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Neochloroglyphica, a New Genus of Geometrinae from China (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), with Description of a New Species

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Neochloroglyphica, a New Genus of Geometrinae from China (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), with Description of a New Species Zootaxa 4571 (1): 099–110 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.6 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EAE0ADD7-512A-4A99-8B58-6283B2FB0BDA Neochloroglyphica, a new genus of Geometrinae from China (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), with description of a new species HONGXIANG HAN1, PEDER SKOU2 & RUI CHENG1,3 1Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2Aamosen 1, Ollerup, DK-5762 Vester Skerninge, Denmark 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Neochloroglyphica gen. nov. and its type species N. perbella sp. nov. are described from Yunnan, China. Morphological characters and molecular phylogenetic analysis, based on one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, support the hypoth- esis that Neochloroglyphica is a member of the tribe Neohipparchini, and that it is a sister genus to Chloroglyphica. Mor- phological characters, including those of the genitalia, are figured and compared with related genera, especially Chloroglyphica, Neohipparchus and Chlororithra. Diagnoses for the genus and the species are provided and illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented. Key words: Neochloroglyphica, new genus, phylogeny, taxonomy Introduction The subfamily Geometrinae, commonly known as emerald moths, is the fourth largest subfamily in Geometridae, with more than 2500 described species in approximately 270 genera worldwide (Scoble & Hausmann 2007). Considerable progress has been made in systematics and phylogeny within the Geometrinae. The major global taxonomic revision of Geometrinae was that of Prout (1912, 1934–38). Subsequently, many regional works on Geometrinae have been produced. For example, Inoue (1961) reviewed the Japanese Geometrinae and established ten tribes; Ferguson (1969, 1985) studied the Geometrinae of North America; Pitkin (1996) researched the Neotropical Geometrinae; Holloway (1996) reviewed the Bornean Geometrinae and divided the subfamily into two tribes: Dysphaniini and Geometrini; McQuillan & Edwards (1996) studied Australian Geometrinae; Viidalepp (1996) produced a checklist of Geometridae from the USSR; Hausmann (2001) investigated Geometrinae from Europe; Beljaev (2016) published a catalogue of the Geometrinae of the Russian Far East. Han & Xue (2011) studied Chinese representatives of the subfamily, and placed most genera into nine tribes. Among molecular phylogenetic studies, the most comprehensive taxon sampling at the tribal level was the research by Sihvonen et al. (2011), in which 27 geometrine species in 25 genera, representing 16 of 18 geometrine tribes sensu Forum Herbulot (2007) were included. Ban et al. (2018) revised the tribal classification of the Geometrinae based on 116 species belonging to 56 genera, which were mainly Palaearctic and Oriental, and proposed that the Geometrinae were composed of 13 tribes: Ornithospilini, Agathiini, Hemitheini, Dysphaniini, Pseudoterpnini, Aracimini, Neohipparchini, Nemoriini, Synchlorini, Dichordophorini, Comibaenini, Timandromorphini and Geometrini. Through examination of recently collected specimens, the collections of IZCAS, ZFMK and PCPS, one undescribed geometrine species that could not be placed in any known genus were discovered. This study aims to describe the new genus based on its type species, to provide clear diagnostic characters in relation to other genera, and to evaluate the generic placement of the species. Accepted by S. Erlacher: 11 Jan. 2019; published: 25 Mar. 2019 99 Material and methods Specimens of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZCAS), Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany (ZFMK), and Private Collection of Peder Skou (PCPS). Morphological examinations. Dissection and preparation of genitalia slides were performed following the standard protocols (Robinson 1976). Genitalia were embedded in Canada balsam and mounted on slides. Terminology for wing venation followed the Comstock-Needham System (Comstock, 1918) as adopted for Geometridae by Scoble (1992) and Hausmann (2001), and that for the genitalia was based on Pierce (1914, reprint 1976), Klots (1970) and Nichols (1989). Moths were photographed with a digital camera (Canon Pc1057). Composite images were generated using Auto-Montage software version 5.03.0061 (Synoptics Ltd). The plates were compiled in Adobe Photoshop software 7.0. Ink (Adobe Systems Software Ireland Ltd). Molecular examinations. To explore the phylogenetic affinity of the new genus within the