5228 Main Document

Contents PREFACE 5 human induced disasters 33 SUMMARY The distinction between disasters and other environmental hazards 33 The principal kinds of disasters in urban areas 34 I. INTRODUCTION 5 Integrating an understanding of risk from disasters with risk from other environmental hazards 35 1.1 The two key environmental issues 5 3.6 Vulnerability 36 1.2 The urban environment 5 Who is most affected by environmental hazards 36 1.3 Environment and urban areas 5 Vulnerability to disasters in urban areas 37 1.4 Urban environmental policy within development Groups within the population who face particular goals 7 risks 38 Infants and children 38 1.5 The institutional context within which urban Women 39 cooperation is provided 8 FOCUS ON POLICY 3: Improving housing conditions as a means to reduce environmental problems and reduce poverty 41 2. WHY SHOULD DONORS INVEST 3.7 Achieving a high quality city environment 42 IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT 11 3.8 Regional and global impacts 43 2.1 The seven key reasons why 11 Regional impacts 43 2.2 Linking donor action on the urban environment Mapping ecological cost transfers 45 to the targets of Shaping the 21st Century 16 3.9 Integrating environmental agendas within sustainable development 46 3. UNDERSTANDING URBAN 3.10 How priorities will differ from city to city 48 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 19 3.1 The range of environmental problems in cities 19 4. KEY POLICY APPROACHES TO 3.2 Controlling infectious and parasitic diseases and disease vectors 22 IMPROVING THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT59 Water-related diseases 23 4.1 Introduction 59 Food borne or food-related diseases 25 4.2 Techniques to promote environmental FOCUS ON POLICY 1: The range of solutions for planning and management for city and improving provision for water and sanitation 26 municipal governments 60 Airborne diseases 27 Links between urbanization and emerging Economic tools and regulatory systems for the or re-emerging diseases 27 urban environment 60 Constraints on action 28 Land use and strategic urban planning 61 Spatial planning on the urban periphery 61 3.3 Reducing chemical and physical hazards within Mixed use planning and urban design policies 61 the home, workplace and wider city 28 Transport planning and management 62 Chemical pollutants 28 Preserving cultural heritage 63 Air pollution 28 Use of green space in urban areas 63 Physical hazards 29 Urban agriculture and forestry 63 FOCUS ON POLICY 2: Addressing multiple Integrated approaches to urban management 64 goals in urban transport management 31 Site planning, material use and building design 64 Managing solid, gaseous and liquid wastes 65 3.4 Managing wastes 31 Improving urban infrastructure 66 Uncollected wastes and their environmental impacts 31 Demand-side management and supply-side The environmental impacts of wastes that are collected 32 improvement 66 The Informal waste economy 33 4.3 Making the most of local capacity: Some important policy issues 33 bringing partners together and blending 3.5 Reducing the impact of natural and regulatory and market reform 67 1 Contents Municipal governments 67 Tables Regional and National governments 67 Potential role for NGOs 68 2.1: Urbanization levels and the distribution of the world’s Blending regulatory and market reform: getting the largest 100 cities by region 11 best out of the private sector (and individuals) 69 3.1: Check-list for city-related environmental problems by context and by nature of the hazard or problem 20 4.4 Information, participation and decision-making 3.2: The relative importance of different interventions related processes 70 to water and sanitation for the prevention or control of Environmental impact assessment 71 different diseases 24 Environmental audit 71 3.3: Coverage of water supply and sanitation for urban areas, Statutory plan consultation 72 1994 25 Participatory approaches to planning 72 3.4: Typical range of capital costs for different sanitation Local Agenda 21 73 systems 26 4.5 Better governance: decentralization, 3.5: Examples of chemical pollutants within the human subsidiarity and the roles of lower and environment which are hazardous to human health 29 higher tiers of government 73 3.6: The most common air pollutants and their effects on health 30 4.6 The Environmental Planning and Management 3.7: Typical environmental problems for urban centres of (EPM) framework 75 different sizes and within nation-states with different 4.7 Some implications for donors 76 levels of income 50 5.1: How Projects/Programmes Support Cities in Improving the Urban Environment: A Simple Analysis of Support 5. DONOR SUPPORT FOR URBAN Modalities for the 26 Case Studies 86 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS 81 Figures 5.1 General Approaches to Supporting Urban Environmental Improvement 81 3.1: The multiple goals of sustainable development as 5.2 OECD-DAC Member Initiatives in Urban applied to cities 47 Environment 82 Boxes 5.3 An EPM Analysis of Support Modalities in the Case Studies 86 1.1: Environmental changes and problems that often take place within urban areas 6 2.1: Examples of how environmental actions can help reduce ANNEX ONE: Case Studies Submitted by poverty or the deprivations associated with it 13 Interest Group Members 88 3.1: Provision for water and sanitation in urban areas in developing countries 24 3.2: Examples of deficiencies in solid waste collection 6. