag Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) 100 seeds/bag Common chickweed(Stellaria media(L.) Vill.) 100 seeds/bag
*The non-germinated seeds were treated by Tetrazolium Chloride (TZ) test, and then counted.
14 Treatments Trial 1 Evaluation of local carbon sources 1 Sorghum-Sudangrass 67g / container 6.4 t/acre 2 Cowpea 74g / container 7.2t/acre 3 Buckwheat 80g / container 7.6t/acre 4 Paper mulch 32g / container 3.1t/acre 5 Rice bran 63g / container 5.9t/acre 6 Nontreated control(NTC) * C rate 4 mg of C/g of soil
15 Trial 2-1 Evaluation of C-source combined with ethanol 1. Brewer`s spent grain (half dose,32g/pot 3t/acre) + 70% ethanol 50ml applied at 1 wk 2. Brewer`s spent grain (full dose,64g/pot 6t/acre) 3. Coffee ground (half dose,56g/pot 5t/acre) + 70% ethanol 50ml applied at 1 wk 4. Coffee ground (full dose,112g/pot 10t/acre) 5. Paper mulch (half dose,16g/pot 1.5t/acre) + 70% ethanol 50ml applied at 1 wk 6. Paper mulch (full dose,32g/pot 3.1t/acre) 7. Rice bran(half dose,32g/pot 3t/acre) + 70% ethanol 50ml applied at 1 wk 8. Rice bran(full dose,63g/pot 5.9t/acre) 9. NTC * C rate full dose=4 mg of C/g of soil
16 Trial 2-2 Evaluation of bioethanol fermentation during ASD
1. Brewer`s spent grain (BSG) + 7. Peanut shell + yeast yeast 8. Peanut shell 2. Brewer`s spent grain 9. Rice bran + yeast 3. Coffee ground + yeast 10. Rice bran 4. Coffee ground 11. NTC 5. Paper mulch + yeast 6. Paper mulch * C rate 4 mg of C/g of soil Yeast rate 4.1kg/acre
17 Carbon source or Average Carbon Weight Weight (t/acre) yeast rate in source (g/pot) Sorghum-Sudangrass 0.42 67g 6.4 Cowpea 0.37 74g 7.2 Buckwheat 0.35 80g 7.6 Paper mulch 0.87 32g 3.1 Brewer`s spent grain 0.44 64g 6.04 Rice bran 0.45 63g 5.9
Coffee ground 0.25 112g 10.64 Peanut shell 0.45 63g 5.9
Distiller`s dry yeast 0.06g/pot 4.1kg/acre
18 Results
19 Treatments Cumulative soil Weed germination rate (%) for trial 1 anaerobicity (mV hr) Sep 17-Oct 17 Chickweed Pigweed Yellow Nutsedge Buckwheat 23.0 b 24.0 b 5.0 bc 158951 ab 80g Cowpea 74g 34.0 b 33.2 b 20.0 b 261277 a Sorghum- Sudangrass 19.2 b 15.6 b 0 c 99712 ab 67g Paper mulch 22.5 b 22.6 b 5.0 bc 178549 a 32g Rice Bran 63g 21.1 b 20.0 b 5.0 bc 225506 a Nontreated 68.6 a 66.7 a 65.0 a 0 c control 20 Cumulative Treatments for trial 2-1 Weed germination rate (%) soil anaerobicity White Yellow (mV hr) Nov 17-Jan 18 Chickweed Pigweed clover nutsedge Brewer spent grain 64g 22.2 b 24.5 bc 28.0 b 25.0 bc 163127 d Brewer spent grain 32g + 70% 14.0 c 12.0 e 23.5 b 28.8 b 309312 a ethanol 50 ml Coffee Ground 112g 19.5 bc 16.0 cde 17.5 b 27.8 bc 126076 g Coffee Ground 56g + 70% ethanol 16.5 bc 24.0 bcd 14.0 b 31.3 bc 140182 f 50ml Paper Mulch 32g 19.5 bc 22.3 bcd 23.5 b 10.0 bc 257082 c
Paper Mulch 16g+ 70% ethanol 50ml 17.5 bc 18.9 bcde 14.0 b 5.0 bc 279305 b
Rice Bran 63g 15.5 bc 15.3 de 14.0 b 0 c 150249 e
Rice Bran 31g + 70% ethanol 50 ml 11.6 c 11.9 e 15.0 b 11.3 bc 91162 h Nontreated control 83.8 a 85.2 a 79.5 a 74.4 a 214830 i Cumulative soil Treatments for trial 2-2 Weed germination rate (%) anaerobicity White Yellow (mV hr) Mar 18-Apr 18 Chickweed Pigweed clover nutsedge Brewer spent grain 64g 22.0 de 25.5 cd 21.3 bcd 7.5 c 195124 a Brewer spent grain 64g+ 191079 a 0.06g yeast 17.5 ef 19.5 e 10.8 ef 0 d Coffee Ground 112g 34.0 b 33.8 b 28.5 b 22.5 b 164921 ab Coffee Ground 112g+ 115904 ab 0.06g yeast 23.0 d 20.0 de 18.0 cde 0 d Paper Mulch 32g 31.5 bc 26.5 c 15.0 def 0 d 90563 ab Paper Mulch 32g+ 0.06g 51295 bc yeast 29.5 bc 25.5 cd 10.0 ef 0 d Nontreated control 83.3 a 86.5 a 72.8 a 80.0 a 3382 c
22 Treatments for trial 2-2 Cumulative Weed germination rate cont. soil anaerobicity White Yellow Chickweed Pigweed (mV hr) clover nutsedge 20.5% Peanut Shell 63g 80375 bc 23.25% d de 16.5% def 0 d Peanut Shell 63g+ 0.06g 205541 a yeast 14.5% f 17.5% e 8.25% f 0 d Rice Bran 63g 28.5% c 26.5% c 26.5% bc 0 d 153913 ab Rice bran 63g + 0.06g 103448 ab yeast 21.5% de 19.5% c 11% ef 0 D Nontreated control 83.25% a 86.5% a 72.75% a 80% a 3382 c