Geometrinae, molecular phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on 18 species belonging to 13 genera representing six geometrine tribes (Aracimini, Neohipparchini, Nemoriini, Comibaenini, Timandromorphini and Geometrini). Most data were from our recently published study (Ban et al. 2018), except that of Neochloroglyphica and new sequences of Chloroglyphica Warren. In total, fragments of one mitochondrial protein-coding gene (COI), and three nuclear protein-coding genes (CAD, GAPDH and RPS5) were sequenced. The methods of DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses follow Ban et al. (2018) and Cheng et al. (2016). Details of studied specimens, including GenBank accession numbers, are summarized in Table 1. A phylogenetic tree was reconstructed for the combined dataset using the maximum likelihood (ML) method in RAxML v7.2.6 (Stamatakis 2006). We adopted five exemplars representing the tribes Hemitheini and Pseudoterpnini as outgroups. For ML analyses, the dataset was partitioned by gene and the GTR+GAMMA+I model for each partition was used. All model parameters were estimated during the ML analysis. A rapid bootstrapping algorithm with a random seed value of 12345 (command -f a -x 12345) was applied with 1000 replicates. Based on the generic placement, pairwise distances within and between Neohipparchini species for the COI barcoding region (640 bp) were calculated, and a neighbour-joining (NJ) tree (Saitou and Nei 1987) was constructed based on the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) method (Kimura 1980) using MEGA 6.0. Results Phylogenetic relationships. The analyses conducted in this study are based on the sequence data from one mitochondrial gene region (1371 bp of COI), and three nuclear gene regions (847 bp of CAD, 706 bp of GAPDH, 602 bp of RPS5). In the maximum likelihood analyses, Neochloroglyphica is placed in the tribe Neohipparchini, with strong bootstrap support, and appears as a sister-group to Chloroglyphica (Fig. 1). Pairwise distances of the barcoding region (COI) between the target species and the other genera in Neohipparchini show that genetic differentiation is not large in this group, ranging from 7.04% to 10.48% (Table 2). Pairwise distances between Neochloroglyphica and Chloroglyphica range from 7.04% to 7.96%, those between Neochloroglyphica and Neohipparchus range from 9.70% to 10.08%, and those between Neochloroglyphica and Chlororithra range from 9.89% to 10.47%. Tribal association of Neochloroglyphica gen. nov. Neochloroglyphica shares the following characters with other genera (Neohipparchus, Chloroglyphica, Chlororithra) of the Neohipparchini sensu Ban et al. (2018): antennae bipectinate in male and filiform in female; hind tibia of male dilated, with hair-pencil and two pairs of spurs, terminal extension present in Neochloroglyphica, Chlororithra, and some species of Neohipparchus; hind wing with a tail process or protrusion on the end of vein M3; the pair of setal patches on the male third sternite is present; male eighth segment modified in most species (Figs 15–17); coremata present; the aedeagus of Neochloroglyphica bears a pointed process, which is shared with Chloroglyphica (glaucochrista) and Neohipparchus (vallata, maculata, hypoleuca), though the processes are in a different position (Figs 12–14). 100 · Zootaxa 4571 (1) © 2019 Magnolia Press HAN ET AL. NEOCHLOROGLYPHICA TABLE 1. List of specimens and GenBank accession numbers Voucher Collecting Tribe Species COI RPS5 CAD GAPDH code locality Hemitheini Chlorissa distinctaria M 14087 Yunnan, China MG014733* MG015560* MG015446* MG014860* Hemitheini Maxates thetydaria M 10642 Yunnan, China MG014800* MG015621* MG015507* MG014923* * * * * , A, NEW GENUSOF GEOMETRINAE Hemitheini Thalassodes immissaria M 11070 Hainan, China MG014842 MG015660 MG015544 MG014961 Pseudoterpnini Dindica para M 19115 Guangxi, China MG014747* MG015573* MG015457* MG014873* Pseudoterpnini Herochroma baba M 9394 Sichuan, China MG014785* MG015608* MG015493* MG014908* Aracimini Dooabia viridata M 22086 Yunnan, China MG014752* MG015578* MG015462* MG014877* Aracimini Paramaxates taiwana M 13773 Tibet, China MG014821* MG015641* MG015524* MG014943* Comibaenini Comibaena nigromacularia M 5262 Shaanxi, China MG014743* MG015569* MG015454* MG014869* Comibaenini Thetidia chlorophyllaria M 11258 Shaanxi, China MG014845* MG015662* MG015546* MG014964* Geometrini Geometra papilionaria MM01146 Finland GU828457# GU830656# JF785211+ GU829786# Geometrini Geometra symaria M 16550 Yunnan, China MG014774* MG015597* MG015484* MG014897* Geometrini Loxochila fragilis M 10653 Yunnan, China MG014762* MG015587* MG015472* MG014885* Geometrini Loxochila smaragdus M 16556 Yunnan, China MG014771* MG015594* MG015481* MG014894* Geometrini Mixochlora vittata M 19229 Guizhou, China MG014808* MG015629* MG015514* MG014931* Geometrini
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