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR systems 32 DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION AGENCIES 3.3: Employment and the “waste economy” 33 3.4: Combining ecological and health considerations for city 93 sanitation 48 6.1 Key Messages 93 4.1: Different aspects of environmental management for city authorities 59 6.2 Objectives 93 4.2: Integrated approaches to traffic management: Singapore 63 6.3 Priority Areas 94 4.3: Risk reduction and environmental improvement: ecoparks in Manizales 63 6.4 Instruments 95 4.4: Linking land use and transport planning: Curitiba, Brazil 64 6.5 Partners in Urban Enviromental Management 96 4.5: The Urban Environment Forum 75 4.6: The EPM Framework: how cities improve the urban 6.6 Urban Authorities 96 environment 76 6.7 Support Good Practice Within Private Sector 96 4.7: The EPM framework: how international programmes support cities in improving their urban environment 76 6.8 Support Key Roles of Other ‘Civil Society’ 4.8: Some policy principles for urban environmental Groups 96 management and planning 77 4.9: Some recommendations in the fields of environmental management and planning 77 2 Preface This document seeks to support the growing interest among document could have been organized using conventional development cooperation agencies and their partners in sectoral categories - but these do not bring out the recipient countries in addressing urban environmental problems. ‘environmental’ dimensions of the problems and the solutions It also brings together two issues that are often considered and how these often cross sectoral and jurisdictional separately: how addressing urban environmental problems can: boundaries. A sectoral view can also hide the extent to which environmental problems need coordinated actions in different ➨ contribute to poverty reduction; and sectors by different stakeholders. This document is not ➨ ensure that urban based demands for resources and the intended only for environmental sections of governments and use of natural sinks for urban wastes are ecologically donor agencies since it seeks to highlight the environmental sustainable roles and responsibilities of all sectors of government and also of civil society. It emphasizes how good practice in environmental management can bring about a revolution in urban services which can: Overview of this document The document begins with a summary, followed by the whole ➨ greatly reduce the health burden imposed on urban report’s “Conclusions and implications for Development populations by airborne, food borne and water-related Cooperation Agencies”. This is followed by the main report diseases, chemical pollutants and physical hazards - and in which provides: so doing bring particular benefits to low income groups in general and to women and children in particular ➨ a discussion of how urban environmental policy is located within broader environment and development goals - ➨ support more prosperous economies; and including a commitment to poverty reduction and to other social and economic goals within Shaping the 21st Century, ➨ limit the disruption that urban development may bring to The Habitat Agenda and other commitments made by local eco-systems and global cycles. Well managed urban donors and/or recipient governments (mainly in Chapter 1); centres can combine high quality, safe and healthy living environments with relatively low levels of resource use and ➨ a rationale as to why donors should invest in the urban waste generation. environment and how this should also complement rural development (mainly in Chapter 2); This document also draws on recent examples of “Local Agenda 21” programmes to show how improving practice in ➨ an overview of the full range of environmental problems environmental management can also help reinforce (mainly in Chapter 3) and of approaches that can be used participation and strengthen local democracy. But it also to address them (mainly in Chapter 4); considers the difficulties in achieving good practice in countries with weak and ineffective city and municipal ➨ a framework that integrates a concern for environmental authorities. Traditionally, development cooperation agencies management and planning in urban areas within have funded

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