23 Summary 1. Distiller`s dry yeast had potential to enhance ASD effect using C source such as rice bran.
2. Promising C sources combination candidates: ❖ Paper mulch ❖ Peanut hull (& yeast) ❖ Coffee ground & yeast ❖ Brewer`s spent grain & yeast
24 Acknowledgements Dr. Jayesh Samtani (advisor) Dr. Chuck Johnson Dr. David Butler Dr. Jeffrey Derr Dr. Sebastian Albu Lab members Mr. Spencer Irby
25 https://ext.vt.edu/small-fruit.html NASGA/NASS symposium 2019 27 NASGA/NASS symposium 2019
28 NASGA/NASS symposium 2019
29 NASGA/NASS symposium 2019
30 Strawberry Tissue Sampling
Photos and slides provided by the experts at NCDA&CS What is tissue analysis?
Chemical processes that ◦ Measure concentrations of essential plant nutrients ◦ leaf blade analysis includes: ◦ N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S (%) ◦ Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B (ppm) ◦ plus Na (%)
◦ petiole analysis: NO3-N (nitrate nitrogen) Also includes ◦ Interpretation indexes ◦ Nutrient ratios ◦ Agronomist comments Why tissue sample? To monitor nutritional status ◦ Fine-tune fertility programs ◦ Predict hidden hunger prior to visual symptoms ◦ This is a predictive sample To diagnose abnormal growth or color ◦ Detects when nutrients are outside of recommended ranges ◦ Identify & correct nutrient shortages swiftly ◦ Determine if the nutrient is corrected ◦ This is a diagnostic sample Routine tissue sampling Is very important in high-value crops like strawberries ◦ Evaluate the fertility program and nutritional status to prevent problems
Once a nutrient deficiency has occurred, yield is already lost
A nutrient deficiency is easier to correct and results in less yield loss, the sooner it is detected and corrected How to tissue sample - frequency For monitoring (predictive) Strawberry plants at early bloom ◦ Collect biweekly samples from early bloom through harvest ◦ This is the bloom (B) and fruit (F) growth stages
For diagnosing ◦ Collect samples as soon as abnormal plant growth or color is noted How to tissue sample – plant part
Collect the most recently mature trifoliate leaves (MRML) ◦ Has three leaflets and a petiole ◦ Is full-sized and dark green ◦ Located 3-5 leaves back from the tip ◦ Is healthy--no diseases, insects or harsh environmental conditions (predictive) Representative tissue sample ◦ Collected from random locations throughout the field
◦ Includes 20 -30 MRML
◦ Represents average nutritional status
***NOTE: if leaves are small, include additional material*** How to tissue sample Detach the petioles ◦ Snap leaves off at the stem then separate the blades from the petioles
Measure NO3-N on petioles
A great predictor of soil N availability Submit the sample Place the sample in a paper bag or envelope
Complete the Plant Sample Information form
Include the appropriate fee for each sample
Get the sample to the lab within 24-48 hours!!!! Plant sample information form
Properly identify the growth stage and week
◦ Bloom/fruit (B/F) has 12 consecutive weeks
◦ Week 1 of B/F is characterized by the presence of 5–10 open blossoms on at least 50% of the plants
◦ Or to state it another way – it means strawberries will be ready to pick in 4½ to 5 weeks
◦ Week 5 of B/F growth stage coincides with first harvest Quick look at the form Plant sample information form
Properly identify the growth stage and week
Figure 1
Ex 5 Strawberry B/F 1 M U Ex 6 Strawberry B/F 5 M U Growth Stage and Week
Nitrogen recommendation NO -N Growth 3 when petiole NO3-N Week Sufficient Stage Range (ppm)* Below- Within- Above- the sufficient range 1 600-1500 2-3 4000-6000 4 3500-6000 5.25 lb 5-8 3000-5000 7 lb B/F N/a/wk None 9 2000-4500 N/a/wk 10 2000-4000 11 1500-3000 12 1000-2000
*Campbell CR, Miner GS. 1994. Strawberry nitrogen fertilization and plant nitrate monitoring. In: Proceedings of the 1994 Southeastern Strawberry Expo. Raleigh (NC): North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. p 3–9. Understanding the Plant Report
Results ◦ Concentrations of 11 essential nutrients ◦ N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S (%) ◦ Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B (ppm) ◦ plus Na (%)
◦ And petiole NO3-N Interpretation Indexes ◦ Scale - 0 to 124 ◦ Ranges - deficient, low, sufficient, high, excessive Nutrient Ratios ◦ N:S, N:K, Fe:Mn Agronomist Comments Understanding the Plant Report Interpretation Index Understanding the Plant Report Concluding remarks Plant tissue analysis is a tool – use it properly ◦ Consider everything else you know about the field ◦ Environment ◦ Temperature and rain ◦ Soil pH and fertility ◦ Disease/insect pressure ◦ Production practices ◦ Fertilization ◦ Irrigation NCDA: http://www.ncagr.gov/agronomi/uyrplant.htm
Waypoint analytical: https://www.waypointanalytical.com/PlantTissues
48 Strawberry Clipper Weevil
• Adults are brown with “snouts”, two black spots on back • Attack unopened flower buds • Some damage is expected. Treat only when pressure is high- approx. 1 clipped bud per foot of row Chemical control: • Spraying with Sevin (carbaryl) or Brigade (bifenthrin) only if threshold is met. Deadly to foraging bees. Brigade WSB may be best- 6.4 to 32 oz/acre,12 hour REI, 0 day PHI
Univ. of Maine Cooperative Extension Strawberry Clipper weevil damage
Samtani, Virginia Tech. Fumigants for preplant weed control
Pic-Clor60: 125-175 lb/acre in-row.
Metam potassium: K-Pam (American Vanguard Company), Sectagon K54 (Novasource)
Metam sodium: Vapam (AMVAC), Sectagon 42
Dominus (allyl isothiocyanate)
51 Herbicide options (in bed preplant):
Chateau 51 WDG (flumioxazin): amt. 3 oz/acre Apply to soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days before transplanting prior to mulch being laid. For in-row and row middles. - Henbit - Chickweed - Horseweed - Pigweed - Suppression of some annual grass
Spartan 4F (sulfentrazone): 4 to 8 oz/acre Apply prior to planting and before weeds have emerged. - Corn spurry - Yellow nutsedge - Shepherd’s purse - Pineapple weed - Yellow woodsorrel
52 Herbicide options (in bed preplant):
Devrinol: 8 lb or 8 qt/acre
Apply on surface of pre-formed beds for control of small-seeded annual weeds. - Some grass control, chickweed, cudweed, mallow, annual sowthistle. Water or irrigate with water 2 to 4 inches before laying plastic.
Ultra Blazer 2L: 0.5 to 1.5 pt/acre Make one banded application before laying plastic mulch and after final land preparation, and prior to transplanting the crop. - Hairy galinsoga - Wild mustard - Common purslane
53 Herbicide options (in row middles):
Preemergence weed control:
Chateau 51 WDG (flumioxazin): amt. 3 oz/acre Premergence weed control. Do not apply after fruit set. May kill or injure ryegrass.
Prowl 3.8 EC: 1.5 pt/acre Do not apply post-transplant if new strawberry foliage is exposed.
Devrinol: 8 lb or 8 qt/acre Do not apply post-transplant if new strawberry foliage is exposed.
54 Post emergence grass control
Annual and perennial grasses:
Arrow, Select 2EC (clethodim): 6 to 8 oz/acre Select max 1EC, Intensity one: 9 to 16 oz/acre
Poast 1.5EC (sethoxydim): 1 to 1.5 pint/acre
Nonselective: glyphosate (various formulations), Paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2L, Pelargonic acid (Scythe 4 EC)
55 Matted row:
Premergence: Dacthal Sinbar 80 WDG
Postemergence: 2,4-D amine; 2 to 3 pt/acre (Plants need to be dormant, will injure runners. Do not apply during flower or fruit stage)
56 57